• The Progressive Era• 1890-1920• Chapter 8, pg. 211-247• Tennessee Academic standards

US.9 Describe the difference between “old” and “new” immigrants and analyze the assimilation process and consequences for the “new” immigrants and their impact on American society, including ethnic clusters, competition for jobs, rise of nativism, the work of jane Addams, the documentation of living conditions by Jacob Riis, Chinese exclusion acts, and the gentlemen’s agreement. US.10 Analyze the similarities and differences between the ideologies of Social Darwinism and Social Gospel. US.11 Using textual evidence, compare and contrast the ideas and philosophies of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois.US.13 Describe the rise of trusts and monopolies, their subsequent impact on consumers and workers, and the government’s response, including the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890.US.14 Describe working conditions in industries, including the use of labor by women and children.

Us.42 describe changes in the social and economic status of women,

including the work of Margaret Sanger, flappers, clerical and office jobs, and rise of women’s colleges.Us.89 examine court cases in the evolution of civil rights, including brown v. Board of education and regents of the university of California v. Bakke• Essential Questions• 1. What areas did progressives

think were in need of the greatest reform?

• 2. How did women of the progressive era make progress and win the right to vote?

• 3. what steps did minorities take to combat social problems and discrimination?

• 4. What did Roosevelt think the government should do for its citizens?

• 5. What steps did Wilson take to increase the governments role in the economy?

• Section one Terms and people• Progressivism direct

primary• Muckracker initiative• Lincoln stevens referendum• Jacob riis recall• Social gospel• Settlement house• Jane Addams

• Origins of Progressivism• The people who made up the

Progressive Movement came from many walks of life.

• Many leaders were from the growing middle class

• Dissatisfied workers joined the Progressive Movement

• Progressives wanted to bring about reforms that would correct social and political problems

• They encouraged government officials to enact laws to address the issues faced by the poor.

• Progressives wanted to use logic and reason to make society work in a more efficient and orderly way.

• Many were motivated by religious faith, sought social justice.

• The Progressive Movement was similar to the Populist Movement in that both wanted reform and to get rid of corrupt government officials.

• The Progressives differed in the fact that it had the growing middle class at the forefront, where the Populist Movement was mostly farmers and workers.

• The number one goal of many women in the Progressive Movement was winning the right to vote.

• The people living in America’s crowded cities needed paved streets, safe drinking water, decent housing, and adequate municipal services. The lack of these services led to wretched living conditions for the urban poor.

• Some Progressives were worried about government corruption while others were worried about big business.

• Middle-class Progressives wanted the government to “busts the trusts” and create more economic opportunities for smaller business.

• Other Progressives wanted to focus on the class system. They wanted

to reduce the growing gap between the rich and the poor.

• Muckrakers Reveal the Need for Reform

• Socially conscious journalists and other writers dramatized the need for reform.

• MUCKRACKERS: writer who uncovers and exposes misconduct in politics or business.

• One leading muckraker was Lincoln Steffens. He was known for being the managing editor of McClure’s magazine.

• Steffens published The Shame of the Cities, a collection of articles on political corruption.

• , char

• Another influential muckraker was Jacob Riis, a photographer for the New York Evening Sun.

• Other writers soon joined Riis and Steffens. In The History of Standard Oil, Ida Tarbell reported that John D. Rockefeller used ruthless methods to ruin his competitors, charge higher prices, and thereby reap huge profits.

• Naturalists novels became very popular.

• In The Jungle, Upton Sinclair related the despair of immigrants working in the unsanitary conditions in the stockyards of Chicago.

• The work of the muckrakers increased popular support for Progressivism.

• Walter Rauschenbusch, a Baptist minister, blended ideas from German socialism and American Progressivism to form what he called Social Gospel.

• Social Gospel : reform movement that emerged in the late nineteenth century that sought to improve society by applying Christian principles.

• He claimed that by following Bible teachings about charity and justice people could make society the “kingdom of God”.

• A important goal of many Progressives was to improve the lives of the poor people in the cities. One approach was the settlement house.

• Settlement house : community center organized at the turn of the century to provide social services to the urban poor.

• Settlement house workers gave mothers classes in child care, taught English classes to immigrants, ran nursery schools and kindergartens, and they provided theater, art, and dance lessons to adults.

• A woman named Jane Addams became a leading figure in the settlement house movement.

• In 1889, Addams opened the Hull House a settlement house in Chicago.

• The Hull House grew to over 13 buildings. By 1911, the country had more than 400 settlement houses.

• Organizations such as the YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association) also provided services to the urban poor.

• Jane Addams

• Progressives also tried to help children.

• In 1902, a lawyer named Florence Kelly helped form the National Child Labor Committee which lobbied the federal government to create the U.S. Children’s Bureau in 1912.

• In 1916, Congress passed the Keating-Owens Act which banned child labor. Two years later the Supreme Court struck down the law declaring it unconstitutional.

• Progressives also tried to better children’s lives be improving education.

• A number of states passed laws that required children to attend schools to a certain age.

• Educator John Dewey criticized American schools for teaching children to memorize facts but not to think creatively.

• In the early 1900’s the United States had the highest rate of industrial accidents in the world.

• Each year some 30,000 workers died on the job, while another half a million were injured.

• In March 1911, a fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York City shocked Americans and focused attention on the need to protect workers.

• Workers in the factory had little chance to escape the fire because managers had locked most of the exits.

• The fire killed 146 workers, most of them young Jewish women. Many jumped from the windows trying to escape from the fire.

• After the blaze, outraged Progressives intensified their calls for reform.

• New York passed laws to make workplaces safer, and other cities and states followed suit.

• Just as the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire spurred reformers to action, so did another disaster.

• In 1900, a massive hurricane left the city Galveston, Texas in ruins.

• The greatest national calamity in American history, the hurricane killed more than 8,000 people.

• This lead to the formation of the Galveston Plan. Galveston replaced its mayor and board with a five-person commission.

• This was adopted by many other cities across the nation. This had the effect of curbing the power of bosses and their political machines.

• Progressives also pushed for election reforms.

• Direct primary : an election in which citizens themselves vote to select nominees for upcoming elections.

• Progressives also wanted to make certain elected officials would follow citizens’ wishes. To achieve this they worked for three other political reforms.

• Initiative: process in which citizens put a proposed new law directly on the ballot.

• Referendum: process that allows citizens to approve or reject a law passed by a legislature.

• Recall: gave voters the power to remove political servants from office before the end of their term.

• Section 2 terms and people• Florence Kelly suffrage• NCL Carrie

Chapman Catt• Temperance movement

NAWSA• Margaret Sanger Alice

Paul• Ida B Wells 19th

Amendment• Women Make Progress• In the early 1900s a growing

number of women wanted to do more than fulfill their roles as wives and mothers.

• Education helped women achieve their goals.

• For most women working outside the home meant difficult jobs with long hours and dangerous conditions.

• These women were usually expected to hand over their wages to their husbands, fathers, or brothers.

• Many women labored in factories that made cigars or clothing. Others toiled as laundresses or servants.

• Immigrants and African American women had little education. As a result, they were often easily cheated or bullied.

• Without being able to vote, women had little influence on the politicians who could expand their rights and look after their interests.

• A key goal of women reformers was to limit the number of work hours. They succeed in several states.

• In the case of Muller v. Oregon the Supreme Court agreed with Lawyer

Louis D. Brandeis and said that women working long hours harmed working women and their families.

• Florence Kelley believed that women were hurt by the unfair prices of goods they had to buy to run their homes.

• In 1899 she helped found the National Consumers League (NCL).

• The NCL gave special labels to goods produced under fair, safe, and healthy working conditions and urged women to buy them and avoid products that did not have that label.

• Florence Kelley also helped form the Women’s Trade Union League, another group that tried to improve conditions for female factory workers.

• It was one of the few groups that middle and upper class women served together as leadership.

• A main goal of the Progressive women was to improve family life. They pushed for laws that could help mothers keep families healthy and safe.

• One focus of this effort was the temperance movement led by the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU).

• Temperance movement : movement aimed at stopping alcohol abuse and the problems it created.

• The members felt that alcohol often led men to spend their earnings on liquor, neglect their families, and abuse their wives.

• There work led to the passage of the 18th Amendment.

• Nurse Margret Sanger thought that family life and women’s health would improve if mothers had fewer children.

• Sanger, one of eleven children, opened the nations first birth control clinic in 1916. Sanger was jailed several times as a “public nuisance”.

• In 1921, Sanger founded the American Birth Control League to make the information available to more women.

• African American women also worked for social changes.

• In 1896, Ida B. Wells, a black teacher helped form the National Association of Colored Women (NACW).

• The NACW set up day-care centers to protect and educate black children while their parents went to work.

• One of the boldest goals of Progressive women was suffrage.

• Suffrage: right to vote• They argued that this was the only

way to make sure the government protect children, foster education, and support family life.

• In the 1890s, the national suffrage effort was reenergized by Carrie Chapman Catt.

• Catt studied law and was one of the countries first female school superintendents.

• She traveled the country urging women to join the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).

• NAWSA: group founded in 1890 that worked on both the state and national level to earn women the right to vote.

• In 1900, Catt became leader of this group. By 1918 her strategies had help women when the right to vote in New York, Michigan, and Oklahoma.

• There were also some groups that worked against suffrage.

• The National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage believed that the effort to win the vote would take

women’s attention away from family and volunteer work that benefited society in many ways.

• Some women became known as social activists.

• Alice Paul became there best know leader.

• By 1917 Paul had formed the National Woman’s Party (NWP).

• The NWP used public protest marches. They became the first group to picket the White House.

• In June 1919 Congress approved the 19th Amendment.

• 19th Amendment: states that the right to vote “shall not be denied or abridged on the account of sex.

• Harry Burns

• Born in Niota TN• State House of Representatives

1918-22

Dear Son:Hurrah and vote for suffrage! Don't keep them in doubt! I notice some of the speeches against. They were bitter. I have been watching to see how you stood, but have not noticed anything yet. Don't forget to be a good boy and help Mrs. Catt put the "rat" in ratification.Your mother[

After much debating and argument, the result of the vote was 48-48. Burn's vote broke the tie in favor of ratifying the amendment. He asked to speak to the House the next day and

told them he changed his vote because his mother asked him to and that she had always taught him that "a good boy always does what his mother asks him to do."As anti-suffragists had been fighting and preparing for this moment over the summer, they became very enraged when they discovered the news of Burn's decision. There is an apocryphal story that after the vote was ratified, angry anti-suffragists chased Burn through the Tennessee Legislature Hall, and Burn was forced to conceal himself for a short time until the tense situation had been defused

• Section 3 terms and people

• AmericanizationAnti-Defamation League

• Booker T Washingtonmutualistas

• W.E.B. DeBois• Niagara Movement• NAACP• Urban League

• The Progressive Era was not so progressive for nonwhite and immigrant Americans.

• Settlement houses and other civic groups played a prominent role in Americanization efforts of many Progressives.

• Americanization: belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens.

• They taught immigrants English, their programs also tried to change the way immigrants lived.

• They advised immigrants how to dress like middle class Americans and pushed them to replace the foods and customs of their homelands with Protestant practices and values.

• Many Progressives shared the same prejudice against nonwhites held by other white Americans of the time.

• In the face of these injustices, the nations most visible African American leader urged patience.

• Booker T. Washington told African Americans to move slowly toward racial progress.

• By working hard and waiting patiently he believed that African Americans would gradually win

white Americans’ respect and eventually would be able to exercise their full voting and citizenship rights.

• W.E.B. DuBois urged African Americans to demand immediate all the rights guaranteed by the Constitution.

• In the summer of 1905, DuBois and other leading African American leaders met at Niagara Falls. They had to meet in Canada because the hotel on the American side of the border would not give them rooms.

• The Niagara Movement, as the group called itself, denounced the idea of gradual progress.

• In 1908 a mob in Springfield, Illinois attempted to lynch two African American prisoners in the city jail.

• Upon learning that the prisoners had been moved for there safety, the mob urned there anger on the city black residents.

• The Springfield riot got the attention of a number of white reformers.

• In 1909 they joined with the leaders of the Niagara Movement to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

• NAACP: interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans.

• NAACP

• Across the country African Americans were moving from rural to urban areas during this period.

• Local black clubs and churches set up employment agencies and relief efforts to help African Americans get settled and find work.

• In 1911, more than 100 of these groups in many cities joined into a network called the Urban League.

• African Americans were not alone in seeking their rights.

• The Jews in New York had formed the B’nai B’rith in 1843 to provide religious education and to help Jewish families.

• In response to growing anti-Semitism, the group founded the Anti-Defamation League in 1913.

• Anti-Defamation League: organization formed in 1913 to

defend Jews against physical and verbal attacks and false statements.

• Mexican Americans also organized groups to help themselves.

• In several states, Mexican Americans formed mutualistas.

• Mutualistas: organized groups of Mexican Americans that make loans and provide legal assistance to other members of their community.

• Section 4 terms and people• Theodore Roosevelt

Gifford Pinchot• Square Deal

National Reclamation Act• Hepburn Act New

Nationalism• Meat Inspection Act

Progressive Party

• Pure Food and Drug Act• John Muir• Theodore Roosevelt• 27th President of the United

States• Republican

• Roosevelt greatly expanded the role of the President.

• He used his office and its powers to convince Americans of the need for change and to push his reform proposals.

• He called his program the Square Deal.

• Square Deal: Theodore Roosevelt’s program of reforms to keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners and the poor.

• Roosevelt often stepped in with the authority and power of the federal government.

• In 1902 Pennsylvania coal miners went on strike. The miners wanted a pay raise and a shorter workday.

• Roosevelt sympathized with the overworked miners, but he knew that a steady supply of coal was needed. He wanted to end the strike quickly.

• First, he tried to get mine owners to listen to workers’ concerns.

• When this failed, he threatened to send federal troops to take control of the mines and run them with federal employees.

• His threat force the mine owners to give the miners a small pay raise and a nine-hour workday.

• Coal Creek Labor Saga : US. 15

• The cost of shipping fright by railroad had been an issue since the 1870’s.

• In 1887 Congress created the ICC, but by 1900 the Supreme Court had stripped away most of it’s power.

• In 1906 Roosevelt he pushed Congress to pass the Hepburn Act.

• Hepburn Act: law that gave government the authority to set railroad rates and maximum prices for ferries, bridge tolls, and oil pipelines.

• It did not take long for the President and his administration to earn a reputation as “trustbusters”.

• Roosevelt was not interesting in bring down all trusts. He saw a difference between “good trusts” and “bad trusts”.

• In 1906 Upton Sinclair published a novel called The Jungle. His descriptions of the filthy, unhealthy conditions in the meatpacking plants revolted the public and infuriated Roosevelt.

• As a result, Roosevelt urged Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act.

• Meat Inspection Act : 1906 law that allowed the federal government in inspect meat sold across state lines and required federal inspection of meat processing plants.

• Pure Food and Drug Act : 1906 law that allowed federal inspection of food and medicine and banned the interstate shipment and sale of impure

food and the mislabeling of food and drugs.

• Roosevelt’s deep love for nature also shaped his policies.

• He was pleased that the federal government had established Yellowstone National Park in 1872 to protect wildlife, and he admired California naturalist John Muir, whose efforts led Congress to create Yosemite National Park.

• Following Muir’s advice, Roosevelt closed off more than 100 million acres of forestland.

• Roosevelt felt that some wild lands held resources that were meant to be used.

• Roosevelt drew on the “rational use” ideas of Gifford Pinchot, who led the Division of Forestry in the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

• Pinchot recommended a different approach- that forests be preserved for public use, by this he meant that forests should be protected so that trees would have time to mature into good lumber.

• A highly controversial natural resource issue was water.

• Roosevelt sprang into action on this issue.

• In 1902 Congress passed the National Reclamation Act which gave the federal government the power to decide where and how water would be distributed.

• The government would build and manage dams that would create reservoirs.

• Examples include the Salt Valley Project in Arizona and the Roosevelt

Dam and Hoover Dam on the Colorado.

• Roosevelt left the presidency after serving two terms in office, saying he wished to enjoy his private life.

• He used his political power to help get Secretary of War William Howard Taft win the Presidency in 1908.

• Taft was Roosevelt’s hand picked replacement.

• It did not take long before Taft started to deviate from Roosevelt’s ideals.

• Taft did not draw a distinction between good and bad trusts. He forced US Steel to sale a coal company it had bought, Roosevelt had approved of the purchase.

• Taft further infuriated Roosevelt when he fired Gifford Pinchot.

• Roosevelt began traveling the county speaking about what he called the New Nationalism.

• New Nationalism: Roosevelt’s plan to restore the government’s trustbusting power.

• Declaring himself as “strong as a bull moose”, Roosevelt vowed to tackle the trusts in a third presidential term.

• The Taft-Roosevelt battle split the Republican Party as an election neared. Progressives bolted from the Republican Party and set up the Progressive Party.

• Reformer Jane Addams nominated Roosevelt as the Progressive Party’s candidate for the 1912 presidential election. The Republican’s nominated Taft.

• Section 5 terms and people• Woodrow Wilson

Federal Trade Commission• New Freedom

Clayton Antitrust Act• Sixteenth Amendment• Federal Reserve Act

• In 1912, the Republican Party split over the issue of reform. Those who wanted a more active government joined the Progressive Party and back Roosevelt. Loyal Republicans gave the nod to President Taft.

• The split created a opportunity for the Democrats and their candidate, Woodrow Wilson, to win the White House.

• Wilson shaped his ideas into a program he called the New Freedom.

• New Freedom: Wilson’s program to place government

controls on corporations in order to benefit small business.

•Woodrow Wilson• 28th President of the United States• Democrat

• Congress passed the 16th Amendment in 1913 which gave Congress the authority to levy an income tax.

• The Underwood Tariff Act of 1913 included a provision to create a graduated income tax, which means that wealthy people pay a higher percentage of their income than do poor people.

• Next Wilson tried to reform the banking system.

• Wilson pushed Congress to pass the Federal Reserve Act.

• The Federal Reserve Act placed national banks under the control of a Federal Reserve Board, which set up regional banks to hold the reserve funds from commercial banks.

• Like the Presidents before him, Wilson focused on trusts.

• In 1914 Wilson persuaded Congress to create the Federal Trade Commission (FTC).

• FTC: governmental agency established in 1914 to identify monopolistic business practices, false advertising, and dishonest labeling.

• Congress also passed the Clayton Antitrust Act, which strengthened earlier antitrust laws by spelling out those activities in which businesses could not engage.

• The political reforms of the Progressives had a lasting effect on the American political system.