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EVSE – GE 6351

UNIT IV – SOCIAL ISSUES & ENVIRONMENT

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:

Deefinition:1:“The development (progress) that meets the needs of the present generation

without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs is called

sustainable development”.

Definition:2: “Improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of

supporting eco-systems”.

General principles:

• Limiting the human population.

• Renewable resource harvesting rate should not be above the regeneration rate.

• To bring people together with nature with better future.

Essential steps to attain sustainable development:

• Stabilizing population: It is the prime step required for sustainability. Because

increasing population creates demand in food, medicine, education, cloth, cleaniness, etc.

• Change over in energy: A change over is very must from non-renewable to renewable

energy resources.

• Technologies change over: A change over from present pollution-prone technologies to

eco-friendly technologies.

• Economic change over: It leads to higher income, so that the life becomes more

comfort.

• Blending economy & ecology: The development of economy & ecology should be

parallel.

• Advance planning: To save environment from global warming, ozone depletion & acid

rain, it is essential to take proper controlling measures well in advance.

• Integrated land use management: To develop a policy for land-use management.

• Sustainable agro-forestry: The green revolution has to be created the environmental

problems such as soil erosion, flood, desertification, drought, etc.

• Conservation of bio-diversity: The plants and animal species should be given by proper

protection for conservation.

• Control of pollution: A scientific solution to be taken to control the pollution.

• Environmental awareness: This can be created among the public about conserving

nature by using media like newspaper, radio, TV, cinema, drama, awareness camp, etc.

• Collective approach: There should be joint process of different groups of people

belonging to different part of the countries.

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WATER CONSERVATION: The method of saving of water for future utilization and

development activities is called water conservation. The water must be conserved due to water

crisis. This problem is arised mainly due to the economic development, population explosion,

industrial growth and urbanization, etc.

Methods to save water:

• Artificial recharge of ground water.

• Using surface water at winter season and underground water at summer season.

• Minimum use of all available water.

• Water bodies (like lake, pond and river) should be kept free from pollution.

• It has to be used effectively and sparingly.

RAIN WATER HARVESTING (RWH): It is the method of water conservation by which the

rain water is collected and stored in the ground during rainy season and this can be used when it

is needed.

Purpose of RWH:

• To meet out the increasing demand for water.

• To reduce the run-off (excess water during rain fall) this chokes the storm water drains.

• To avoid flood.

• To increase the groundwater storage.

• To reduce the soil erosion.

• To reduce the flood hazard.

• To improve the quality of existing groundwater.

• To remove bacteriological and other impurities from sewage.

Roof top RWH methods: Rain water is collected from roof of the building and stored in the

ground for our future beneficial use. This is called roof top rainwater harvesting.

1. Recharge in abandoned dugwell:

In this method a dry dugwell or existing dugwell can be used as a recharge structure.

After cleaning the bottom of the well, the water from the roof can be sent to the bottom of

the well through the pipe as in the figure.

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2. Recharge in Pit/Trench: In this method, 1-2 m wide and 2-3 m deep recharge pits are

constructed for recharging the shallow aquifer. The recharge pits may be any shape which

is refilled with pebbles and boulders. Through pipe the silt free rainwater is allowed into

the pit for recharge purpose. It is suitable for small buildings.

3. Recharge through abandoned Hand pump: In this method, an abandoned or running

hand pump can be used for recharging purpose. Rain water is diverted from top of the

roof to the hand pump through 5-10 cm diameter pipe. It is suitable for small buildings.

4. Recharge through shaft: Recharge shaft filled with gravels can be constructed where

the shallow aquifer found below the clay layer. The depth of the recharge shaft is depends

upon the depth of permeable formation.

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5. Recharge through borewells: In this method, borewells are used for recharging the

groundwater. The rainwater collected in the roof is channelized to the well under gravity

flow condition. The well can also be used for pumping the water.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT: It is a region from which layer drains into a stream, lake,

reservoir or other body of surface water. It is very useful for water conservation, regeneration and

sensible use of water.

Watershed management techniques:

• Trenches (pits) were dug at equal intervals to improve ground water storage.

• Constructing contour bunds, check dams, and percolation tanks, etc

• Creating a farm pond artificially.

• Underground barriers can be built.

Maintenance of watershed:

• Livestock population around the watershed area should be reduced.

• Massive campaigns should be organized.

• Village watershed committee should be formed.

• By agro-forestry, watershed development can be increased.

• People’s participation in watershed projects is motivated.

ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS: It means conscious efforts to protect an environment and to

maintain its stability from the hazardous chemical pollutants found in the industrial effluents.

Even though our government is formulating several rules, regulations, policies, laws and

amendments for preserving nature, it is the duty of each and every one to protect our nature.

Important functions of an environment:

• It provides life support for all organisms.

• It gives resources like air, water, minerals, etc

• It assimilates all the waste materials discharged by the modern society.

• It acts as recreation place for human through forest and wildlife within it.

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Problems due to economic development:

• Irreversible land degradation.

• Loss of fertile soil.

• Water scarcity.

• Deforestation.

• Urbanization.

• Population growth.

• Effluent and smoke discharge from the industries.

Activities should be done to safeguard the environment:

• It is essential to sacrifice the consumption of goods like plastics, etc

• Minimize the resource utilization and conservation of resource.

• Change as individual and then society will also change by itself.

• Adopting sustainable and eco-friendly development projects.

� Reduction of the waste

� Recycling of waste

� Waste management

� Conservation of resource

� Harvesting of non-conventional energy.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

Sources of environmental problems:

• Excessive usage of resource leads to exploitation.

• Pollution due to the production and consumption methods.

• Industrial growth releases huge amount of effluents, smoke and solid waste.

Important environmental issues:

• Population explosion leads to deforestation, which causes soil erosion, etc

• Green house effect, global warming, depletion of ozone layer and acid rain

• Destruction of ecosystem, loss of wild life, etc

• Modern agriculture and overgrazing

• Municipal waste disposal and discharge of industrial effluents

• Oil spillage

Solutions to Environmental Problems:

• Reduce the waste of matter and energy resources

• Practicing 3R principle (Reduce – Recycle – Reuse)

• Reduce over-exploitation of natural resources

• Minimizing soil degradation

• Achieving sustainable development

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• Conserving biodiversity

• Reduce population and increase the economy of a nation.

GREEN CHEMISTRY: (Also called sustainable chemistry): The term green chemistry was

coined by Paul Anastas in 1991. It is defined as the philosophy of chemical research and

engineering that encourages the design of products and processes that minimize the use and

generation of hazardous substances.

Objectives or aim:

• To design the processes to maximize the amount of raw material that ends up in the

product.

• To use environmental safe and bio-degradable materials.

• To create harmless and eco-friendly waste disposal.

12 PRINCIPLES:

1) It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean.

2) The synthetic methods should be planned to maximize the inclusion of all material used

in the process into the final product.

3) The synthetic methods should be designed to use and regenerate substances that possess

no toxicity to human health and the environment.

4) The chemical products should be prepared to preserve efficiency of function while

reducing toxicity.

5) The use of auxiliary substances like solvents, separation agents,… to be avoided.

6) Energy needs should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and

should be minimized.

7) A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting.

8) Reducing derivatives should be avoided.

9) The catalytic reagents should be superior to stoichiometric reagents.

10) The chemical products should be designed eco-friendly.

11) The analytical methodologies need to be further developed for process monitoring.

12) The substances used in chemical process should be chosen to minimize potential for

chemical accidents, releasing of gases, explosions and fires.

NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS & HOLOCAUST: The release of energy from the radioactive

materials such as U, Th, Pu, etc is called radiation. It may be natural or man-made. The cosmic

radiation, radiation from lightning and radiation from natural isotopes present in the earth’s crust

are natural radiation. Man-made radiations are caused by artificial disintegration of heavy radio-

nuclides. Also heavy dose of radiations are produced by fission and fusion reactions.

Nuclear Test: Conducting nuclear test causing settling down of radioactive waste on the earth’s

surface and radioactive particles are spewed into the air during explosion. The radioactive dust

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from this crater rises in the air mixing with radio pollutants and it becomes radioactive and

produces ‘Mushroom cloud of nuclear blast’.

Nuclear power plant accidents: The release of radiation occurs during normal operation or due

to accidents. The nuclear plant located in the seismic exposure area may cause nuclear accidents.

Nuclear weapon: Hydrogen bombs (nuclear fusion) and atom bomb (nuclear fission) produces

enormous radioactive fallout and cause disastrous effects on living organisms.

Nuclear waste: The radiation effect of nuclear wastes is extremely danger than the other wastes

and its damage cannot be detected by human sense.

Case study: 1. The tragedy of Hiroshima & Nagasaki: Hiroshima and Nagasaki are two

Japanese sea-ports which were bombed on 6th and 9th August, 1945 during Second World War.

The loss in terms of property and infrastructure was incalculable. The Hiroshima bomb was

named ‘Little Boy’, while the Nagasaki bomb was called ‘Fat Man’; both are thrown by

American Air Force. The Hiroshima bomb claimed 1,90,000 human lives, the Nagasaki death-toll

was 73,884. Both are very old cities and which took centuries to build but took only a few

seconds to destroy. The Hiroshima bomb obliterated more than ten square kilometers of area.

By 1995 the death-toll which included who died from radiation-related diseases rose to one lakh

and ninety thousand. The Nagasaki bomb killed 73, 884 and injured 76, 796 on explosion.

Case Study: 2. Chernobyl disaster: On April 26, 1986, a series of explosions took place in one

of the reactors in the Chernobyl power plant in Ukraine (USSR). The explosions blew the reactor

roof and huge radioactive cloud spreads over much of Russia, Ukraine and other parts of Europe.

This disaster is caused mainly due to poor reactor design and human error. It has been estimated

8,000 people had died prematurely from radiation related diseases because of the accidents and

Ukranian Health Ministry says that 1,25,000 people have died and 3.5 million people have been

come ill because of the accident. The total cost of the accident will reach atleast $358 billion.

The intense radiation had killed trees, shrubs and fields.

WASTELAND RECLAMATION:

Waste Land: “Any land which is not put to optimal use is called wasteland” OR “Any land

which is not being used in accordance with its full potential or capacity is called wasteland”.

Causes:

• Overgrazing and over-exploitation.

• Excessive human and cattle population.

• Sewage and industrial waste.

• Mining activities.

• Deforestation.

• Modern irrigation and agricultural practice.

• Power projects (dams)

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• Excessive use of fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, etc.

• Water logging.

• Salinity.

• Desertification.

• Soil erosion.

Remedial measures (Wasteland reclamation):

• By conserving the soil by growing grasses and shrubs.

• Effective participation of the people, voluntary agencies and government is very

essential.

ENVIRONMENT (Protection) ACT: It is also called Umbrella act which enacted on 23rd May

1986 to protect environment from its degradation.

Main Aim:

• To provide protection and improvement of the environment.

• To provide for regulation of discharge of environmental pollutants.

• To provide fast response in the event of accidents threatening environment.

AIR (Prevention & Control of Pollution) ACT: To preserve the air quality and control of air

pollution this Act was introduced on 29th March 1981. It empowers the State Board to put

standards for emission into the atmosphere from industries, automobiles, etc.

Main Aim:

• To provide the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution.

• To provide for conferring on and assigning to such boards, powers and functions, etc.

WATER (Prevention & Control of Pollution) ACT: To preserve the water quality and control

of water pollution this Act was introduced on 23rd March 1974. By this Act, the industries which

consume excess water and those whose effluents are not of prescribed standard have been made

to pay incremental cess.

Main Aim:

• To provide the prevention, control and abatement of water pollution.

• To maintain the water potential.

• To provide for conferring on and assigning to such boards, powers and functions, etc.

• Discharged effluent should meet the standard set by Pollution Control Board.

WILDLIFE (Protection) ACT: The wildlife act was enacted on 9th September 1972 to protect

wildlife animals and birds.

• To prevent illegal trade of wild animals and animal products.

• To impose restrictions on hunting of wild animals.

• To provide the habitat for wildlife animals.

• To conserve the wildlife population.

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FOREST (Conservation) ACT

• To prevent deforestation, this act was introduced on 27th December 1980.

• It provides the conservation of forests and restriction on deforestation.

• Compensatory afforestation is required in case where diversion of forest land is

permitted.

BIO-MEDICAL WASTES: (Also called infectious waste or medical waste) It is defined as the

solid waste generated during the diagnosis, testing, treatment, research or production of biological

products for human or animals. It includes syringes, live vaccines, laboratory samples, body parts,

bodily fluids and waste, sharp needles, cultures and lancets.

Bio-medical waste rule: 1998: In order to regulate the disposal of bio-medical wastes, the

Ministry of Environment and Forest (MEF), Govt of India, notified Bio-medical wastes

(Management & Handling) Rules 1998 and amended twice in the year of 2000. These rules apply

to all hospitals, nursing homes, micro-bio laboratories, etc.

Bio-medical waste management: It involves three steps as follows.

1. Generation & accumulation

2. Handling & storage

3. Transport & disposal

Step-1: Generation & accumulation: Bio-medical waste generated by hospitals must be

collected in leak-proof containers marked with bio-hazard symbol. It should not be mixed with

other wastes. The discarded injection needles and other sharp materials must be collected in

specialized boxes.

Symbol for bio-medical waste

Step-2: Handling & storage: Handling refers to the act of manually moving biomedical

waste between the point of generation, accumulation areas, storage locations and on-site

treatment facilities. No untreated bio-medical waste shall be kept stored beyond a period

of 48 hours.

Step-3: Treatment & disposal: The bio-medical waste must be treated in autoclave and

incinerator to destroy pathogens (diesease producing micro-organisms) and to sterilize

the waste. Then the waste liquids to be sent to a sewage treatment plant for further

process.

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Eco-Mark: The environemntally friendly products are generally indicated by the symbol (logo)

called Eco-Mark, which is issued by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS).

Symbol for Eco-Mark

Objectives:

• To encourage all to buy products which give less harmful to the environment

• To improve the quality of environment

• To achieve sustainable development

• To avoid adverse environmental impact

Condition for awarding Eco-Mark to the products:

• Bio-degradability

• Use of waste and recycled materials

• Use of natural resources

• Source of raw materials

• Disposal of wastes

Method to get Eco-Mark: To get the Eco-Mark for any industrial product from BIS, the product

must satisfy the conditions prescribed by BIS Act. The licence must be renewed every year after

periodical inspection by BIS.

PUBLIC AWARENESS TO PROTECT ENVIRONMENT: Every country should educate

their masses about environment care. By inculcating environment knowledge, the public could

understand the gravity of the problems that they are facing today and would have to face in

future.

Mass media used for environmental awareness:

1. Radio: It is the most common communication media to the public. It has the advantage

of quick and easy spreading. The audience coverage is also very huge.

2. Television & Cable Network: TV and Cable Network are most popular because of their

uniqueness. So that the government insist to show cartoons or documentaries on

environmental aspects to the public.

3. Cinema: The film which is about environmental education will be useful for public. It

has to given the concession or tax free on release.

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4. Newspaper: Each newspaper and magazines must regularly publish the environmental

related problems.

5. Poster, Banners and Printed Folios (Pamphlets): The attractive and well designed

posters and banners must be placed in prominent public places like road junctions, bus

stands, railway stations, parks, etc. The prepared booklets, pamphlets, brochures and

notices on environmental aspects may also be distributed to the public.

6. Traditional techniques: Environmental messages may also taken to the public by

conducting several traditional techniques like folk plays, puppet shows, dramas, etc.

7. Arranging Competitions: Story writing, essay writing and painting competitions on

environmental issues should be organized nation-wide for students, public, etc may bring

good results.

8. Communicators: To create environmental awareness, the announcement through

vehicles may be arranged in all public places.

9. Services of voluntary organizations: The services of voluntary bodies like Rotary club,

Rotaract club, Lions club, NSS, NCC, and other social organizations can be effectively

utilized for spreading the environmental studies.

10. Environmental awareness in schools & colleges: The environmental aspects should be

taught in the schools and colleges to create environmental awareness.

11. Leaders Appeal: Political and community leaders as well as popular social reformers

can make an appeal to the public about the urgency of environmental protection. This

appeal should be communicated to the people properly be means of radio, TV, papers,

notices, etc.

In fact, almost all nations of the world have geared up to creating awareness among people.

Out government with its Ministry of Environment and Forest and Central Pollution Control Board

is launching several environmental awareness campaigns throughout the country. Hence mass

tree plantation programmes are also carried out through many government functions to encourage

afforestation activities.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT: The organization and management of resources and

responsibilities for dealing with all aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response

and recovery to reduce the impact of disasters is called disaster management. Example for

disaster: Flood, earth quake, cyclone and landslide, etc

FLOOD: It is a overflow of water that submerges land which is normally dry OR Whenever the

magnitude of flow of water exceeds the carrying capacity of the channel within its banks, the

excess water overflows on to the plains and cause floods.

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE:

1. The flow of excess water resulting from increased runoff in the catchment’s area.

2. Reduction in the carrying capacity of the channel.

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3. Heavy rainfall and cloud-burst.

4. Sudden and excess release of impounded water behind dams.

5. Bursting of man-made dams by landslide / earth quakes.

CONTROLLING MEASURES:

1. Reduction of runoff by increasing infiltration through afforestation in the catchment’s

area.

2. Constructing check dams and minor dams in the sub basins.

3. Inducing artificial recharge of the ground water extensively through intensive pumping.

4. Spreading and distributing excess water over areas of paddy fields, depressions, etc

5. Diverting excess water through channels or canals to areas and rivers deficient in water.

6. Building embankments to prevent spilling of flood water.

7. It is essential to have flood hazard zoning maps and plan for alertness.

8. Encroachment of floodways should be banned.

9. Effective system of flood forecasting & flood warning thro’ networks of station are needed.

EARTHQUAKE: An earth quake is a sudden vibration caused on the earth’s surface due to the

sudden release of energy stored in the rocks beneath (under) the earth surface.

EFFECT:

1. Rupturing the ground and displacing the rock masses.

2. Ground vibrations cause landslides on hill side.

3. Giant sea waves (tsunami) are generated in the ocean.

4. Damage to valuable human life, destruction of buildings, biodiversity, etc

CONTROLLING MEASURES:

1. Preparation of hazard zoning map: Seismic hazard map should be prepared which

gives the information of the anticipated earth quake and risk factors.

2. Earthquake prediction: The seismologist should indicate the possibility of recurrence of

earthquakes in a potential area.

3. Earthquake resistant houses: It is suggested that the lighter structure buildings are more

suitable in seismicity prone area.

4. Strange and erratic behaviors of birds and animals: The behavior of domesticated

animal, birds become extremely nervous and agitated are reliable indicators of impending

earthquakes.

CYCLONE: A cyclone is an area of closed, circular fluid motion rotating in the same direction

as the Earth OR a cyclone is a circular area of low atmospheric pressure in which the wind blow

in the same direction of the earth.

EFFECT:

1. High forced wind and heavy rains are compounded by floods and create damage to

human life and properties.

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2. It sweep away houses and cultural features, destroy farms and fields and cause

widespread salinity in soil and water resources.

3. The destruction along the coasts is very danger to human and aquatic ecosystems.

CONTROLLING MEASURES:

1. Identification of hazard-prone belts: The coastal hazard control programme and

separation on the areas and belts prone to cyclone.

2. Developing warning system: Developing effecting warning through satellite, radar and

aircraft and giving advance warning to the people.

3. Reduction of risks in vulnerable areas: Locating wind breakers such as sand dune or

thick vegetation to reduce the impact of winds and afforestation along coastal line

prevents wind speed.

LANDSLIDE: The rock movement through the certain definite plane then it is called landslide.

REASONS:

1. Movement of heavy vehicles on the unstable sloppy regions.

2. The tectonic stresses and earthquake shocks

3. Internal drainage after rainfall

4. Erosion is the hilly region due to run-off water

5. Excavation in the sloppy region

CONTROLLING MEASURES:

1. Unloading the upper parts of the slope

2. Diverting surface water away from the weak slopy regions

3. Improving cultivations in the sloppy region

4. Slope modification should be made in the steep region like benches.

5. Soil stabilization using quick lime

6. Use of retaining wall, buttresses and pre-stressed anchor pads, etc

7. Subsidence can be prevented by sand filling.

Question Bank

Part – B (Frequently/Previously asked semester questions)

1. What is sustainable development? Discuss its principles and agenda in detail.

2. Explain the term: Rain water harvesting.

3. Define and explain the term watershed management.

4. What is meant by environmental ethic? Explain the function of environment and methods

to safeguard the environment from human activities.

5. Explain the term waste land reclamation.

6. Define Green chemistry and explain the twelve principles of green chemistry.

7. Discuss the aim and objectives of various environmental protection acts.

8. Explain how public awareness can be created to protect our environment?

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Part – A (Frequently/Previously asked semester questions)

1. What is meant by ISO 14000?

ISO 14000 is a family of standards related to environmental management that exists

to help organizations (a) minimize how their operations (processes, etc.) negatively

affect the environment (i.e., cause adverse changes to air, water, or land); (b) comply

with applicable laws, regulations, and other environmentally oriented requirements,

and (c) continually improve in the above.

2. What are the advantages of rain water harvesting?

• To meet out the increasing demand for water.

• To reduce the run-off (excess water during rain fall) this chokes the storm

water drains.

• To increase the groundwater storage.

• To reduce the soil erosion.

• To reduce the flood hazard.

• To improve the quality of existing groundwater.

• To remove bacteriological and other impurities from sewage.

3. What is meant by rain water harvesting?

It is the method of water conservation by which the rain water is collected and stored

in the ground during rainy season and this can be used when it is needed.

4. List any two pollution control acts.

A) Air (Prevention and control of pollution) Act

B) Water (prevention and control of pollution) Act

C) Land (prevention and control of pollution) Act

5. Mention few steps to attain sustainable development.

• Stabilizing population

• Change over from non-renewable to renewable energy resources

• Sustainable agro-forestry

• Conservation of bio-diversity

• Environmental awareness through mass media

6. List out the major objectives of rain water harvesting.

• To meet out the increasing demand for water.

• To reduce the run-off (excess water during rain fall) this chokes the storm

water drains.

• To avoid flood.

• To increase the groundwater storage.

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• To reduce the soil erosion.

• To improve the quality of existing groundwater.

• To remove bacteriological and other impurities from sewage.

7. Mention the environmental problems due to economic development.

• Irreversible land degradation.

• Loss of fertile soil.

• Water scarcity.

• Deforestation.

• Urbanization.

• Population growth.

• Effluent and smoke discharge from the industries.

8. Define green chemistry.

It is defined as the philosophy of chemical research and engineering that encourages

the design of products and processes that minimize the use and generation of

hazardous substances.

9. List out the aim/objectives of green chemistry.

• To use environmental safe and bio-degradable materials.

• To create harmless and eco-friendly waste disposal.

10. Give some sources of nuclear holocaust.

• Nuclear testing

• Nuclear bomb

• Nuclear power plant accidents

• Nuclear waste

11. Give some suggestions for waste land reclamation.

• Trenches (pits) were dug at equal intervals to improve ground water storage.

• Constructing contour bunds, check dams, and percolation tanks, etc

• Creating a farm pond artificially.

• Underground barriers can be built.

12. State the important features of Forest conservation Act.

• To prevent deforestation, this act was introduced on 27th December 1980.

• It provides the conservation of forests and restriction on deforestation.

• Compensatory afforestation is required in case where diversion of forest land

is permitted.

13. Define waste land and give its causes.

“Any land which is not put to optimal use is called wasteland”

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Causes:

• Overgrazing and over-exploitation.

• Sewage and industrial waste.

• Deforestation.

• Modern irrigation and agricultural practice.

• Excessive use of fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, etc.

14. List the advantages of watershed projects.

It is very useful for water conservation, regeneration and sensible use of water.

15. How rain-water harvesting is applicable in urban areas?

• To meet out the increasing demand for water.

• To increase the groundwater storage.

• To improve the quality of existing groundwater.

• To remove bacteriological and other impurities from sewage.

16. What is EPA (Environmental protection act)?

The environmental protection act is also called Umbrella act which enacted on 23rd

May 1986 to protect environment from its degradation.

• To provide protection and improvement of the environment.

• To provide for regulation of discharge of environmental pollutants.

• To provide fast response in the event of accidents threatening environment.

17. WILDLIFE (Protection) ACT:

The wildlife act was enacted on 9th Sep 1972 to protect wildlife animals and birds.

• To prevent illegal trade of wild animals and animal products.

• To impose restrictions on hunting of wild animals.

• To provide the habitat for wildlife animals.

• To conserve the wildlife population.

18. Write the salient feature of ‘Forest Conservation Act’1980.

To prevent deforestation, this act was introduced on 27th December 1980. It provides

the conservation of forests and restriction on deforestation. Compensatory

afforestation is required in case where diversion of forest land is permitted.

19. Define bio-medical waste.

It is defined as the solid waste generated during the diagnosis, testing, treatment,

research or production of biological products for human or animals. It includes

syringes, live vaccines, laboratory samples, body parts, sharp needles, etc.

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20. Give the logo (symbol) for A) Eco-Mark B) Bio-Medical waste

21. Write about Water (Protection) Act.

To preserve the water quality and control of water pollution this Act was introduced

on 23rd March 1974.

• To provide the prevention, control and abatement of water pollution.

• To maintain the water potential.

• To provide for conferring on and assigning to such boards, powers and

functions, etc.

• Discharged effluent should meet the standard set by Pollution Control Board.

22. What is sustainable development?

“The development (progress) that meets the needs of the present generation without

compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs is called

sustainable development”.

Prepared By: Dr. M. Manivannan. M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D, AP / Dept of chemistry, CNCET.