EVs. Wednesday, February 13, 2019 3 - Sunshine Coast Elder ... · EVs. Wednesday, February 13, 2019...

Climate of Change, Week 4

Jim Pawley: [email protected]

Climate news, Space heat and EVs.

3Wednesday, February 13, 2019

How to Cut U.S. EmissionsFaster? Do What These

Countries Are Doing.BY BRAD PLUMER AND BLACKI MIGLIOZZI FEB. 13, 2019

The United States is reducing its greenhouse gas emissions far too slowly to help avert the worst effects of global warming. But what would happen if the country adopted seven of the most ambitious climate policies already in place around the world?

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/02/13/climate/cut-us-emissions-with-policies-from-other-countries.html?action=click&module=Editors%20Picks&pgtype=Homepage


Space heat


IMPROVE WHERE WE LIVE AND WORK When we build better buildings, we are putting new skills and newly-skilled workers to work, and building owners and residents save money in the long run. Building technologies are a place where the B.C. technology sector excels. We have been a proving ground for building energy management systems and low carbon building materials, and CleanBC will help us move forward to a future where buildings produce no emissions at all – starting with the following actions. Better buildings ! Make every building more efficient by improving the BC Building Code and increasing efficiency standards – until every new building is “net-zero energy ready” by the year 2032 Support for better buildings and home retrofits 1! "Incentives to make heat pumps more affordable and homes more energy-efficient 2! "Upgrade B.C.’s stock of 51,000 public housing units to make these homes less polluting, more energy-efficient,

and more affordable 3! "Make residential natural gas consumption cleaner by putting in place a minimum requirement of 15% to come

from renewable gas Support for communities ! Help remote communities reduce dependence on diesel! Support public infrastructure efficiency upgrades and fuel switching to biofuels with the CleanBC Communities Fund Together, these initiatives to improve where we live and work will bring down our carbon pollution by 2.0 Mt by 2030.



Not a huge difference on a sunny day, but...


a lot better on a cloudy day.


Although solar hot-water systems usually just heat domestic hot water, they can also heat a house by radiant (in-floor-piping) heating.


Vacuum panel insulationYes. Vacuum-insulated panels.

Can we use this vacuum trick on walls?


Solar Decathlon 2009: R-30 Per Inch! with Vacuum Insulated Panels(This post is part of an ongoing series reviewing the competition, technologies and products at the 2009 Solar Decathlon. See Team Germany and the Benefits of Imagination for more about the University of Darmstadt house.)


We already coat window glass with very thin alternating layers of metals and oxides to let only visible light pass through.

Thinking a bit more about sunlight


Pilkington Spacia™

What can we do to stop the heat passing through the glass by conduction?A vacuum will do the trick but how do we stop the force of air pressure squashing the two pieces of glass so they touch?

Pilkington Spacia™

These windows have almost no thermal conduction but must still be coated to reduce radiation losses.


It is within production tolerances to have a maximum of two missing or misplaced microspacers within a 540 mm × 540 mm square. However, microspacers cannot be missing from the outer most row.

The microspacer grid ensures that the two glass panes are kept a fixed distance apart. When looking through the window from 2-3m away, they are imperceptible.

Could we use this on flat-panel collectors?

Now a little about heating houses.


How much heat you need depends on how much heat escapes from your house.

Which brings us to Koen Drugmand and Passivhaus...


If only we could see in the IR!




Using ceiling trusses for the roof, provides a lot of room for insulation.



Large overhangs protect walls and also keep out summer sun.


Windows are good as long as they are good windows.



“Proof of the pudding:” The Blower-door test.




Getting it right is NOT easy!USA

Europe

Canada


Of course, there are supposed to be some “holes.”


Heat exchange ventilators keep heat in while providing fresh air.



The performance of housing components can vary widely.

6x

6x

5x

6x


When can I build you a PassivHaus?

More questions?



1 Very good windows: triple-glazed windows with two of the six glass surfaces coated to reflect heat.

2 South orientation, No shadowing on Dec 21

3 A house that is built today can last for 100 years, but the street would last much longer.

4 The Ventilation SystemHeat recovery ventilator.

5 Inner Returns (Internal gains) 100 Watt heat energy per person: A 15 m2 room in the house with huge windows, (when it is 12 °C outside), has a maximum heating need of around 400 Watt. On the coldest days of the year, two people and four candles (80W ea) alone will stoke the room.


Many on the Sunshine Coast heat their houses with baseboard electric heaters.

Advantages:- simple- cheap (no ducts)- no air loss via chimney.- easy to control.

Disadvantages:- fire danger with full-length curtains.- doesn’t make full use of the high quality of the electric energy.

3 units of heat => 1 unit of electricity => 1 unit of heat.

Closer to home...


Advantage:3 units of heat => 1 unit of electricity => 3 units of heat.

A heat pump, uses an electric motor to force a fluid through a cycle of heating and cooling.

By properly positioning the hot and cold radiators, it can “pump” heat from a cool area (i.e., outside) to a warmer area (i.e., inside). (Seems backwards?)

Disadvantages:- Complexity.- Expense.- Service risk.



An air--to-air heat pump looks a bit like an air conditioner, in two parts (connected by tubing).

They can usually also be run “backwards” to cool in summer.

Heat pumps can be either air-source or “ground” source.


They work well where the air doesn’t get too cold in Winter.


Where winter air is too cold, a “ground source” can be a field or a well,

or even a lake.


But it is more complicated and if it breaks down or you get a leak, you have a problem


Let’s talk...


Transport



Eldercollege Week 4: Transport

After space and water heating, the second largest energy use on the Sunshine Coast is liquid fuels for transport.

and the relevant news item is...

So, how can we reduce the need for liquid fuel in automobiles?


- In cities, privilege bikes over cars.

...primarily runs along decommissioned train tracks...Will expand to 62 miles in length and connect 10 cities and four universities throughout the Ruhr district

Let’s start at the bottom:- Design cities and towns for walking.


Volkswagen BUDD-e Concept: Inspired by Microbus

Remember this?

We must stop thinking of E-cars as being exotic.


Volkswagen BUDD-e Concept: Inspired by Microbus

377-mile Volkswagen BUDD-e Concept

We must stop thinking of E-cars as being exotic.


- inefficient, (25% at best, in cities, closer to 6%),

- only work by stealing O2 and changing it to CO2 -> Climate!

- complicated (require constant service)

- polluting (smog and diesel soot kill thousands annually)

- Smaller,

- Lighter

- Lots of horsepower!

- But most of all, because they use a cheap, storable energy source.

Gasoline and diesel engines are:

Well, compared to steam engines, they are

Why do we tolerate them?


Gasoline and diesel are such popular fuels because:

They’re “cheap” and you can store a lot of energy in a simple tank.

A 2 minute refill allows you to drive your car 300 miles.

A barrel of oil costs $50 but contains the same energy as would be put out by a man working hard (100Watts), 24/7 for 2 years.

Burning 1 US gallon (3.8 L, ~3kg) has same energy as exploding ~300 kg of TNT.

A gas pump pumping at half-a-litre/sec is “charging” you car at the rate of 17 MegaWatts!

About 17,000x more energy/second as used by your house (1kiloWatts).

The fastest electric fast chargers in Europe carry 175kW, 100x slower.

Imagine pushing your car at 100km/hr for 15km for $1.00!


That sounds pretty bad, but we need to check the details.We aren’t really interested in energy transfer, but in the transfer of the ability to travel a certain distance. Because most gas cars are heavy and gas engines are inefficient, they burn gas at the rate of ~100kW @ 40mph.

A modern, efficient Tesla with a100kWh battery can go 335 miles (536km) on one charge.At an average speed of 40mph, this will take 8.4 hours and you will have used power at the rate of ~12kW or about 16 horsepower.

http://www.ocean.washington.edu/courses/envir215/energynumbers.pdf

i.e., the Tesla is about 8.3x more efficient.So charging isn’t 100x slower, only 12x slower.


Still at 150kW, we are still talking about 3x the maximum power available from a 220v, 200A Canadian residential service.

Could we go faster?

Sure, just have a big battery at the charge station.


Nature study shows it's cheaper to reduce global warming than to adapt to it

InanannouncementonMonday,ElectrifyAmericasaiditwouldinstallTeslastationarybatterypacksat100ofitslocationstobalancepowerdemandandreducecosts.

Tesla battery packs coming to Electrify America chargers

Feb5,2019

InstallingbatterybankswillhelpElectrifyAmericaminimizetheseextrachargesbystoringexcesspowergeneratedatnight,atlowrates,touseduringthedaywhenelectricratesanddemand-responsechargesarehigh—justlikemanyelectric-cardriversdointheirhomes.


BritishbroadbandproviderLibertyGlobal,whichownsVirginMedia,willstartapilotevchargingprojectusingVirginMedia'scablesandtrenchesthatruntothousandsofneighbourhoodsaroundBritain.Theyalreadyhavepowerandcanbeusedtobringthatpowertochargingstationsforelectriccars.

InGermany,DeutscheTelekomannouncedinNovemberthatithadbeguninstallingchargingstationsat12,000transformerboxesaroundthatcountry.

AcompetingeffortinBritainfromUbitricityaimstohangelectric-carchargersonstreetlightsaroundLondontogiveurbanelectric-cardriversaplacetocharge.


Tesla Model 3 could charge faster in Europe, charging network results suggestBengtHalvorsonFeb11,2019

TheEuropeanchargingnetworkFastnedoperatesmanystationswith175-kwCCShardware.OnthisnetworktheModelSchargedatapeakjustabove125kwandstaysatthatmaximumfromaround10%stateofchargetopast45%.


ChargePoint's New Stations Promise Fast Charge In Minutes For Your Electric Car

ChargePoint designed ExpressPlus 200 volts to 1000 volts,1 megawatt across 8 charging stationseach station:50 kW to 400 kW.Europe is discussing 1,500v chargers.

So, as far as I can see, the charge-time problem is solved.

Time to salute the Pioneers!


The key to making successful electric cars is low weight. Use carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic or aluminum alloys.

Making cars lighter is MORE important than making better batteries.


With the predictable result...

http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/efficiency/transportation/cars-light-trucks/buying/16755

1000kg6000kg

1272kg 230kg of this is the battery.

We have been going in the wrong way.


Will range increase as batteries get smaller, lighter, cheaper?


http://rameznaam.com/2015/10/14/how-cheap-can-energy-storage-get/


The main worry with electric cars: “range anxiety.”Solutions:- smart cars can keep track of nearby charging stations- batteries slowly improving- cars getting lighter as more carbon fibre used- self-driving cars that “talk” to each other can reduce air drag- “real” limits may change car use patterns: Car-sharing.


California to transition to 100 percent electric buses by 2040EricC.EvartsFeb11,2019

“TheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoardsaysconvertingthestate's12,000busestoelectricpowerwilldeliverbenefitsequivalenttoconverting4millioncars.”

“Inaseparateaction,CARBisconsideringaregulationthatwillrequireairport,rental-car,andparkingshuttlesatthestate's13largestairportstobeelectric.ThatregulationisscheduledforapublichearingMonday,andwouldrequireallnewairportshuttlesby2026tobeelectricorfuelcells.”

If you can charge them, they will come; Maryland plans 5,000 EV chargersEricC.EvartsJan21,2019

https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1121039_if-you-can-charge-them-they-will-come-maryland-plans-5000-ev-chargers

Colorado takes first step toward California electric-vehicle mandate


https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2016/sep/28/new-mit-app-check-if-your-car-meets-climate-targets

How are we doing? New MIT app: check if your car meets climate targets

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. g(C

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Total cost: purchase, service, fuel: $/km


A $3,000,000 project funded by “The Big 3”to design a safe, 4-passenger car powered by either a fuel-cell or a hybrid gasoline engine and getting much more than 100 MPG.

In 1991, Amory Lovins designed the Hypercar.


Renault adds new Master ZE larger electric delivery vanJohnVoelcker2CommentsJan24,2017

2017,Renaultzero-emissioncars:Twizy,Zoe,Kangoovan,MasterZEvan

Everyone is doing it!TeslaS,weight

NissanLeafbatteryweighs19%oftotalweight.


25 years later, US industry almost catches up to the Hypercar.

Chevy Bolt: 200 miles, $35,000 USD 128 MPG equiv.


BYD: Undisputed Leader in American Battery Electric BusesProudly Built in the USA

“The Chinese are coming. After years of predictions that made-in-China electric-car technology was poised to dominate the global market, the country's battery-powered cars will be driving on Canadian streets in a few months' time.”

https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/electric-car-ev-china-trade-1.4893737


Driving Distance

240KMMaximum Payload

6000lbsNormal Charging Time

8HoursQuick Charging Time

Quick (80% Charged): Approximately2Hours

FDG Has Been Awarded with “The Most Valuable Small-Mid Cap Company” in the 2018 “Golden Hong Kong Equities” Awards


Oct 17, 2018 6:56 AM PT | Last Updated: October 17, 201

More affordable electric vehicles like the Nissan

Leaf are designed to entice entry-level buyers,

but Dan Woynillowicz says they fly off the lot as

soon as they arrive.

Canadians may already be driving a Chinese

car: The owner of the famously safe Swedish

brand Volvo is China's Geely. And Volvo has promised to make electric

versions of all its cars by as soon as next year.


...with local governments able to get subsidies for electric bus purchases that could amount to half the purchase of a 2 million yuan ($300,000) bus, said Chan. In the southern tech hub of Shenzhen, where it’s headquartered, BYD supplied more than 80% of the electric buses for its all-electric fleet.

https://qz.com/1368687/the-worst-is-not-yet-over-for-byds-earnings/


Busses?

BYD, 400 km range; braking regeneration; 18-meter high-floor articulated pure-electric bus carries 160 passengers


Total cost of ownership comparison for e-buses and diesel buses with different annual distance traveled (April 2018)

https://about.bnef.com/blog/electric-buses-cities-driving-towards-cleaner-air-lower-co2/


VirtuallyeveryChinesemakernowoffers,orwillsoonoffer,oneormoreplug-inhybridsorall-electricvehicles,oftensoldunderdifferentbrandnamesthantheirgasolinecars.

Smog probably a bigger driver than GW.

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As of December 2016: China 645,000 plug-in/electric passenger cars United States 570,000 plug-in/electric passenger cars


https://www.macleans.ca/economy/economicanalysis/the-most-important-charts-to-watch-in-2019/


Norway, like BC, has a LOT of hydro, prompting a massive switch to hybrid and plug-hybrid cars.

Given their strict government and massive manufacturing capability, China may soon match Norway.

This switch of both country and city drivers and is supported by all political parties.

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Norway’s experience offers 7 key lessons for BC: 1. Public-sector-led build out of province-wide charging stations. 2. Provide of perks such as free ferries, free charging, free parking and access to bus lanes.

3. Open-ended tax-relief for electric vehicles. 4. Municipal-provincial cooperation to deliver the perks. 5. Cross-party consensus to maintain support. 6. Smart-charging infrastructure and distribution network needed to overcome grid stresses.

7. 100% penetration of EVs light-vehicles will consume some 7 TWh/yr.

Recommendations


Left Atlantic Beach, Fl, Sunday. Arrived in Santa Monica, California, Friday--without refueling. 2,507 miles; 37.6 gallons diesel; 67 MPG; 68 MPH.

Across the US on one tank of Bio-diesel!

What about biofuels?(hydrocarbons derived from crops)

(one person, big tank!)

If the sunlight that grew the corn were instead collected by PVcells, the electric energy produced could drive a battery/electric car 20-50x farther than the biofuel.

The problem is that photosynthesis and the other processes used to make the biodiesel are not energy efficient.


https://longtailpipe.com/ebooks/green-transportation-guide-buying-owning-charging-plug-in-vehicles-of-all-kinds/gasoline-electricity-and-the-energy-to-move-transportation-systems/the-number-of-solar-panels-required-to-power-an-electric-car/

Can you really run a car on sunlight?

(Yes, but it won’t carry much or go very fast and it may stop when it is cloudy or at night.)

The STELLA, the world's first solar-powered family car that can travel 420 miles on a sunny day and creates TWICE as much energy as it uses.• The car - called Stella - is also world's first 'energy positive' car• It can seat four and travel twice as far as an electric car before recharging• It weighs a mere 380kg, 1120kg lighter than the average electrical car

Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2385976/Stella-solar-powered-family-car-travels-420-miles-sunny-energy-positive.html#ixzz4cfrxeFOi Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook


Theinternal-combustionengineproduces360horsepower,whiletheelectricmotorisratedat150kilowatts(201hp).

What about trucks?


Expect new compromises.

http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1108966_daimler-to-build-large-electric-semi-truck-urban-e-truck-results-good-so-far


Long distances, we will likely go for trains. - Only ~2% as much rolling friction as trucks. - Easier to electrify.

Needs massive, centralized investment.


How did they build this so fast?

Start with a row of piers accurately located by lasers.

Not like this!


Smooth and straight to an accuracy of ~1mm/km


- So train-van transfers will complicate freight delivery.- People will move themselves on car-share electric vehicles.- Maybe self-driving ones?

Only problem is that trains can’t “come to your door.”

New choices will take time


30,000 Deutche Post Streetscooter” electric van.

Short distances: Delivery vans

You remember this?

It has been updated:


USPS tests electric delivery trucks in California: "I didn't hear the mail come!"

USPSsaysitexpectseachtrucktosavebetween$4,000and$6,000ayearonfuelcostsandmorethan37tonsofgreenhousegasemissionsoverthetrucks'one-yeartrial.

Deutsche Post DHL is developing its own fleet of autonomous delivery vehiclesMike Hanlon, October 10th, 2017

In2014,DeutschePostpurchasedasmallstartupthathaddeveloped,prototyped,andtestedasmallelectricvancalledtheStreetScooter—usingoff-the-shelfcomponentsfrommostlyGermansuppliers....theannualproductionrateto5,000ayear—seeminglyenoughtotriggerVW'sstartleresponse.VWGroupCEOMatthiasMuellertoldReutersheis"annoyedbeyondmeasure"thatthepostalservicedidnotapproachtheautomaker.ButthepostalservicesaysitpursuedtheStreetScooterprojectonlyafterthebigautocompaniesdeclinedtobuildwhatforthemwouldhavebeenarelativelysmallnumberofvans. https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1106470_vw-

annoyed-it-wont-get-order-for-electric-vans-it-didnt-make

What about Canada Post?


FedEx Introduces Zero-Emission All-Electric Nissan e-NV200 Vehicles in BelgiumContributing to Company Goal of Improving Delivery Vehicle Fuel EfficiencyApril 11, 2017

As of 2015, FedEx has 447 hybrid vehicles; 1,176 electric vehicles and 55 hydrogen-fueled vehicles globally.

FedEx Expanding Electric Delivery Fleet with 1,000 Chanje Electric Vans

FedEx will deploy 1,000 Chanje electric delivery vans in California over the next two years.

November 26, 2018

https://www.truckinginfo.com/319713/fedex-expanding-electric-delivery-fleet-with-1-000-chanje-electric-vans

Ryder System, which will provide support services for all of the vehicles, called it the largest commercial electric vehicle purchase in the United States.The EVs can travel more than 150 miles when fully charged and have the potential to help FedEx save 2,000 gallons of fuel and cut 20 tons of emissions per vehicle each year. The maximum cargo capacity is around 6,000 pounds.

...manufactured by FDG in Hangzhou, China, and purchased through Chanje Energy Inc.Ryder System, which will provide support services


What about hydrogen?

Toyota MiraiHyundai Tucson111Wednesday, February 13, 2019

http://www.ecowatch.com/zero-emissions-hydrogen-train-2075837123.html

"As CityLab pointed out, the train's fuel source is effectively carbon neutral since the hydrogen used by the train actually came from waste byproducts from the chemical industry and other manufacturers.

Following NASA, H2 was once the Princess of Energy Storage.

Problem was the lack of H2.


What happened to H2 fuel-cell cars?Promises, promises...Batteries got betterfaster than fuel cells.But fuel-cell cars still “fuel faster.”


Electric energy requirements for electric vehicles.

H2, from on-site PV

H2, central PV, trucked

H2, central, piped

Battery electric vehicle

electric energy requirements kW/mile

**NREL tested: Includes “balance-of-plant” for state of the art systems.

But this is what will finally kill H2 cars. electricity->H2-> electricity conversions are just too inefficient.

A car will go 2-3x farther on a given amount of electricity with batteries.


EVs. Wednesday, February 13, 2019 3 - Sunshine Coast Elder ... · EVs. Wednesday, February 13, 2019...

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