[I IT ROORKEE]

Prepared for : Dr. Pramod Kumar

Prepared by :

Hemant Meena (11410013) Roopak Malik (11410024)

Deepak Meena (11410009) Atul Kumar Saran (11410008)

[2011-2012]

HYDRO POWER GENERATION

CASE STUDY AND MEASURES

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE PROJECT

REPORT

History Of Hydropower 1086 AD, the Domesday survey found that there were more than 5000 mills. 1400 –1500, iron works exploited the power of the water to cool the blast furnace.

In Sheffield and Sussex, England iron works were employed next to the water. 1581, Peter Morise installed a water wheel under the old London Bridge. It worked on

the ebb and flood tides, meaning it was reversible. 1086 AD, the Domesday survey found that there were more than 5000 mills. 1824, the Catrine cotton mill used a water wheel and through gearing shafting and

belting achieved 9000 rev/s. 1838, 28 Tide mills existed in England even though the era of steam engines was

beckoning

• 1882, the transmission of hydroelectric power was demonstrated at the Exposition in Munich with direct current of 2400 volts The first central hydroelectric station of a capacity of 250 lights was installed in Appleton, Wisconsin.

• 1883, a hydro-electric plant was developed at Portrush in Ireland. • 1885, also in Ireland, a 65 horsepower turbine was opened for the Bessbrook and

Newry

Early Irrigation Waterwheel Early Roman Water Mill

• 1900, Oliver Evans developed a completely water powered mill that handled everything from unloading sacks of grain to packing flour in turbines.

• 2000, water power is becoming highly implemented and extremely utilized.

How Hydropower Works

Hydropower plants capture the energy of falling water to generate electricity. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy. Then a generator converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy.

Hydroplants range in size from "micro-hydros" that power only a few homes to giant dams like Hoover Dam that provide electricity for millions of people.

1. Dam. Raises the water level of the

river to create falling water. Also

controls the flow of water. The

reservoir that is formed is, in effect,

stored energy.

2. Turbine. The force of falling water

pushing against the turbine's blades

causes the turbine to spin. A water

turbine is much like a windmill,

except the energy is provided by

falling water instead of wind. The

turbine converts the kinetic energy of

falling water into mechanical energy.

3. Generator. Connected to the turbine

by shafts and possibly gears so

when the turbine spins it causes the

generator to spin also. Converts the

mechanical energy from the turbine into electric energy. Generators in hydropower plants work just like the

generators in other types of power plants.

4. Transmission lines. Conduct electricity from the hydropower plant to homes and business

FORMS OF HYDRO POWER Water wheels- used for hundreds of years to power mills and machinery Hydro electricity- usually referring to hydroelectric dams, or run-of-the-river setups.

Dam less hydro- which captures the kinetic energy in rivers, streams and oceans Vortex power- impacts which creates vortices which can then be tapped for energy

An array of VIVACE converters on the ocean floor, pioneered by a team at the University of Michiganwhich stands for Vortex Induced Vibrations Aquatic Clean Energy. (vortex power)

Tidal power- which captures energy from the

tides The world's first commercial axial

turbine tidal stream generator — SeaGen — in Strangford Lough. The strong wake shows the power in the tidal current. (tidal power)

Wave power- which uses the energy in waves Osmotic power- which channels river water into a container separated from sea water

by a semipermeable membrane.

Marine current power- which captures the kinetic energy from marine currents.

Why Hydropower generation is important ?

Hydropower is an efficient way to generate electricity. Modern hydro turbines can convert as much as 90% of the

available energy into electricity. The best fossil fuel plants are only about 50% efficient

Importance of Hydroelectric Power Hydroelectric power supplies 20% of the world's electricity. In Norway it accounts for virtually all electricity production, while Iceland produces 83% of its requirements (2004), and Austria produces 67% of all electricity generated in the country from hydro (over 70% of its requirements). Canada is the world's largest producer of hydro power and produces over 70% of its electricity from hydroelectric sources. Apart from a few countries with an abundance of flowing water sources, hydroelectric capacity is normally used to meet peak-load demand because it can be readily stored during off-peak hours. (In fact, pumped-storage hydroelectric reservoirs are sometimes used to store electricity produced by thermal plants for use during peak hours). It is not a major option for the future in developed countries because most sites in these countries suitable for harnessing gravity in this way are either already being used or are unavailable for other reasons such as environmental considerations. In regions where thermal plants provide the dominant supply of power, hydroelectric power is utilized for the important functions of load-following and regulation. This allows thermal plants to be operated closer to thermodynamically optimal points rather than varied continuously, which reduces efficiency and potentially increases pollutant emissions. Concurrently, hydro plants then provide for hour-to-hour adjustments (load-following) and to respond to changes in system frequency and voltage (regulation), with no additional economic or environmental effect.

Advantages of Hydroelectric Power A major advantage of hydro systems is the elimination of the cost of fuel. Hydroelectric plants are mostly unaffected by price fluctuations for fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas or coal, and do not require imported fuel. Hydroelectric plants tend to have longer lives than fuel-fired generators, with some plants remaining in service for 50 to 100 years. Labor costs are also low because the plants are mostly automated and have few personnel on site during normal operation. Pumped storage plants currently provide the most significant means of storage of energy on a scale useful for a utility, allowing low-value generation in off-peak times (which occurs because fossil-fuel plants cannot be entirely shut down on a daily basis) to be used to store water that can be released during high load daily peaks. Operation of pumped-storage plants improves the daily load factor of the generation system. Reservoirs created by hydroelectric schemes often provide excellent leisure facilities for water sports and become tourist attractions in themselves. Multi-use dams for irrigation, flood control, or recreation may host a hydroelectric plant with relatively low construction cost, providing a revenue stream to offset the cost of dam

Can hydropower play a significant role in

preventing or slowing the pace of climate change by generating clean energy?

Hydropower plays an important role with about 70 % of EU’s renewable energy being generated by hydroelectric sources, and of this about 90 % is from large-scale schemes. While large hydro generates 550 TWh per year from about 180 GW of installed capacity; more than 21 000 small hydropower installations generate over 46 TWh of electricity per year in the EU-27. Small hydro alone is enough to supply electricity for over 13 million households and contributes to

annual avoidance of CO2 by 29 million tons, which translates into annual avoided CO2 cost of about 766 million euros. ESHA estimates the growth potential of SHP at 1.75% per year, which could result in 54.7 TWh of power produced in 2020.

With the increased global electricity demand, urgent need to cut down greenhouse gases and fight against climate change and environmental degradation from fossil fuel use, the only way to move away is to switch from fossil fuel based energy to renewables together with energy efficiency measures. This is also enables the use of local energy sources, which means shorter transport distances and reduced energy transmission losses. It enhances local and regional energy independence and gives a boost for local economy by creating new jobs income.

The Indian Scenario The potential is about 84000 MW at 60% load factor spread across six major

basins in the country. Pumped storage sites have been found recently which leads to a further

addition of a maximum of 94000 MW. Annual yield is assessed to be about 420 billion units per year though with

seasonal energy the value crosses600 billion mark. The possible installed capacity is around 150000 MW (Based on the report

submitted by CEA to the Ministry of Power) The proportion of hydro power increased from 35% from the first five year plan to 46% in the third five year plan but has since then decreased continuously to 25% in 2001.

The theoretical potential of small hydro power is 10071 MW. Currently about 17% of the potential is being harnessed About 6.3% is still under construction.

highest dam in India largest dam in India longest dam

TEHRI DAM BHAKRA NANGAL DAM HIRAKUND

Major Hydropower generating units

NAME STATE CAPACITY (MW)

BHAKRA PUNJAB 1100

NAGARJUNA ANDHRA PRADESH 960

KOYNA MAHARASHTRA 920

DEHAR HIMACHAL PRADESH 990

SHARAVATHY KARNATAKA 891

KALINADI KARNATAKA 810

SRISAILAM ANDHRA PRADESH 770

Hydropower – Pros and Cons

Positive Negative

Emissions-free, with virtually no CO2, NOX,

SOX, hydrocarbons, or particulates

Frequently involves impoundment of large

amounts of water with loss of habitat due to land

inundation

Renewable resource with high conversion

efficiency to electricity (80+%)

Variable output – dependent on rainfall and

snowfall

Dispatchable with storage capacity Impacts on river flows and aquatic ecology,

including fish migration and oxygen depletion

Usable for base load, peaking and pumped

storage applications

Social impacts of displacing indigenous people

Scalable from 10 KW to 20,000 MW Health impacts in developing countries

Low operating and maintenance costs High initial capital costs

Long lifetimes Long lead time in construction of large projects

Impacts of Hydroelectric Dams

Environmental impacts Benefits –

1. Once a dam is constructed, electricity can be produced at a constant rate. 2. If electricity is not needed, the sluice gates can be shut, stopping electricity generation. The water can be saved for use another time when electricity demand is high. 3. Dams are designed to last many decades and so can contribute to the generation of electricity for many years / decades. 4. The lake that forms behind the dam can be used for water sports and leisure / pleasure activities. Often large dams become tourist attractions in their own right. 5. The lake's water can be used for irrigation purposes. 6. The build up of water in the lake means that energy can be stored until needed, when the water is released to produce electricity. 7. When in use, electricity produced by dam systems do not produce green house gases. They do not pollute the atmosphere

Environmental Benefits of Hydro • No operational greenhouse gas emissions • Savings (kg of CO2 per MWh of electricity): – Coal 1000 kg – Oil 800 kg – Gas 400 kg • No SO2 or NOX

Non-environmental benefits – flood control, irrigation, transportation, fisheries and

– tourism

Disadvantages – 1. Dams are extremely expensive to build and must be built to a very high standard. 2. The high cost of dam construction means that they must operate for many decades to become profitable. 3. The flooding of large areas of land means that the natural environment is destroyed. 4. People living in villages and towns that are in the valley to be flooded, must move out. This means that they lose their farms and businesses. In some countries, people are forcibly removed so that hydro-power schemes can go ahead. 5. The building of large dams can cause serious geological damage. For example, the building of the Hoover Dam in the USA triggered a number of earth quakes and has depressed the earth’s surface at its location. 6. Although modern planning and design of dams is good, in the past old dams have been known to be breached (the dam gives under the weight of water in the lake). This has led to deaths and flooding. 7. Dams built blocking the progress of a river in one country usually means that the water supply from the same river in the following country is out of their control. This can lead to serious problems between neighbouring countries.

8. Building a large dam alters the natural water table level. For example, the building of the Aswan Dam in Egypt has altered the level of the water table. This is slowly leading to damage of many of its ancient monuments as salts and destructive minerals are deposited in the stone work from ‘rising damp’ caused by the changing water table level.

Loss Of Land -

A large area is taken up in the form of a reservoir in case of large dams.This leads to inundation of fertile alluvial rich soil in the flood plains, forests and even mineral deposits and the potential drowning of

archeological sites.Power per area ratio is evaluated to quantify this impact. Usually ratios lesser than 5 KW per hectare implies that the plant needs more land area than competing renewable resources. However this is only an empirical relation.

Interference with Sediment transport -

• Rivers carry a lot of sediments. • Creation of a dam results in the deposition of sediments on the bottom of

the reservoir. • Land erosion on the edges of the reservoir due to deforestation also leads

to deposition of sediments. • Capture of sediment decreases the fertility downstream as a long term

effect. • It also leads to deprivation of sand to beaches in coastal areas.

HYDROPLANT COUNTRY POPULATION

DISPLACED

Danjiangkou China 383000

Aswan Egypt 120000

Narmada Sardar

Sarovar

India 70000

Three Gorges China 2000000

• If the water is diverted out of the basin, there might be salt water intrusion into the inland from the ocean, as the previous balance between this salt water and upstream fresh water in altered.

• It may lead to changes in the ecology of the estuary area and lead to decrease in agricultural productivity.

Climatic and Seismic effects –

It is believed that large reservoirs induce have the potential to induce earthquakes.

In tropics, existence of man-made lakes decreases the convective activity and reduces cloud cover. In temperate regions, fog forms over the lake and along the shores when the temperature falls to zero and thus increases humidity in the nearby area.

Eutrophication – • In tropical regions due to decomposition of the vegetation, there is

increased demand for biological oxygen in the reservoir. • The relatively constant temperatures inhibit the thermally induced mixing

that occurs in temperate latitudes. • In this anaerobic layer, there is formation of methane which is a potential

green house gas.

DAM NAME COUNTRY HEIGHT

(m)

VOLUME

OF

RESERVOIR

(m3)

MAGNITUDE

KOYNA INDIA 103 2780 6.5

KREMASTA GREECE 165 4650 6.3

BENMORE NEW

ZEALAND

118 2100 5.0

MONTEYNARD FRANCE 155 240 4.9

This water, when released kills the fishes downstream and creates an unattractive odor. The only advantage is that all these activities are not permanent. • Many fishes require flowing water for reproduction and cannot adapt to

stagnant resulting in the reduction in its population. • Heating of the reservoirs may lead to decrease in the dissolved oxygen

levels. • The point of confluence of fresh water with salt water is a breeding

ground for several aquatic life forms. The reduction in run-off to the sea results in reduction in their life forms.

• Other water-borne diseases like malaria, river-blindness become prevalent.

CASE STUDY

TEHRI DAM

Bhaghirathi river , Uttarakhand.

1. INTRODUCTION –

Initially taken up by the Irrigation Department of the UttarPradesh government. In 1988, was taken over by a joint venture company of the Government of India and the Uttar Pradesh government, called the Tehri Hydro Development Corporation(THDC). • Location - On the Bhagirathi River

200 miles north east of Delhi • Height - 855 feet (261 m)

5th tallest dam in the world • Capacity - Power generation capacity of 2400 MW

Provision of irrigation to an area of 270,000 hectares Supply of 270 million gallons of drinking water

• 1949 Tehri dam conceived • 1961 Tehri chosen as a tentative site for the dam • 1972 Planning Commission gives its nod to the dam • 1978 Actual construction of the dam begins under

police protection • 1980 EAC appointed by the government, refuses

environmental clearance • 1986 Revival of the Project The then USSR offered

administrative, technical and financial help • 1987 GoI announced in the media that the project

has been cleared • 1988 Project transferred to THDC from Irrigation

Department of UP • 1990 Feb :EAC rejects the dam again

July : Conditional clearance by MoEF

Benefits from the Tehri Hydro Power Complex

Addition to the installed generating capacity in the Northern Region (1000 MW on completion of Tehri Stage-I)

2400 MW

Annual energy availability (Peaking) (3568 MU on completion of Tehri Stage-I) 6200 MU

Irrigation (additional) 2.70 Lac.ha.

Stabilisation of existing irrigation (besides above)

6.04

Lac.ha.

Additional Generation in downstream Projects 200 MU

300 Cusecs (162 million gallons per day) of drinking water for Delhi which

will meet the requirements of about 40 lac people.

In addition, 200 Cusecs (108 million gallons per day) of drinking water for

towns and villages of U.P. which will meet the requirement of 30 Lac people.

2.ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TEHRI DAM

The Project has identified both positive and negative impacts. Efforts were made to get full advantage of positive impacts by formulating suitable schemes. As we know that dam is essentially an artificial wall constructed across a river which converts a running water ecosystem into a lake type ecosystem. This causes some changes in basic riverine ecosystem. Therefore, thorough studies were got conducted for the likely negative impacts of dam and its reservoir, through expert agencies. Mitigating measures, where necessary, were taken on likely negative impacts. Probable impacts identified for detailed studies were : a. Likely change in the (i) water chemistry, especially with respect to dissolved oxygen

and (ii) turbidity of water.

b. Likely impact on biodiversity, i.e., flora and fauna of the area.

c. Likely obstruction of movements of migrating fish species during breeding season.

d. Rivers carry a lot of sediment, which on construction of a dam, will be locked up behind the dam wall. The collected silt in the reservoir eats away the capacity of the reservoir. This impact of reducing the capacity and life of reservoir was studied.

e. Likely impact of water accumulation on the upstream side of the dam, which causes inundation of land including forest-land.

f. Since 109 villages (full or partial) and Tehri town (full) were affected and the residents were to vacate their ancestral homes and agricultural fields, a scheme was prepared, to resettle these people, with the idea to improve their living standard, keeping their social bonds intact.

g. Likely problem of water-logging and salinity of the land in the command area.

The studies on all the above likely impacts were got conducted through the expert organisations. The studies included the parameters as mentioned in para 1 above.

3.MITIGATING MEASURES TAKEN ON ASSESSED IMPACTS

Based on the impact assessment studies, various mitigating measures were

designed. In order to mitigate probable impacts following measures/safeguards

were taken:

A. MEASURES FOR ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS

1. Compensatory Afforestation Forest land of 4193.813 ha. were diverted for construction of Tehri Dam Project and Koteshwar Project (in the downstream of Tehri Project). This forest-land included the land used in construction of Project, Project colonies, resettlement colonies and filling of reservoir. Against this, Project has completed the compensatory afforestation in an area of 4586.07 ha. in Lalitpur and Jhansi District. In addition, for 1358.20 ha. forest-land diverted in second phase for rural resettlement, the compensatory afforestation has been carried out in 2716.40 ha. of degraded forest-land of Khanpur forest range in Haridwar District.

2. Catchment Area Treatment

In order to reduce soil erosion (for reducing sedimentation in the reservoir), the Tehri Project had completed the Cathcment Area Treatment (CAT) in the entire degraded catchment, in areas of ‘High’ and ‘Very High’ erosion class. The total degraded area treated is 52,204 ha. (including 44,157 ha. of forest land and the 8047 ha. of agricultural land). The CAT works included the works of afforestation, soil conservation, treatment of agriculture land, farm forestry, horticulture etc. The main objective of CAT works was to check soil erosion and resultant siltation in the reservoir.

3. Command Area Development

Command Area Development Plan had been implemented by the Irrigation Departments of the State Governments of Uttarakhand and U.P. In order to mitigate the likely problem of water-logging and salinity, the network of field channels and drains were developed. The canal networks are utilized to irrigate 2.7 lac ha. additional area as well as stabilize existing irrigation area in 6.04 lac ha.

4. Flora

In CAT works, the species as recommended by Botanical Survey of India (BSI), based on their flora study of the area, have been planted. A Botanical Garden in an area of 14.28 ha. has also been established and plantation of special species coming under submergence has been completed, so as to preserve important flora of the region.

5. Fauna Faunal studies were got conducted through Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), for fauna affected due to formation of reservoir. As per ZSI studies there will be no adverse

impact on mammals, Aves (Birds), Reptiles (Snakes and Lizards), Ambhibia (Frogs & Toads) and Pisces (Fresh Water Fishes) due to proposed reservoir except on Tor-Putitora (Mahseer Fish)

As suggested by ZSI, action plan for possible mitigation of Mahseer fish was framed. The implementation of this action plan was taken up with the National Research Centre on Cold Water Fisheries (NRCCWF), ICAR, Bhimtal. The Mahseer Fish Hatchery and fish Farm have been developed and is in operation. The faunal study have also pointed that the formation of proposed reservoir with a massive water exposure on about 42 sq. km., a large number of migratory birds may be attracted to the area, thus adding to the aesthetic and tourism aspect of the Project. Therefore, as suggested in the study report, the periphery of the reservoir have been suitably planted by bushes, shrubs and trees. This will help not only in the rehabilitation of Aves (Birds), but will also attract other groups of animals. The bushes, shrubs and undergrowth have therefore been provided as ideal shelter to snakes and lizards also.

6. Water Quality Maintenance

The water quality modeling study had been carried out, which concluded that no specific measures are required and there would be no adverse effect on the water quality due to impoundment. However, the work on water quality monitoring on Tehri Reservoir, both upstream and downstream is being carried out at 5 monitoring stations.

The water quality study also concluded that Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) in whole of reservoir are expected to remain within permissible limits desired for drinking water resources.

Another mathematical model study on water circulation concluded that water in reservoir remains under dynamic circulation throughout the year and does not remain stagnant.

7. Green Belt

A green Belt have been planned to be created along the rim of the reservoir between 850 m above MSL and 1050 m above MSL. The idea for developing the green belt is to check soil erosion and resultant siltation of the reservoir; to protect and regenerate the vegetation in the rim area; to increase the natural beauty of the landscape.

B. IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH A comprehensive study of the potential health impacts of Tehri dam was conducted. National Malaria Eradication Programme (NMEP) and Malaria Research Centre (MRC) carried out detailed field investigations of the area. Action-plan for preventive/mitigation measures is being implemented.

Dust pollution in project area were kept under control by regular sprinkling of water. Dust pollution levels were also monitored at the project site and habitat area by conducting the study on the samples so collected.

C. MEASURES FOR SOCIAL IMPACTS

1. Better Quality of Living

In order to achieve the objective of ‘better quality of life’ following steps were taken through R&R programme. The idea is to ensure that settlers are provided opportunities to become established and economically self sustaining in shortest possible period.

a. Urban

i. Better quality of living. Urban population was provided better facilities like better and wider road network, sewerage system, hospital with enhanced capacity, stadium and other amenities, scope for expansion, planned growth.

ii. Larger school buildings with hostel accommodation will enable their management

to enhance their capacities. A larger University campus has been constructed in addition to a college keeping in view the future needs of the region.

iii. More employment opportunities due to high tourism potential and industries likely

to come up due to excellent infrastructure available in NTT and surrounding areas. iv. 100 economically backward and houseless persons now have free housing at NTT,

of which they would become owners.

b. Rural i. The all round development of the area would lead to prosperity, better infrastructure

and better quality of life. ii. New road network and taped drinking water supply save the time of people which

can be utilized for other works.

iii. Due to the increase in land holding, i.e., against the existing less than 1 acre average rainfed land holding, to the allotted 2 acres well irrigated and developed land, yield and total income is expected to increase.

iv. Due to payment of House Construction Assistance to PAFs, the PAF have been able to construct better houses, which has resulted in improvement in their living standards.

v. Landless agricultural labours have also become owners of 2 acres of agricultural

land and independent houses. vi. People who will not be shifted (above the reservoir level) shall be benefited due to

Catchment Area Treatment, tourism, fishery development and horticulture, apart form infrastructural development.

vii. As most resettlement colonies are on important locations/on important highways,

PAFs have opened their shops, which are helping them in generating more income. Such people are in a position to turn displacement into an opportunity to get even more richer than they were.

viii. The resettlement sites are located on important routes of Dehradun and Haridwar

districts which helps in adopting self employment works.

3.Employment & Income Generating Schemes

A. Employment

i) For employment in the THDC, preference was given to the dependents of the project affected families, particularly in the category of workmen & supervisors, subject to vacancies and their meeting the necessary laid down qualifications and experience requirements.

ii) Apart from this, the contractors deployed on the Project a sizable work force form the

local area. iii) In order to provide gainful employment to the local population, THDC awarded small

value contracts to the local people. iv) For treatment and soil conservation work in the Catchment Area, the forest and other

concerned departments, have employed more persons.

v) With the construction of the New Tehri Town at a high altitude, formation of reservoir, better road network etc., it is expected that there will be an all round development in the area, which will further enhance the employment opportunities due to setting up of new non-polluting industries, better tourism opportunities through developmental activities, which will in turn help in generating indirect employment in commercial ventures, like boating, transport, vehicle repair shops, business, hotel industries and several other indirect activities.

vi) With a view to encourage the dispossessed families taking to useful vocations, like

poultry farming, floriculture, pisci-culture, animal husbandry, handicrafts, khadi work etc. the Government agencies have taken up various self-employment / income generating schemes.

B. Income Generating Schemes

Since it was not possible to give direct employment to all unemployed youth from PAFs in the project. A group was formed in THDC for helping the resettled families to take advantage of various schemes of Self-employment and Income Generation being implemented by various Govt. and Semi Govt. agencies. The group organized various activities for the benefits of PAPs as under ; i) Organized awareness camps at Athoorwala and Khand Raiwala so that PAPs should

come forward as rural entrepreneurs. The group invited the officials of various State/Central Government agencies like Khadi Village & Industry Commission, State Horticulture & Food Preservation Deptt., State Sericulture Deptt., State Fisheries Deptt., Lead bank & Poultry Deptt., etc. During these camps PAPs were given detailed knowledge about various existing schemes, training activities, loaning procedure etc.

ii) Being influenced with these awareness programmes PAPs started showing the interest in various schemes. PAPs interested for Mushroom cultivation requested the group for organizing training. Group arranged training in three batches through UP State Horticulture & Food Preservations Deptt. Dehradun to make PAPs self-employed by adopting Mushroom cultivation as a means of Income Generation on commercial basis.

iii) In order to create additional source of income for PAPs one Khadi production cum training center was opened by Khadi Village & Industry Commission (KVIC) and Kshetriya Shri Gandhi Ashram, Dehradun at resettlement site Athoorwala. About 30 PAPs were trained at this center on New Model Charkha Units (NMC). The NMC unit alongwith revolving funds for working capital, has been provided by KVIC, whereas training expenses and space shed for training was arranged by the Project.

iv) Training centers for ladies in tailoring and embroidery work were established at Athoorwala, Raiwala and Pathri Block. The centers have been strengthened and expanded by providing sewing machines, Knitting machines, typing machines, multipurpose peeko and fashion designing machines and raw material.

v) The group was in constant touch with the Block Development Officers (BDO) of State Government. Thus, the PAPs were benefited by these development schemes run by the State Government through the BDO.

4. POSITIVE IMPACTS

A. BENEFITS TO NATION / REGION

i) 2400 MW of environment friendly Peaking Power (6532 MU of Annual Energy) –

1000 MW (3532 MU of Annual Energy) in Stage-I. This is bound to lead to

industrial and agricultural growth in the Northern Region.

ii) 12% power free to home state, apart from Power as per their share, where distress is

caused by setting up the project at the specific site. s

iii) Additional energy form downstream run-off-the river schemes.

iv) Irrigation of 2.7 lakh ha. of new area, besides stabilization of irrigation in already

irrigated 6.0 lakh ha.

v) 300 cusecs (162 million Gallons per day) of water supply to Delhi, which will meet

drinking water need of 4 million people.

vi) 200 cusecs (108 million gallons per day) of water supply to UP which will meet

drinking water need of about 3 million people.

vii) The project would lead to all round development of the region through better

infrastructure and easy availability of electricity, particularly peak time power.

viii) Flood moderation during monsoon by way of storage of excess water.

ix) Development of pisciculture.

x) Integrated development of the catchment area including afforestation and soil

conservation of 52,204 ha. of severely eroded land.

xi) With the formation of lake, presence of various types of fisheries, water liking birds

and certain species of wild life has been noticed.

B. BENEFITS TO AFFECTED POPULATION

i) Development of Hill Station

For shifting of old Tehri Town a new modern town named as New Tehri Town (NTT)

has been developed at a height of 1550-1850 m. above MSL which is at height almost

similar to that of Mussorrie. This town has all modern facilities. After the formation

of reservoir lake, this town which overlook the lake has become a beautiful hill

station. This will attract tourism.

ii) Better Road Network

Due to construction of Project, roads of the area have been widened and improved

which made communication easier and comfortable. Rishikesh-Chamba-NTT roads

have also been widened and geometry have been improved which has resulted in

reduction of journey time. Similarly, Chamba-Dharasu road which ultimately leads

to Uttarkashi have been constructed with better specifications. Other roads like N.T.T

– Bhagirahtipuram – Tipri – Ghansali have also been constructed for comfortable

journey.

The bridges namely Zero bridge, Siyansu bridge, Pipaldali bridge have been made.

One more motor bridge (HMV) at Dobra is being Constructed. In addition, Ferry

service at Bhalidiyana is also operational.

iii) Education

For shifting of educational institutions of Old Tehri Town, larger buildings with

modern facilities were constructed so that more number of students can be

accommodated, while having scope for further expansion in future.

In most of the educational institutions, Hostel facilities for 860 students have been

provided, though it was not existing in Old Tehri. Thus, more students coming

from the nearby areas will be benefited as NTT is expected to develop as a nodal

center for education in the region.

Against existing degree college running in Old Tehri Town, a degree college and

a big university campus have been constructed at Badshahithaul which can

accommodate 400 residential students and also the teaching staff.

In addition, for the students of villages who were studying in Old Tehri, 4 degree

colleges have been constructed at project cost. Similarly, against one Inter

College in Old Tehri, one Inter college in N.T.T. and 4 Inter colleges in villages

have been constructed.

iv) Health

Against 22 bed Hospital of Old Tehri, 75 bed Hospital have been constructed at

New Tehri Town, with modern medical facilities. In addition, 5 numbers Primary

Health Centers with indoor treatment facilities (totaling to 70 beds) have been

constructed at Project cost.

To provide hygienic conditions, treated water is supplied to houses and a central

sewerage treatment plant have been constructed with a properly designed network

of sewer lines connecting houses and other buildings of the town.

v) Electrification

For improving electricity distribution system in nearby rural areas, 3 nos. 33 KV sub-

stations have been constructed and network of LT/HT transmission lines have also

been made at project cost.

vi) Drinking Water Facilities

54 numbers drinking water schemes in rural areas and New Tehri town have been

constructed and made operational at Project cost. They shall now be operated and

maintained by respective agencies.

vii) Shifting of District Head Quarter

With the shifting of district head quarter from Narendra Nagar to New Tehri, a

distance of about 60 km have been reduced for the urban and rural population of

Tehri resulting into saving of time and inconvenience to the public having work at

district level offices.

Besides, Pratap Nagar Tehsil which was functioning from Old Tehri, have been

shifted to Pratap Nagar itself in newly constructed building.

viii) Setting of New Industries

The New Tehri Town is very suitable for setting up of Non-pollutive Industries due

to its better climate and excellent communication facilities. As the power is now

easily available after the construction of dam, more factories are likely to come up

as NTT has excellent infrastructure as well.

ix) Tourism

The New Tehri Town is a pre-planned hill town with all modern facilities. Hence,

it is expected to develop as a major tourist hill station in near future.

By creation of lake due to the impoundment of the reservoir of Tehri Dam, scope

for water sports will be there.

In the master plan, areas have been earmarked for resorts, which are expected to

provide facilities for comfortable stay of tourists.

Due to wider and improved roads, communication has become easier which is

very important for development of tourism.

Due to tourism development, Hotel Industry in the area will increase, which will

further help the local people in getting employment.

x) Commercial Centre

New Tehri Town market is developing as a market for adjoining towns/villages in the

region and is expected to come up as a nodal commercial centre in the region because

of its vocational advantage and better infrastructure facilities like roads,

telecommunication and properly designed shopping centre. The shops area is also

larger and made of RCC structure and have greater storage capacities for goods.

Protest related to tehri dam

1978 - Tehri Bandh Virodhi Sangharsh Samiti

(TBVSS) 74-day hunger strike in 1996 by Sunderlal

Bahuguna Many Anti-dam rallies and protest

sfs

Major Concerns

• Obsolete Dam Design

The design of the dam was finalized in the 1960s when scientific understanding of seismic hazards and seismic engineering solutions were far less advanced than today.

Location : world's most earthquake-prone regions with several fault lines traversing the project area.

Not adequately equipped to withstand earthquakes of the magnitude expected during its life span

Designed for 7.2 ; expected : 8.5 or more One of the leading seismologists in the world, Professor James Brune, has described

Tehri as “one of the most dangerous dams world-wide.”

Tehri Dam then and now

HYDRO POWER GENERATION

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