Evolve with your Native Herbs - University of Maryland ......Our Mission: To support the University...

Evolve with your Native HerbsGarden Solutions for our Changing Environment

2018 Montgomery County Spring Conference

Welcome to 2018 Conference

Happy Natives

Master

Gardener

Heather Whirley

*Photographs for presentation taken by Pat Kenny and Heather Whirley unless otherwise credited.*

Master

Gardener

Pat Kenny

Herbally Inclined

3

Our Vision:

A healthier world through

environmental

stewardship.

Our Mission:

To support the University

of Maryland Extension

mission by educating

residents about safe,

effective & sustainable

horticultural practices

that build healthy

gardens, landscapes, &

communities.

Our Purpose

4

Organizational Structure

Main Topic Areas

What is an Herb?

“An herb is a weed you can

eat” – Bartell Desmond

Beyond Basil (and Parsley,

Sage, Rosemary and Thyme)

Ancient Greeks & Romans

By O H 237 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38364150

Native AmericansThe first European settlements in Maryland were made in 1634,

when the English arrived in significant numbers and created a

permanent colony. Like other colonies of the Chesapeake Bay,

its economy was based on tobacco as a commodity crop.

Piscataway Tribes of Maryland

https://www.nps.gov/cajo/learn/historyculture/american-

indian-tribes-today.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco

https://extension.umd.edu/hgic/earth-friendly/what-native-plant

Occur naturally

In their ecoregion and habitat where

Over the course of evolutionary time

They have adapted to physical

conditions and co-evolved with the other

species in the system

Defining “Native”

Why Go Native?Resilient to insects and disease, and are less likely to need

pesticides

Best adapted to local conditions, e.g., no need to use

chemical fertilizers

Conserving water , i.e., once plants are established in the

right place, no need for supplemental watering

High habitat value provides food, shelter, and nesting areas

for wildlife

http://extension.umd.edu/mg/native-plant-essentials-online-

class

“Native” gets complicated

http://extension.umd.edu/mg/native-plant-essentials-online-class

Zone 7A

Bloodroot/Sanguinaria

canadensis

Crested Dwarf Iris/Iris cristata

Violet/Viola sororia

Wild Geranium/Geranium

maculatum

Wild Ginger/Asarum canadense

Groundcovers

Photo: https://extension.umd.edu/hgic/flowers/groundcovers

Let’s get low now

Bloodroot/Sanguinaria canadensis Common Name: BLOODROOT

Type: Herbaceous perennial

Family: Papaveraceae

Native Range: Eastern and central North America

Zone: 3 to 8

Height: 0.50 to 0.75 feet

Spread: 0.25 to 0.50 feet

Bloom Time: March to April

Bloom Description: White or pink tinged blossoms

Sun: Part shade to full shade

Water: Medium

Maintenance: Medium

Suggested Use: Allow to naturalize

Flower: Showy white

Tolerate: Drought, Dry Soil

Photos: commons.wikimedia.org

Early nickname of “war paint”

Crested Dwarf Iris/Iris cristata COMMON NAME: CRESTED DWARF IRIS

SUN/SHADE CONDITIONS

Partial-Shade, Shade

FOLIAGE CHARACTER

Deciduous

SOIL MOISTURE

Average to Moist Soil

FLOWERING PERIOD

Mid-Spring flowering

SOIL ACID OR BASIC

Adaptable to soil pH

FLOWER COLOR

Blue, Purple

SUMMER OR FALLFOLIAGE COLORFoliage Stays Green

FRUIT/SEED COLOR

Green to Tan seed color

Photos: Mt. Cuba Center

Genus named for Greek

Goddess of the Rainbow

Violet/Viola sororia Common Name: COMMON BLUE

VIOLET Type: Herbaceous perennial Family: Violaceae Native Range: Eastern North

America Zone: 3 to 7 Height: 0.50 to 0.75 feet Spread: 0.50 to 0.75 feet Bloom Time: April to August Bloom Description: White, blue Sun: Full sun to part shade Water: Medium Maintenance: Medium

Suggested Use: Ground cover, allow to Naturalize

Flower: Showy Attracts: Butterflies Tolerate: Deer, Clay Soil, Black

Walnut“freckles”

Photo: Missouri Botanical Garden

Edible Flowers

Wild GeraniumGeranium maculatum Common Name: WILD

GERANIUM Type: Herbaceous perennial

Family: Geraniaceae

Native Range: Northeastern N. Am.

Zone: 3 to 8



Bloom Time: April to May

Bloom Description: Pale pink, deep pink, lilac

Sun: Full sun to part shade

Water: Medium

Maintenance: Medium

Flower: Showy

Attracts: Butterflies

Tolerate: Rabbit, Deer, Drought,

Dry Soil

Photos: Missouri Botanical Garden

Edible Flowers

Wild Ginger

Asarum canadense Common Name: WILD GINGER


Family: Aristolochiaceae

Native Range: Manitoba to North Carolina

Zone: 4 to 6




Bloom Description: Purplish brown

Sun: Part shade to full shade

Water: Medium to wet

Maintenance: Low

Suggested Use: Ground Cover, Naturalize, Rain Garden

Flower: Insignificant

Tolerate: Deer, Heavy Shade, Erosion, Wet Soil

Photo: University of Illinois Extension

pk 4-13-2010

Unrelated to Zingiber

Officinale

Perennials Angelica/Angelica

archangelica

Bergamot, wild/Monarda fistulosa

Black-eyed Susan/Rudbeckiahirta spp.

American Dittany/Cunilaoriganoides

Goldenrods/Solidago spp.

Milkweeds/Asclepias variegata -redring milkweed, white milkweed

Mountain Mint/ Pycnanthemumspp.

New World Sages/Salvia spp.

Stinging nettle/Urtica dioica

Turtlehead/Chelone glabra

https://extension.umd.edu/hgic/flowers/perennials

See you next year!

Angelica/Angelica archangelica


Common Name: GARDEN ANGELICA


Family: Apiaceae

Native Range: Europe, Asia, Northern

Hemisphere

Zone: 5 to 7



Bloom Time: June to August

Bloom Description: Greenish-white



Maintenance: Low

Suggested Use: Naturalize, Rain Garden

Fruit: Showy – used to flavor vermouth,

gin, Benedictine and Chartreuse

Biennial, technically

Bergamot, Wild

Monarda fistulosa Common Name: WILD

BERGAMOT


Family: Lamiaceae

Native Range: Canada, United States, Mexico

Zone: 3 to 9



Bloom Time: July to September

Bloom Description: Pink/lavender


Water: Dry to medium

Maintenance: Medium

Suggested Use: Herb, Naturalize, Rain Garden

Flower: Showy, Fragrant, Good Cut, Good Dried

Leaf: Fragrant

Attracts: Hummingbirds, Butterflies

Tolerate: Deer, Drought, Clay Soil, Dry Soil, Shallow-Rocky Soil, Black Walnut

Tea as Culinary Use

Bee balm and Wild Bergamot

(Monarda didyma, M. fistulosa),

preferred by Bees & Hummers. Both species are perennials, grow in sun to

part shade; choose mildew-resistant

cultivars such as: ‘Colrain Red’, ‘Marshall’s

Delight’, ‘Purple Mildew Resistant’,

‘Raspberry Wine’, ‘Rose Queen’, Rosy

Purple’, and Violet Queen’, & M. f. form

albescens.

Tolerate wet, yet best in gravelly, well-

draining soils; easy care, low maintenance –

spring prune old stalks.

Flowers from June to Sept.

(Monarda didyma)

Edible Flowers

Black-eyed Susan

Rudbeckia hirta Common Name: BLACK-EYED SUSAN


Family: Asteraceae

Native Range: Central United States

Zone: 3 to 7



Bloom Time: June to September

Bloom Description: Yellow to orange-

yellow rays and dark brown centers

Sun: Full sun

Water: Medium

Maintenance: Low

Suggested Use: Annual, Naturalize

Flower: Showy


Tolerate: Deer, Drought, Clay Soil

Maryland’s State Flower

American DittanyCunila origanoides Common Name: AMERICAN DITTANY


Family: Lamiaceae

Native Range: Eastern United States

Zone: 5 to 8




Bloom Description: Lavender



Maintenance: Low

Suggested Use: Herb

Flower: Showy autumnal frost flowers

Leaf: Fragrant leaf


Tolerate: Drought, Dry Soil, Shallow-Rocky Soil

Photo: Common Dittany in Montgomery Co., Maryland (9/12/2014). Photo by Fritz Flohr Reynolds.

Maryland Biodiversity Project

Frost flowerswriteopinions.com

“aromatic chemicals in frost flowers share the essences of European

oreganos,” - Dr. James Duke

https://www.flickr.com/photos/fritzflohrreynolds/

Goldenrods/Solidago spp. Common Name: GOLDENROD


Family: Asteraceae

Native Range: Central and eastern United States

Zone: 3 to 8




Bloom Description: Yellow

Sun: Full sun


Maintenance: Medium

Suggested Use: Naturalize

Flower: Showy


Tolerate: Deer, Drought, Clay Soil

77 species of goldenrod across North

America, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico

make Solidago a truly American genus

Don’t confuse with ragweed

Silver Spring, Maryland

Rockville, Maryland

Survival of the fittest

Milkweeds/Asclepias

variegata - redring milkweed, white milkweed Redring Milkweed has

foliage similar to Common Milkweed. The leaves are petiolate and the flower clusters are pure white. The lower portion of the flower is encircled in red thus giving this milkweed its common name. The seeds pods of Redringmilkweed stand erect often near the top of the stem.

Family: Apocynaceae

Common Name: REDRING MILKWEED,

WHITE MILKWEED

Growth: Herbaceous perennial, to 3

feet tall, white flowers ringed with red

Hardiness: Zone 6a—8b

Light: Full to partial sun or light shade

Soil: Well-drained loam, sandy to loamy

Water: Dry to moderate moisture

Use: Pollinator, wildlife and natural

gardens

Propagation: Seed, division, basal

cuttings

A weed is “a plant whose virtues have never

been discovered” – Ralph Waldo Emerson

Redring Milkweed blooming in Dorchester

Co., Maryland (6/14/2015). Photo by Jim

Brighton Maryland Biodiversity Project

Described as snowballs

growing in the woods

http://www.picasaweb.google.com/jimbrighton3

Native range

Larval host of butterflies

SUGGESTED MILKWEEDS (Asclepias spp.): Common Milkweed (Asclepias

syriaca), Swamp Milkweed (A. incarnata), Butterfly weed (A. tuberosa)

From

seed or

native

plant

society

plant

sale

potted

plant;

good

for

host

and

nectar.

Common

milkweed

Swamp milkweed

Butterfly weed

Other Milkweeds to

Consider

Mountain Mint

Pycnanthemum spp.

Family: Lamiaceae

Common Name: Variations of

Mountain Mint

Growth: Herbaceous perennial

Hardiness: Zones 4-9, by species

Light: Full to partial sun or light

shade

Soil: Well-drained, sandy to loamy


Use: Many kinds pollinators;

fragrance; not GRAS for

consumption

Propagation: Seed, division,

cuttings

Pycnanthemum muticum most

attractive to pollinators

(Penn State Study)

New World Sages/Salvia spp.

Family: Lamiaceae

Common Name: Sage in many variations, including 3 chia sages

Growth: Herbaceous perennial to woody subshrubs and shrubs

Hardiness: Zones 3-10, by species

Light: Full sun to partial sun

Soil: Well-drained, sandy/rock filled to deep, rich loam


Use: Culinary, pollinator, ornamental/fragrance, medicinal, ceremonial

Propagation: Seed, division, cuttings, layering

Photo: Salvia Collection at Brookside Gardens

Montgomery County, MD

Resistant to Deer Damage

A portion of the New

World Salvia Collection,

autumn time, at the

National Herb Garden,

National Arboretum,

Washington,D.C.

Another fine collection:

Meadowlark Gardens,

Vienna VA

Buckeye butterfly on popular

landscape plant Mealy Cup Sage

(Salvia farinacea)

Sneaky bee drills through calyx of Anise-

scented Sage (Salvia guaranitica) for nectar

Salvia officinalis cultivars edible


Cooking destroys the sting

Common Name: NETTLE, STINGING

NETTLE


Family: Urticaceae

Native Range: North America and

Europe

Zone: to zone 3

Height: up to 5 feet

Bloom Time: Summer

Bloom Description: Clusters of tiny,

greenish flowers

Leaves: heart-shaped leaves with

toothed edges, covered with tiny,

bristly hairs

Parts used: Leaves, stems and root

Nettle leaves contain Vitamins A and C

and iron


Photos: commons.wikipedia.org

Avena Botanical Biodynamic

Garden, Rockport ME

pk

Can harvest to ground

Genus name from Latin urere,

meaning “to burn”

Turtlehead/Chelone glabra Common Name: TURTLEHEAD


Family: Plantaginaceae

Native Range: United States

Zone: 3 to 8



Bloom Time: August to October

Bloom Description: White with pink tinge or pink

Sun: Part shade


Maintenance: Low

Suggested Use: Naturalize, Rain Garden

Flower: Showy

Attracts: Butterflies – host plant for Baltimore checkered butterfly

Tolerate: Erosion, Wet Soil


pk

Also called bitter herb

Shrubs/Small Trees

Elderberry, American/Sambucus

canadensis

Spicebush/ Lindera benzoin

Sumac, fragrant/Rhus aromatic

Serviceberry/Amelanchier canadensis

Viburnums/Viburnum spp.

Witch Hazel/ Hamamelis viginiana

https://extension.umd.edu/hgic/best-practices-trees-and-shrubs

Right plant, right place

American Elderberry/

Sambucus canadensisCommon Name: AMERICAN BLACK

ELDERBERRY

Type: Deciduous shrubFamily: Adoxaceae

Native Range: Eastern North America

Zone: 3 to 9



Bloom Time: June to July

Bloom Description: White corymb



Maintenance: High unless naturalized

Suggested Use: Rain Garden

Flower: Showy, Fragrant

Attracts: Birds, Butterflies

Fruit: Showy, Edible berries if cooked

Tolerate: Erosion, Clay Soil, Wet Soil

“The medicine chest of the

people”

Sambucus nigra var. canadensis

Elderberry in bloom

Flowers used for tea, wine or

vinegar

Harvesting ripe elderberries

Elderberry

products

Elderflower

products

Elderberry edible uses

This

young

shoot can

be potted,

watered,

shaded for

while, then

grown in a

pot to

transplant

or share

Leaves can make a green

dye

Spicebush/Lindera benzoin

Common Name: SPICE BUSH

Type: Deciduous shrub

Family: Lauraceae

Native Range: Eastern United States

Zone: 4 to 9



Bloom Time: March

Bloom Description: Greenish yellow


Water: Medium

Maintenance: Low

Suggested Use: Hedge, Rain Garden


Leaf: Fragrant, Good Fall color

Attracts: Birds, Butterflies, host for spicebush butterfly

Fruit: Showy

Tolerate: Deer, Drought, Heavy Shade, Clay Soil

No GRAS status

Sumac, fragrantRhus aromatica

Common Name: FRAGRANT SUMAC


Family: Anacardiaceae

Native Range: Southeastern Canada, southern and eastern United States

Zone: 3 to 9



Bloom Time: April

Bloom Description: Yellow



Maintenance: Low

Flower: Insignificant

Leaf: Fragrant, Good Fall color

Attracts: Birds, Butterflies

Fruit: showy fruit

Tolerate: Rabbit, Drought, Erosion, Clay Soil, Dry Soil, Shallow-Rocky Soil

Fruiting

branch

High tannin content in leaves

Serviceberry,Juneberry,Shadblow

Amelanchier canadensis Common Name: SERVICEBERRY

Type: Understory Shrubby Tree Family: Rosaceae

Native Range: Eastern North Am.

Zone: 4 to 8




Bloom Description: White


Water: Medium

Maintenance: Low

Suggested Use: Flowering Tree Flower: Showy

Leaf: Good Fall color

Attracts: Birds

Fruit: Showy, Edible

Tolerate: Clay Soil

Alsagarden photo

Fruit edible fresh or dried

Viburnum spp. Common Name: VIBURNUMS Type: Deciduous shrub Family: Adoxaceae Zone: 5 to 9 Height: 5.00 to 12.00 feet Spread: 5.00 to 12.00 feet Bloom Time: April to May Bloom Description: White Sun: Full sun to part shade Water: Medium to wet Maintenance: Low

Suggested Use: Hedge, Rain Garden

Flower: Showy, Fragrant Leaf: Good Fall Attracts: Butterflies Fruit: Showy, Edible

V. nudum/POSSUM HAW

V. opulus var. americanum

AMERICAN CRANBERRY BUSH

V. prunifolium/BLACK HAWCedar waxwing

Photo credits(upper left to lower right):Lady Bird Johnson Wildfl.Center, marylandbiodiversity.com, both

hortcornell.edu, www.pittstate.edu, gardenia.net

Bark used in herbal medicine

http://www.pittstate.edu/

Witch Hazel

Hamamelis virginiana

Common Name: COMMON WITCH HAZEL


Family: Hamamelidaceae

Native Range: Eastern North Am.

Zone: 3 to 8



Bloom Time: October to December

Bloom Description: Yellow sometimes tinged with orange or

red Sun: Full sun to part shade

Water: Medium

Maintenance: Low

Suggested Use: Hedge, Naturalize, Rain Garden


Leaf: Good Fall color, winter interest

Tolerate: Deer, Erosion, Clay Soil

Astringent Properties

Trees

Cedar, Eastern Red/Juniperus virginiana

Dogwood, silky/ Cornus amomum

Redbud/Cercis canadensis

Willow/Salix spp.

https://extension.umd.edu/hgic/plants/trees-shrubs

http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/html/trees.html

“Trees are poems the earth writes upon the sky” – Kahlil Gibran

Cedar, Eastern RedJuniperus virginiana Common Name: RED CEDAR

Type: Overlapping scale-like evergreen

Family: Cupressaceae

Zone: 2 to 9



Bloom Time: February into March

Bloom Description: Usually Male & female trees

Sun: Full sun

Water: Medium

Maintenance: Low

Leaf: Evergreen, berries winter interest

Tolerate: Deer, Drought, Erosion, Dry Soil, Shallow-Rocky Soil, Black Walnut, Air Pollution

Prized by the colonists for building furniture, rail fences, and log cabins.

Observed at Roanoke Island,

VA in 1564

Dogwood, silky/Cornus amomum

Common Name: SILKY DOGWOOD

Type: Deciduous shrubby tree Family: Cornaceae

Native Range: Eastern North America

Zone: 5 to 8



Bloom Time: May to June

Bloom Description: Yellowish white



Maintenance: Medium

Suggested Use: Hedge, Rain Garden Flower: Showy

Attracts: Birds

Fruit: Edible showy fruits

Tolerate: Deer, Erosion

Dave’s Garden photo

Use as a windbreak

Redbud/Cercis Canadensis

Common Name: EASTERN REDBUD Type: Tree Family: Fabaceae Native Range: North and Central

America Zone: 4 to 8 Height: 20.00 to 30.00 feet Spread: 25.00 to 35.00 feet Bloom Time: Early spring, april

Bloom Description: pink, pea-like Sun: Full sun to part shade Water: Medium Maintenance: Low Suggested Use: Flowering street

tree, Allow to naturalize Flower: Showy leaf: Good Fall color Attracts: Butterflies Tolerate: Deer, Clay Soil, Black

Walnut

Cercis canadensis cv.‘Covey’ at the National Herb Garden

Edible Flowers

Willow/Salix spp. Family: Salicaceae

Salix species (over 400)

Common Name: Willow,

sallow, osier

Growth: Trees and shrubs

Hardiness: Zones 2-9, by

species

Light: Full sun to partial sun

Soil: Moist to wet soils

Water: Moist to standing

water tolerated by many

species

Uses: Medicinal, crafts,

household, industrial,

pollinator, larval food

source

Propagation: Seed, cuttings

Black Willow in Howard Co., Maryland (5/14/2010). Photo by Bill Harms.

Salix derived from Celtic

word meaning “near water”

http://www.botanybill.info/

Black Willow/Salix nigraUses :

Ethnobotanic: The ancient Greeks

knew the therapeutic values of

willow. Tea made from willow bark

was used for stiff joints and

rheumatic pains.

By the 1840’s, chemists had isolated

salicylic acid from willow and found

it produced marked antipyretic

(fever-reducing) and analgesic

(pain-killing) effects and “striking

relief of acute articular rheumatism.”

Modern aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)

is a synthetic product. Salicylic acid

got its name from Salix.

Willow bark commonly called

“herbal aspirin”

Book Sources Bringing Nature Home by Doug

Tallamy

Native Alternatives to Invasive

Plants – Brooklyn Botanic Garden All-Region Guides by

C.Colston Burrell

Neighboring with Nature:

Native Herbs for Purpose and Pleasure by Susan Betz

100 Easy to Grow Native Plants

for American Gardens in Temperate Zones by Lorraine

Johnson

Peterson Field Guide to Medicinal Plants and Herbs by

Steven Foster & James A. Duke

“If you have a garden and a library you

have everything you need” - Cicero

Organization Sources

Herb Society of America Notable Natives– herbsociety.org

International Herb Association – iherb.org

Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center at the University of Texas at Austin – wildflower.org

Maryland Biodiversity Project – marylandbiodiversity.com

Maryland Native Plant Society – mdflora.org

Missouri Botanical Garden – missouribotanicalgarden.org

Mt. Cuba Center - mtcubacenter.org/native-plant-finder

University of Maryland Extension -extension.umd.edu/hgic/native-plants

University of Maryland Medical Center -https://www.umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/

We did our research!

Year Herb

2018 Hops Humulus ssp.

MONTH

FEATURED HERB

SCREENSAVER

FEATURED HERB

RECIPES

DID YOU

KNOW? FACT

SHEET

January Hops Hops RecipesHops History &

Fun Facts

February Tea Tea RecipesTea History &

Fun Facts

www.herbsociety.org

Herb of the Year Studies

https://herbsocietyorg.presencehost.net/file_download/inline/38690aed-f56d-4b49-b58b-fd5eda27bbe2

https://herbsocietyorg.presencehost.net/file_download/inline/b9c8eae1-6b52-433d-9e68-740bb84b9b4d

https://herbsocietyorg.presencehost.net/file_download/inline/1348899b-0b5f-43ef-a4fb-586566a06d62

https://herbsocietyorg.presencehost.net/file_download/inline/9d57a58c-1350-4eed-96a0-3424563e034a

https://herbsocietyorg.presencehost.net/file_download/inline/355428a4-aa97-45a4-b9c3-c5502d3c8220

https://herbsocietyorg.presencehost.net/file_download/inline/3ab8f14a-a70a-4432-bcad-e502708272ba

This program was brought to you by the

Master Gardener Program of Montgomery County,

University of Maryland Extension.

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