EVOLUTION’S ACHILLES’ HEELS 39:05

01/28/16 Larry Springer: choslyf@gmail.com OUTLINE 0. INTRODUCTION

1. NATURAL SELECTION 2. GENETICS 3. ORIGIN OF LIFE

4. FOSSIL RECORD 5. GEOLOGIC RECORD 6. RADIOMETRIC DATING 7. COSMOLOGY 8. ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS 9. SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION TO FOSSILS

How fossils form A fossil is any object that has been buried in sediment and over time minerals have replaced the

original material of the object creating a stone replica of the original. It is generally assumed that this process takes millions of years per evolutionary model however it can take place in a matter of a few decades. The sedimentary rock layers also hardened rapidly, as they are the fossil material.

For fossilization, burial must occur rapidly before the organism is consumed by the environment: the weather and the hoard of scavenger organisms such as bacteria, fungi, worms, burying beetles, vultures, rodents and other mammals on land; and bacteria, freshwater shrimp, crabs, lobsters, flat worms, and sharks in water.1, 2 This is why there are hardly any dead animals, even bones, in remote areas. Even in the artic there are artic bacteria, artic ravens, and small to medium sized mammals.3

Soft invertebrates such as worms, jellyfish, and squid especially require rapid fossilization as they begin to decompose in a matter of hours. Also, burring worms can disturb the organism in a short time. Therefore, it seems few if any fossils of soft invertebrates should exist, unless sediment both causes their death and quickly covers them, so that fossilization begins immediately as in a global flood.

Rapid fossilization

In the DVD, a hat was found fossilized after an estimated 20 years; other examples are bags of flour and a teddy bear, obviously no older than Theodore Roosevelt. Another commonly fossilized material is wood.

“. . . wood can be quickly mineralized under the right conditions. Wood buried in . . . the 1886 eruption of Mt. Tarawera [tä´räwâr´ə] New Zealand is mineralized . . .”4

EARLY FOSSILS

Cambrian explosion Charles Darwin predicted the fossil record would show evolution - but it hasn’t. We’ve found over a billion fossils in the 150 years since then, but there is no fine degradation between them.

Eric Cheng of Stanford writes: “All marine animals alive today have a variation of one of nine basic body plans that first appeared during, or shortly after, the Cambrian Explosion. . . . that have changed little in the supposed hundreds of millions of years.”5

These could not have formed by ‘numerous, successive, slight modification’ as this complete multifaceted ecosystem is claimed to have evolved in one one-thousandth (.001) of the total evolutionary timeframe, just the opposite of evolution! In the chart on the right the Cambrian explosion timeframe is the red line, and if it were drawn to scale in this document would be the thickness of a human hair! Precursors and soft organism fossils

The most serious problem for evolution is that there are no precursors to these Cambrian fossils first found in East Siberia, and shortly after (1909) in British Columbia! Darwin claimed that soft organisms cannot produce fossils, however he knew that sand ripples and even raindrops, in the image at the right, were preserved in rocks. Today we have many fossils of jellyfish, worms, and other soft organisms. After searching 150 years for these precursors, only more distinct organisms without precursors have been found in Greenland, China, United States, and Canada. The only realistic explanation is that these are created organisms and have no precursors, preserved quickly in a catastrophic global flood. Joseph A. Kuhn, MD, FACS President of the Texas Association for Bariatric Surgery states:

“Contrary to both Darwinian gradualism and punctuated equilibria theory, the vast majority of phyla appear abruptly. . . Millions of specimens . . . of nearly all phyla of the animal kingdom over a relatively short period. . . . Since that time . . . only rare new phyla have been convincingly identified.”6

Walter J. ReMine in a review for a group of evolutionists skeptical of Darwinian processes writes:

“But it gets still worse. . . . biologists have observed a small set of genes coordinating organismal development of body plans – and these are present across the multicellular kingdom, in the various phyla and classes. Evolutionists call this the ‘Developmental Genetic Toolkit’. According to evolutionary thinking, this complex toolkit must have originated in some common ancestor to all the phyla. But that common ancestor must have existed prior to first appearance of . . . the Cambrian Explosion . . .

In short, the genes that control body plans had to have originated when there were no bodies. The genes that control embryological development had to have originated when there were no embryos.”7

TRANSITIONAL FOSSILS The classification game

Most fossils claimed to be transitions have only small-scale differences in kind. They are merely variations within the original created kinds due to adaptation, and change by mutations. Many originally claimed transitional fossils were later reclassified due to extreme similarity to existing animals or other reasons. Here are five famous fossils9 from recent decades that were originally claimed transitional:

o Ida: claimed to link primates to other animals was actually a lemur. o Tiktaalik (tik'taːlik): claimed to be the evolutionary link of fish to land

animal, however tetrapod footprints were later found and dated millions of years older. Now there is no candidate.

o Puijila (pē'u`yē'lä): (the image to the right) claimed by Nature Magazine and in Richard Dawkin’s, The Greatest Show on Earth, to be the ancestor of seals, etc., looks just like a modern sea otter.8

o Archaeopteryx (är'kēŏp`tərĭks) was: (1) first claimed to be a dinosaur-to-bird transition, (2) reclassified as just an ancestral bird, (3) after the discovery of the Chinese fossil, Xiaotingia Archaeopteryx, it was demoted to, ‘a theropod (a T-rex) like Deinonychus’ (Dye-NON-ikkuss), and (4) later reinstated to dinosaur-to-bird by another evolutionary group.

o Deinonychus: same convoluted route as Archaeopteryx. The Dinosaur Museum exhibit signage reads: “. . . first . . . thought to be a bird-like dinosaur . . . Now it is known [that it] had ancestors

that flew . . . which makes it a form of flightless bird . . . Had [it] been found [later] . . . scientists could not have thought of it as a scaly dinosaur, but as a bird that has lost its ability to fly.”10

Reptile/Dinosaur-to-bird evolution showstoppers

The dinosaur-to-bird transition is now so deliberately blurred that scientists can ‘retrofit’ almost any future discovery. But birds have many vastly different physiological and metabolic variances compared to dinosaurs (or reptiles) so evolution from a dinosaur (or a reptile) to a bird is beyond comprehension:

o Birds are warm-blooded; reptiles, and likely dinosaurs, via nasal size, etc. are cold-blooded. o Birds have a large continuous-flow lung structure with air sacks/hollow bones and special

oxygen/hemoglobin exchange tubes for flight; all completely different from reptiles or dinosaurs. o Birds require a 4-chamber heart; reptiles, and likely reptile-like dinosaurs, had a 3-chambers.

• The complexity of evolving 3-chambers to 4-cambers in small steps would be unfeasible. • Evolving the mechanism for enriching the hemoglobin for flight would be unworkable. • Evolving the vastly different circulatory system of a bird would be an impossible challenge.

o Bird’s powerful wing muscles evolving from theropod dinosaur’s weak front limbs; unattainable. o Bird’s center of balance near the wing evolving from dinosaur’s mid-to-back body; unachievable.

‘DERIVED’ AND ‘REWORKED’ FOSSILS

‘Derived’ or ‘reworked’ fossils predate their theoretical origin They require re-dating. So the fossil succession, complete with over a billion, has huge problems. For evolution to be true all 36 animal phyla that exist today should be traceable back to the first life

form. But geneticists are finding that diverse organisms share various genes. So, evolutionary scientists claim, lacking any evidence, that ancient bacterial species shared DNA. However, Michael Syvanen discovered that the vast majority of eukaryotic genes have no common gene among all bacteria.11

The Ediacara, (ē′dē-ä′kə-rən) Australia vertebrate12

In Ediacara, the earliest vertebrate was found and deemed “the deepest part of the tree of life”. The scientific community was so perplexed as it pushes vertebrates back in time, again with no precursors.

The Roraima (rō-rī′mə) Formation fossils, Venezuela12

In 1966 Stainforth discovered pollen within this formation. Dated at 1.8 billion years, before plants existed according to evolution! Stainforth’s conclusion was, “We offer no solution to the paradox . . .”13

The Salt Range Formation fossils, Pakistan12

This range formation has attracted much controversy since the 1800s. The salt deposits are underneath the Khewra (kē wra) Sandstone, which is of Cambrian age. Since 1927 geologists have been aware of botanical remains, including modern oak. In 1944 Sahni14 mentioned the discovery of: angiosperm (flowering plant) wood, gymnosperm (nonflowering plants), and a winged six-legged insect with compound eyes. He conservatively assigned it an Eocine (ee-uh-seen) age, yet field studies by many geologists showed Khewra Sandstone is Cambrian in age, and the salt range lies underneath it!

LIVING FOSSILS

These are fossils of ancient organisms extremely similar to or identical to those alive today. There are at least 97 known.15 Now, according natural selection, an ‘evolved’ organism flourishes and the former is eventually eliminated. So, how could an organism compete as a predator, or survive as a prey if others were evolving better skills for hundreds of millions of years if it didn’t advance its ability? They survived global catastrophic events such as the dinosaur extinction and the end Permian extinction, which eliminated 99% of all species, where animals had to adapt to survive.

The coelacanth16

Coelacanth (sē′lə-kănth′) fossils (a fish), discovered in 1837, were thought to be a transitional form between fish and tetrapods. An essentially identical living coelacanth was caught in 1938, and many others since then. They’re not evolving legs after all, or maybe they are in a 400 million year stasis! Stromatolites16

Stromatolites (strōˈmatəˌlīts) are the ‘oldest’ fossils on earth, supposedly 3.5 billion years old. They are blue-green algae, which exist today, a lineage from the Prehistoric past. As simpler organisms allegedly evolve faster, it defies logic that 3.5 billion years have not changed them. They exist in Australia and the Bahamas, opposite sides of the earth, so we one or both colonies has experienced extreme environmental changes which should have driven evolution faster, or produced extinction.

THE STILL EVASIVE MISSING LINK Un-substantiations, and fraudulent misrepresentations

All the fossils claimed to be the missing link between man and ape are later, sometimes many decades later, found to be an existing or extinct primate equivalent or a complete fraudulent misrepresentation. Some of the more famous ones are:

o Piltdown man, from Piltdown, England in 1912, finally exposed a hoax in 1953. o Nebraska man was based on just one tooth fossil later reclassified a pig’s tooth. o Java Man (in images on the right) consisted of a tooth, skullcap, and thighbone,

and in 10 years was published in almost 80 books, was actually a giant gibbon. o Mr. Ed Pithicus hailed the oldest human fossil, was later thought a donkey skull. o Neanderthal man was dated by Prof. Reiner Protsch at 36,000 years old falling

neatly into the evolutionists’ timeline. He claimed it was the vital missing link. In 2005, Protsch was forced to retire in disgrace after a Frankfurt University panel ruled the data was fabricated.17

o Lucy, alleged to walk upright despite conclusions by evolutionist Dr. Oxnard and others that she: • a) “did not walk upright in the human manner and • b) [bones] were in their overall anatomy not intermediate between apes and humans. . . . • Lucy was equipped for knucklewalking. . . . • Lucy’s kind had the wrong balance organs for upright walking.”18 In 2000 a child age fossil18 the same species as Lucy was found, verifying the above data, plus: • “Adjusted for body size, the brain was not significantly larger than an ape’s. • A complete hyoid bone [larynx related] was . . . chimplike. No . . . speech capacity. . . • The one complete finger bone is curved, like a chimp . . . for grasping in the trees. . . . • The shoulder blade is gorilla-like – designed for tree-climbing and knuckle walking . . . . • The organ of balance . . . in the skull confirms that its locomotion was, like a chimp’s.”19

o “. . . Aboriginals . . . regarded. . . ‘living missing links’. . . . butchered in the name of science.”20 Haeckel's embryo’s, known false for 70 years, are still in these 36 recent 1985-2013 textbooks:21 • That show Haeckel's or highly similar drawings that downplay or misrepresent differences, • Have used Haeckel-based drawings to overstate the similarities between early embryos, • And as evidence for current evolutionary theory.

Why so many un-substantiations, and frauds? In could Ph.D. scientists be that naïve? I doubt it. After searching 150 years it’s apparent, there is no missing link, and scientists are now ‘grasping at straws’. Fossils initially claimed transitional were disqualified or contested by mainly secular scientists.

This may appear innocent, but publicity of these unproven and fraudulent findings ‘proving’ evolution, indoctrinate the public into believing these unscientific claims are true.

FOSSIL EVIDENCE FOR GLOBAL FLOOD

Great fossil graveyards exist in every major continent “. . . The Karoo formation in South Africa [with a] sediment bed up to 20,000 ft thick. . . . The

Morrison beds in North America, (. . . thousands of sq. miles) . . . beds in [US, Canada], Africa, Europe and China, etc. . . . millions of dinosaur fossils piled together in heaps. . . . Alfrend Rehwinkle in . . . The Flood, 1951. . . . [relates] documented discoveries in England, France, Spain, Germany, Greece, USA, Russia and Malta. . . . [I]n Siberia, entire islands were made of bones and carcasses . . . .”22

“In Alberta, Canada there is a huge graveyard that stretches for hundreds of miles. . . . In Agate Springs, Nebraska . . . around 9,000 animals . . . in alluvial deposits. . . . Ashley Beds [NC] . . . remains of man with . . . dinosaurs, pleisosaurs (plē′sē-ə-sôr′) whales, sharks, rhinos, horses, [etc.]. . . . [in a] 40 square mile area . . . Professor F.S. Holmes (paleontologist and curator of the College of Charleston’s Natural History Museum). . . . in a report to the Academy of Natural Sciences: ‘. . . animals of recent date, together with human bones . . . the mastodon and extinct gigantic lizards.’ . . . [A] hadrosaurus [hăd′rə-sôr′əs] [is] on the front of his 1870 book, The Phosphate Rocks of South Carolina . . . .”23

SOFT TISSUE

Schweitzer’s Dangerous Discovery Published in Discovery Magazine in 2005, in an article titled

“Schweitzer’s Dangerous Discovery”24, evolutionary paleontologist Dr. Mary Schweitzer discovered soft stretchy tissue, blood vessels, and cells in a Tyrannosaurus rex bone dated 65 million years old. Since then hemoglobin and even DNA has been found. [Note: also, chitin, elastin, fibrin, keratin, and collagen.] The evolutionary claim was that soft tissue can remain preserved millions of years, rather than the rational claim that the bones was much younger (thousands rather than millions of years).

To ‘prove’ this, she soaked ostrich blood vessels in iron-rich blood. Still recognizable after two years at room temperature, she claimed iron a preservative like formaldehyde. But it cross-links the amino acids in the proteins, making them more resistant to decay, iron does not. And, it is an astronomical stretch to equate ‘this to 65 million years. Even formaldehyde only slows decay, as any undertaker will tell you. Check out Lenin’s body after only a century. They treat his face and hands twice a week and his whole body once a year. Even with all that, his preservation is far from perfect, and dead dinosaurs certainly didn’t get all that pampering.

Many additional soft tissues have been found. One, a eurypterid (scorpion) dated 417 million years. Another, a blood filled mosquito dated 46 million years where team leader Dale Greenwalt told Nature, “The chances that it wouldn’t have disintegrated prior to fossilization were infinitesimally small.”25

“In a laboratory the ‘time till complete disintegration of DNA was found to be 22,000 years at 25°C (770F), 131,000 years at 15°C (590F), and 882,000 years at 5°C (410F).’”26

Dinosaurs lived during the relatively warm Mesozoic era. The climate at the beginning of the Mesozoic is dry and warm, but temperatures rose during the middle. Toward the end, the Earth's mean surface temperature reached 25ºC (77ºF), about 10º (18ºF) warmer than today.27

Based on these data, DNA would completely disintegrate in 131,000 years or less. The conclusion again is obvious; dinosaurs lived thousands of years ago, not millions.

SUMMARY

v Fossilization of an organism can occur in a few decades, along with its sedimentary rock layers. v Burial must occur rapidly before rotting, consumed by scavengers, and other destructive elements. v Fossilization must start rapidly before burring worms disturb the organism. v Over a billion fossils exist without any fine variation among them as the evolutionary model predicts. v Contrary to evolution, phylum level life appeared suddenly in the Cambrian, without precursors.

v The common ancestor’s ‘Developmental Genetic Toolkit’ required genes that control body plans originating before bodies, and genes that control embryo development originating before embryos.

v Fossil data agrees very well with a global flood scenario rather than the evolutionary model. v There are effectively no uncontested transitional fossils, and any contested are by secular experts. v Many vastly dissimilar metabolic and bodily bird-dinosaur differences preclude evolution: cold vs.

warm blooded, the heart, the lungs, hemoglobin enrichment, limb strength, and center of balance. v Many fossils have been found outside the evolutionary order, which collapses evolutionary history. v In the Cambrian Khewra sandstone in Pakistan, geologists have found modern oak fossils. v In the Roraima, VE, 1.8 billion year old pollen was found, before plants ‘supposedly’ existed. v In Ediacara, AU, the late Precambrian layer contains many unique organisms, plus vertebrates. v Living fossils, surviving eons without evolving as their prey and predators did, contradicts evolution. v After searching 150 years no missing link has been found. Why? Because there is no missing link. v Many findings ‘proving’ evolution are faulty or false, like Haeckel's embryos still in recent textbooks. v Countless enormous fossil graveyards exist in every major continent in alluvial deposits up to

20,000 ft thick. They contain literally millions of dinosaur fossils piled together in heaps. v Soft stretchy tissue, blood vessels, cells, hemoglobin, even DNA has been found in dinosaur bones. v In warm Mesozoic temperatures DNA would decay in less than 100,000 years, not millions of years.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. science.jrank.org/kids/pages/183/DECOMPOSERS.html 2. rce.csuchico.edu/sites/default/files/professional-development/connect-learn-

engage/MediasiteMaterials/Taphonomic.pdf 3. citadel.sjfc.edu/students/naa07113/e-port/decomposers.html 4. Petrified Wood: The Silicification of Wood by Permineralization, Mike Viney, Schinoxylon sp., Laney

Shale Member, Green River Formation, Eocene, Blue Forest, Wyoming 5. http://phys.org/news/2015-03-animal-functional-diversity-poor-richer.html 6. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3246854/ 7. A review of The Altenberg 16: An Exposé of the Evolution Industry by Suzan Mazur, North Atlantic

Books, Berkeley, CA, 2010 8. http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/2/prweb10341906.htm 9. Creation Ministries Int’l, Evolution’s Achilles’ Heels, Creation Book Publishers, p. 130-136, 2014 10. Creation Ministries International, ref. 9, p. 132 11. Syvanen, M., Evolution implications of horizontal gene transfer, Annual Review of Genetics 46:339-

356, 2012 (data from Evolution’s Achilles’ Heels, pg. 119) 12. Creation Ministries International, ref. 9, p. 121-124 13. Silvestru, E. and Weiland, C., Pollen paradox, 27 June, 2011 14. Sahni, B., Age of Saline Series in the Salt Range of the Punjab, Nature 153:462-463, 1944 15. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_fossil with added information from http://io9.gizmodo.com/12-of-

the-most-astounding-living-fossils-known-to-sci-1506539384 16. Creation Ministries International, ref. 9, p. 139-141 17. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/feb/19/science.sciencenews 18. http://creation.com/lucy-walking-tall-or-wandering-in-circles 19. creation.com/the-lucy-child 20. http://creation.com/missing-the-link-between-darwin-and-racism 21. http://www.evolutionnews.org/2015/04/haeckels_fraudu094971.html 22. http://www.genesisalive.com/the-question-of-fossils.html 23. http://www.genesispark.com/exhibits/fossils/graveyards/ 24. discovermagazine.com/2006/apr/dinosaur-dna 25. http://www.nature.com/news/blood-filled-mosquito-is-a-fossil-first-1.13946 26. Allentoft, M.E. et al., The half-life of DNA in bone: measuring decay kinetics in 158 dated fossils,

Proc. Royal Society B 279(1748):4724-4733,7 December 2012 27. teacher.ocps.net/stephen.chambers/resources/age/mesozoic.html