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Evolutionary ParadigmEvolutionary Paradigm
PARADIGM- set of assumptions about the nature of the phenomena to be studied and how it will be approached. An accepted theoretical framework
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Evolutionary TheoriesEvolutionary Theories
• Natural Selection TheoryNatural Selection Theory
• Sexual Selection TheorySexual Selection Theory
• Sociobiological TheorySociobiological Theory
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Natural Selection TheoryNatural Selection Theory
Understand the basic principles of Natural Selection•Know some examples of NS in action•Understand terms
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Individuals within a species varyIndividuals within a species vary
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Behavioral variation Behavioral variation
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Predation response
RunVocalizefreezeMove lowMob
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Traits are heritableTraits are heritable
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Behaviors related too...Behaviors related too...
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• More offspring will be produced than will survive (drives competition)More offspring will be produced than will survive (drives competition)
• Individuals with favorable traits will have an advantage over others Individuals with favorable traits will have an advantage over others without those traits. without those traits.
• Those that survive will produce more offspring.Those that survive will produce more offspring.
• Survival is dependent on contextSurvival is dependent on context
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VI. Some examplesVI. Some examples
• Peppered MothPeppered Moth
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Modern Day FinchesModern Day Finches
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Directional SelectionDirectional Selection
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Behavioral changesBehavioral changes
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Unit of selectionUnit of selection
• Natural Selection works on the level of Natural Selection works on the level of the individual. the individual.
• Evolution works on the level of the Evolution works on the level of the populationpopulation
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Sexual SelectionSexual Selection
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Sexual SelectionSexual Selection
• The differential ability of individuals to acquire mates- features evolve, not to enhance survival but to make one more attractive to a mate and compete for access to mates.
•Male male competition
•Female choice
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SociobiologySociobiology
• “the systematic study of the biological basis for behavior” E. O. Wilson
– Reproductive success- number of offspring produced.
– Genetic fitness- the relative contribution of one’s genes into the next generation
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TERMINOLOGYTERMINOLOGY• Natural SelectionNatural Selection- mechanism of evolutionary - mechanism of evolutionary
change for survival. change for survival. Evolution- Evolution- changes (genetic) changes (genetic) within populations.within populations.
• Sexual SelectionSexual Selection- mechanism of evolutionary - mechanism of evolutionary change for reproduction (mate choice, change for reproduction (mate choice, competition).competition).
• SociobiologySociobiology-theory that states that behavior has a -theory that states that behavior has a biological basis, behaviors can function as adaptations to biological basis, behaviors can function as adaptations to improve overall reproductive success of an individual. improve overall reproductive success of an individual.
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More TerminologyMore Terminology
• FitnessFitness- - an individual’ relative genetic an individual’ relative genetic
contribution to the next generation.contribution to the next generation.
• Reproductive success- Reproductive success- # offspring one # offspring one produces that reaches reproductive age.produces that reaches reproductive age.
• Adaptation-Adaptation- functional response of an functional response of an organism to it’s environment. organism to it’s environment.
• Selection Pressure-Selection Pressure-environmental forces that environmental forces that influence the Reproductive Success of an influence the Reproductive Success of an individual. individual.