1. Bicol University GRADUATE SCHOOL College of Education Graduate Programs Legazpi City Master of Arts in Biology Education Advanced GeneticsAdvanced Genetics Kim Jim F. Raborar, RN Discussant IntroductiontoIntroductionto EVOLUTIONARYGENETICSEVOLUTIONARYGENETICS Prof. Ma. Eden Ante, EdD

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Objectives After2 hours of discussion, MABioEd Students would be able to: v Recall basic knowledge on Evolution and Genetics v Define Evolutionary Genetics and Differentiate it with otherclosely related disciplines v Explain the central challenge of Evolutionary Genetics and how it was acheived v Enumerate and shortly discuss the 3 profound genetic evidence of evolution v Appreciate the importance of Evolutionary Genetics v Identify several school activities that can be facilitated to introduce the concepts of evolution and genetics 3. qIntroductionIntroduction Definition of Evolutionary GeneticsDefinition of Evolutionary Genetics Evo-Gen in relation with DiversityEvo-Gen in relation with Diversity Background as a disciplineBackground as a discipline qCommon Sub-topics in EvoGenCommon Sub-topics in EvoGen (accdg to www.nature.com) PhylogeneticsPhylogenetics Mutation and Molecular PopulationMutation and Molecular Population GeneticsGenetics Genetics of SpeciationGenetics of Speciation Genome EvolutionGenome Evolution Evolution and DevelopmentEvolution and Development qGenetic Evidence for EvolutionGenetic Evidence for Evolution Genome SimilaritiesGenome Similarities PseudogenesPseudogenes Endogenous Retrovirus GenesEndogenous Retrovirus Genes Topic Outline.... 4. Evo-Gen.... Genetics EvolutionEvolutionEvolutionEvolution Evolutionary Genetics is theEvolutionary Genetics is the broad field of studies thatbroad field of studies that resulted from the integration ofresulted from the integration of Darwinian Evolution andDarwinian Evolution and GeneticsGenetics It attempts toIt attempts to account for Evolution in termsaccount for Evolution in terms ofof changes in the gene and genotypechanges in the gene and genotype frequenciesfrequencies within populations and thewithin populations and the process that convert the variations intoprocess that convert the variations into more or lessmore or less permanent variationpermanent variation.. 5. Cells Homeostasis and Stability Abiotic and Biotic Relationship Nature to Reproduce Genes Evolution Structures compliment Functions Principlesof Unity in Diversity CHANGES 6. Genomics Molecular Biology Proteomics Evolutionary Genetics Modern Genetics Paleontology J. Huxley, 1942 (Modern Synthesis) (accdg. to Stanford Dictionary) R.A. Fisher S. Wright J.B.S. Haldane J. Huxley T. Dobzhansky H.J. muller background.. 7. It attempts toIt attempts to account for Evolution inaccount for Evolution in terms ofterms of changes in the gene andchanges in the gene and genotype frequenciesgenotype frequencies within populationswithin populations and the process that convert theand the process that convert the variations into more or lessvariations into more or less permanentpermanent variationvariation.. central challenge.. Central challenge:Central challenge: To describe how the evolutionaryTo describe how the evolutionary forces shape the patterns offorces shape the patterns of biodiversity observed in naturebiodiversity observed in nature the solution to our dilemma lies in the development of molecular genetics. -Lewontin(1974, pp.99) the solution to our dilemma lies in the development of molecular genetics. -Lewontin(1974, pp.99) 8. Question: How do we classify an organism?Question: How do we classify an organism? MORPHOLOGY GENOMICS &GENOMICS & 9. GENOMICS &GENOMICS & ProteomicsProteomics GenomicsGenomics ( first use: 1987) is a branch of biotechnology( first use: 1987) is a branch of biotechnology concerned with applying the techniques of genetics andconcerned with applying the techniques of genetics and Molecular Biology to the genetic mapping and DNAMolecular Biology to the genetic mapping and DNA sequencing of sets of genes or the complete genomes ofsequencing of sets of genes or the complete genomes of selected organisms, with organizing the results in databases,selected organisms, with organizing the results in databases, and with applications of the data.and with applications of the data. ProteomicsProteomics ( first use: 1997) is a branch of biotechnology( first use: 1997) is a branch of biotechnology concerned with applying the techniques of molecular biology,concerned with applying the techniques of molecular biology, biochemistry and genetics to analyzing the structure,biochemistry and genetics to analyzing the structure, function, and interaction of the proteins produced by thefunction, and interaction of the proteins produced by the genes of a particular cell, tissue, or organism, with organizinggenes of a particular cell, tissue, or organism, with organizing the information in databases, and with applications of thethe information in databases, and with applications of the data.data. 10. revisiting darwinian evolution.. 11. October 1, 1859 (Nov. 24) On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life By: Charles Darwin (foundation of evolutionary biology; in 1972 title changed to _________________________) 12. Common Sub-topicsin EvoGen PhylogeneticsPhylogenetics Mutation andMutation and MolecularMolecular PopulationPopulation GeneticsGenetics Genetics ofGenetics of SpeciationSpeciation Genome EvolutionGenome Evolution Evolution and 13. Study of the evolutionary relationships among groups of organism, which are discovered through molecular sequencing data and morphological data matrices. Phylogenetics 14. Mutation is a change of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal genetic element Mutation and Molecular Population Genetics 15. CLASSIFICATION OF MUTATIONS By effect on structures- deletion, duplication, inversion, insertion, translocation; By effect on function- loss-of-function, gain-of-function, dominant negative (antimorphic), lethal mutations, back mutation By effects on fitness- beneficial, harmful, neutral, nearly neutral Mutation and Molecular Population Genetics 16. Population Genetics is the study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the evolutionary processes Mutation and Molecular Population Genetics 17. The Neutral Theory of Molecular Mutation by Motoo Kimura (population geneticicst) Most novel mutations will be highly deleterious with small fraction of being neutral Mutation and Molecular Population Genetics 18. Geneticsof Speciation Speciation is the process by which new species evolve.. Species is a group of actually or potentially interbreeding individuals who are reproductively isolated from other such groups E. Mayr 19. Geneticsof Speciation Species is a group of actually or potentially interbreeding individuals who are reproductively isolated from other such groups E. Mayr This excludes: Mating in the zoo Animals capable of mating but do not do so in the wild Asexual reproduction Cases of ring species Horizontal Gene Transfer 20. Reproductive Isolation Mechanism Pre-mating or prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms, and Post-mating or postzygotic isolating mechanisms. 21. Prezygotic isolating mechanisms Geographical Isolation: No meet, No mate Ecological isolation: Species occupy different habitats. Temporal isolation: Species breed at different times. Behavioral isolation: Species engage in distinct courtship and mating rituals Mechanical isolation: Interbreeding is prevented by structural or molecular blockage of the formation of the zygote. . Gametic Isolation 22. Postzygotic isolating mechanisms: Hybrid inviability. Development of the zygote proceeds abnormally and the hybrid is aborted. Hybrid sterility. The hybrid is healthy but sterile. Hybrid is healthy and fertile, but less fit, or infertility appears in later generations 23. Genome Evolution is the process by which a genome changes in structure (sequence) and/or in size overtime. It involves multiple fields such as structural analysis of genome, study of genomic parasites, gene and ancient genome duplications, polyploidy and comparative genomics GenomeEvolution 24. Is a a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing material at the interface of of evolutionary and developmental biology. The aim is to broaden synthesis of biological thoughts in this two areas. Its scope ranges from paleontology, pop bio, dev and mol bio, including HPSM. Evo-Devo 25. Genetic Evidencefor Evolution.. 1.Similarities in set of genome 2. 3.Presence of Pseudogenes 4. 5.Presence of Endogenous Retrovirus Genes 26. 1. Extremesimilaritiesin theset of genome Chromosome No. 2A Chromosome No. 2B Chromosome No. 2 27. 2. Pseudogenes Copies of normal genes that does not makeCopies of normal genes that does not make functional proteinfunctional protein Help regulate some expression of other genesHelp regulate some expression of other genes May have developed from a common ancestorMay have developed from a common ancestor and passed it to next generationand passed it to next generation 28. 2. EndogenousRetrovirusGenome Foreign genome inserted by retroviruses in theForeign genome inserted by retroviruses in the DNA of organismDNA of organism Does not code for anythingDoes not code for anything 1/8 of human genome is composed of ERV genes1/8 of human genome is composed of ERV genes Humans have 200 thousand ERV gene insertion; and less thatHumans have 200 thousand ERV gene insertion; and less that 100 thousand ERV genes are shared with chimps100 thousand ERV genes are shared with chimps 29. Human GenomeProject 30. Evolutionary Genetics aims to prove evolution through modern genetics. There are 3 profound evidence recently accounted for: Genome similarities, Pseudogenes, ERV genes It is very rare to have same mutation in theIt is very rare to have same mutation in the same spot.same spot. All organisms living today were the species that have thrived through time The more recently two species diverged from a common ancestor, the more similar their genes are. Conclusions.. 31. Objectives After2 hours of discussion, MABioEd Students would be able to: v Recall basic knowledge on Evolution and Genetics v Define Evolutionary Genetics and Differentiate it with otherclosely related disciplines v Explain the central challenge of Evolutionary Genetics and how it was acheived v Enumerate and shortly discuss the 3 profound genetic evidence of evolution v Appreciate the importance of Evolutionary Genetics v Identify several school activities that can be facilitated to introduce the concepts of evolution and genetics 32. www.scienceandevolution.blogspot.com/2007/08/genetic-ev www.animals_wildlife.yoexpert.com/evolution/how-can-the- www.nyu.edu/projects/fitch/courses/evolution/html/evoluti www.plato.stanford.edu/entries/evolutionary-genetics www.nature.com/scitable/topic/evolutionary-genetics-13 www.youtube.com What is the Genetic Evidence for Evolution Modern Genetics confirms evolution Evolution: Genetic Evidence_Endogenous Retrovirus Evolution: Genetic Evidence_Pseudogenes Human Evolutionary Genetics: Academy of Achievement Molecular EvolutioniGenetics. A Mendelian Approach. Russel, Peter J., CA:2006, Pearson inc, pp References 33. Any question? Some questions? 34. QuiZ matching type 1. The theory that states that all novel mutations are deleterious 2. A broad field of studies resulted from the combination of darwinian evolution and Genetics 3. A technology that applies genetic mapping and DNA sequencing analysis 4. A figure depicting evolutionary relationships among species 5. A study which is a basis of the concepts in systematics and taxonomy 6. The genetic constitution of an individual 7. Concept that explains antibiotic resistance of some bacteria even if they were not directly expose d to the antibiotic 8. Change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism 9. The collection of genes in an interbreeding population 10. The physical manifestation of Nurture a. Phylogenetics b. Cladistics c. Cladogenesis d. Gene flow e. Gene pool f. Genetic drift g. Genotype h. Phenotype i. Proteomics j. Genomics k. Mutation l. Genome evolution m. Coevolution n. Convergent Evolution o. ERV and pseudogenes p. The Neutral Theory of MolecularMutation q. The Deleterious Theory of MolecularMutation r. Evolutionary Genetics s. Modern Synthesis t. Neo-Darwinism u. Horizontal Gene Transfer v. Vertical Gene Transfer 35. Reviewing theobjectives v Recall basic knowledge on Evolution and Genetics v Define Evolutionary Genetics and Differentiate it with otherclosely related disciplines v Explain the central challenge of Evolutionary Genetics and how it was acheived v Enumerate and shortly discuss the 3 profound genetic evidence of evolution v Appreciate the importance of Evolutionary Genetics v Identify several school activities that can be facilitated to introduce the concepts of evolution and genetics 36. TYVM