Name___________________________ Date____________________Evolution Regents Review

A) birds do not have the ability to learnB) individual birds need to learn to survive

and reproduceC) these behaviors helped birds to survive in

the pastD) within their lifetimes, birds developed

these behaviors

1. Some behaviors such as mating and caring foryoung are genetically determined in certainspecies of birds. The presence of thesebehaviors is most likely due to the fact that

A) isolation B) geologyC) ecology D) evolution

2. Most species on Earth have changed throughtime. This change is known as

A) ecosystem stabilityB) homeostasisC) natural selectionD) direct harvesting

3. The diversity of organisms present on Earth isthe result of

4. Base your answer to the following question on"the diagram below.

"

A) acquired characteristicsB) artificial selectionC) intermediate inheritanceD) organic evolution

Which concept is best illustrated by thephysical variations in the horse as its bodysize and structure change over time?

A) consume a large quantity of foodB) reproduce successfullyC) maintain a constant body temperatureD) be domesticated

5. In order for a species to evolve, it must beable to

A) metamorphosis B) successionC) migration D) evolution

6. The process of structural modification over along period of time that helps to explaindiversity of living things is known as

A) Production of offspring is necessary for aspecies to survive, but it is not necessaryfor an individual to survive.

B) An organism can reproduce withoutperforming any of the other lifeprocesses.

C) Production of offspring is necessary foran individual organism to survive, whilethe other life processes are important fora species to survive.

D) Reproduction is a process that requiresgametes in all species.

7. Which statement concerning production ofoffspring is correct?

A) theories of organic evolutionB) cell theoryC) fossil records of vertebratesD) concept of use and disuse

8. Possible explanations for the differences inbody structures, body functions, and behaviorbetween various life-forms are included in the

A) A new species moves into a habitat whenanother species becomes extinct.

B) Every period of time in Earth's historyhas its own group of organisms.

C) Present-day organisms on Earthdeveloped from earlier, distinctlydifferent organisms.

D) Every location on Earth's surface has itsown unique group of organisms.

9. Which statement represents the major conceptof the biological theory of evolution?

A) function of mouth parts in thegrasshopper

B) function of nephridia in the earthwormC) theory of use and disuseD) theory of organic evolution

10. Comparative studies in embryology,biochemistry, and cytology provideinformation used by modern biologists toexamine new concepts about the

A) Species A has the best chance of survival because it has the most geneticdiversity.

B) Species C has the best chance of survival because it has no gene mutations.C) Neither species B nor species D will survive because they compete for the same

resources.D) None of the species will survive because bacteria reproduce asexually.

11. The diagram below represents four different species of bacteria

Which statement is correct concerning the chances of survival for these species ifthere is a change in the environment?

A) a single gene mutation caused theresemblance

B) the insects changed because they ate thewood of the trees

C) genes were transferred from the trees tothe insects

D) natural selections of many variationshad occurred

12. Certain insects resemble the twigs of trees.Based on modern evolutionary theory, themost probable explanation for this is that

A) presence of pathogens in antibioticsB) production of antibiotics by white blood

cellsC) replication of viruses that attack

bacteriaD) survival and reproduction of unaffected

bacteria

13. If the same antibiotic is used too manytimes, it can become less effective against acertain type of bacteria. This observation isbest explained by the

A) survival of the fittest B) dynamic equilibriumC) succession D) extinction

14. The diagram below shows the effect of spraying a pesticide on a population of insectsover three generations.

Which concept is represented in the diagram?

A) competition between octopuses andtheir predators

B) ecological succession in marine habitatsC) the process of natural selectionD) selective breeding of this octopus

species

15. In an area of Indonesia where the oceanfloor is littered with empty coconut shells, aspecies of octopus has been filmed“walking” on two of its eight tentacles. Theremaining six tentacles are wrapped aroundits body. Scientists suspect that, with itstentacles arranged this way, the octopusresembles a rolling coconut. Localpredators, including sharks, seem not tonotice the octopus as often when it behavesin this manner. This unique method oflocomotion has lasted over manygenerations due to

A) transmission of acquired characteristicsB) concept of punctuated equilibriumC) concept of gradualismD) variation within a species

16. The graph below shows the results of aninvestigation related to evolution.

This graph was most likely developed fromdata involving a study of the

A) increasing need for new antibioticsB) increasing number of individuals in the

human populationC) decreasing number of new fossils

discovered in undisturbed rock layersD) decreasing activity of photosynthetic

organisms due to warming of theatmosphere

17. The concept that new varieties of organismsare still evolving is best supported by the

A) Individuals that possess the mostfavorable variations will have the bestchance of reproducing.

B) Variation occurs among individuals in apopulation.

C) More individuals are produced than willsurvive.

D) Genes of an individual adapt to achanging environment.

18. Which statement is not part of the conceptof natural selection?

19. Base your answer to the following question on the information below and on yourknowledge of biology.

 Yes, This Big Lizard is Pink 

A new study from the University of Rome Tor Vergata shows that a rarestrawberry-tinted land iguana [rosada iguana] in the Galapagos Islands isgenetically distinct from other iguanas there, having diverged from them more thanfive million years ago as the archipelago [a group of islands] formed. The rosadaiguana—which escaped Darwin's notice—was discovered only recently, largelybecause it lives on the desolate slopes of an active volcano.

Source: Smithsonian, March 2009

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

Which diagram best represents the evolutionary pathway of the strawberry-tintediguana?

A) the basic structure of the organismB) the reflex actions of the organismC) the manner in which the organism

carries out respirationD) techniques for hunting food taught by

the parents of the organism

20. One concept that supports the theory ofevolution states that organisms best adaptedfor survival are the ones that will reproduceand pass traits on to future generations.Adaptations that can be passed on do not include

A) variations in the population decreaseover time

B) members of the population decrease innumber

C) members of the population exceed thecarrying capacity

D) population passes on those genes thatresult in favorable adaptations

21. Even though the environment changes, apopulation that occupies a given geographicarea will most likely continue to be found inthis area if the

A) use and disuse B) variationC) changes in nucleic acids D) transmission of acquired traits

22. Some of the concepts included in Darwin's theory of natural selection are representedin the diagram below.

Which concept would be correctly placed in box X?

A) the fossil recordB) protein and DNA similarities between

different organismsC) similar structures among different

organismsD) a stable physical environment

23. Natural selection and its evolutionaryconsequences provide a scientificexplanation for each of the following except

A) environmental changesB) use and disuseC) asexual reproductionD) vegetative propagation

24. Which factor has the greatest effect on therate of evolution of animals?

A) overproduction in a populationB) struggle for existenceC) genetic basis for variationsD) survival of the fittest

25. Which concept was not included by Darwinin his theory of evolution?

A) natural selection B) genetic manipulationC) dynamic equilibrium D) material cycles

26. Which concept is best illustrated in the flowchart below?

A) Variations occur in animals, but not inplants.

B) Variations are acquired and will appearin the offspring.

C) Variations are the result ofoverproduction.

D) Variations influence the survival of theindividual.

27. Which concept about variations is includedin the modern theory of evolution?

A) More of the turtles’ ancestors who actedin this way survived to reproduce,passing this behavioral trait to theiroffspring.

B) The baby turtles are geneticallyidentical, so they behave the same way.

C) Turtles are not capable of evolving, sothey repeat the same behaviorsgeneration after generation.

D) The baby turtles’ ancestors who learnedto behave this way taught the behaviorsto their offspring

28. The females of certain species of turtles willsneak into a nest of alligator eggs to lay theirown eggs and then leave, never to return.When the baby turtles hatch, theyautomatically hide from the mother alligatorguarding the nest and go to the nearest bodyof water when it is safe to do so. Whichstatement best explains the behavior of thesebaby turtles?

A) undergo a series of mutations insucceeding generations

B) cause the reproduction rate inindividual organisms to increase

C) decrease in frequency from onegeneration to the next

D) remain unchanged in frequency throughmany generations

29. A trait with low survival value to themembers of a population will most likely

A) acquired characteristics in the parentfinches

B) the size of the island where the fincheslive

C) mating behaviors of the different finchspecies

D) adaptations of the finches to differentenvironments

30. Darwin's studies of finches on the GalapagosIslands suggest that the finches' differencesin beak structure were most directly due to

A) There are no variations in this grassspecies that help it to survive in anadverse environment.

B) Silicates are necessary forphotosynthesis.

C) The current species has no mutations.D) The silicates in the grass have given the

species an advantage in itsenvironment.

31. Buffalo grass is a species of plant found onthe glazing prairies of Wyoming. It is atough grass that has silicates (compoundscontaining oxygen and silicon) thatreinforce its leaves. For hundreds of years,this grass has survived in an adverseenvironment. Which statement best explainsthe presence of this grass today?

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

32. The graph below shows the percent ofvariation for a given trait in four differentpopulations of the same species. Thepopulations inhabit similar environments.

In which population will the greatest numberof individuals most likely survive if asignificant environmental change related tothis trait occurs?

A) presence of genetic variations in apopulation

B) environmental selection of organismsbest adapted to survive

C) chromosomal recombinationsD) a long period of environmental stability

33. Which factor is least likely to contribute toan increase in the rate of evolution?

A) genetic variation within the populationB) competition between members of the

speciesC) the carrying capacity for the speciesD) the rate of photosynthesis in the

population

34. Limited resource contribute to evolutionarychange in animals by increasing

A) feedback mechanism common tocarnivores that inhabit shallow pondecosystems

B) favorable adaptive trait that has led toincreased survival

C) stage of succession that leads to a newcommunity

D) gene mutation that occurred becausecarp need to survive to maintainecological stability

35. The crucian carp, a Scandinavian fish,thrives in shallow ponds that freeze overduring winter. While other creatures in thepond die from lack of oxygen, these carp areable to obtain energy through a biochemicalpathway that does not require oxygen. Thischaracteristic is an example of a

A) a small population of rabbits living in afield of grass

B) a large population of red ants living in aforest

C) an endangered population of polar bearsliving near an iceberg

D) one species of bird that nests only insugar maple trees

36. Which group would most likely have thegreatest survival success during a longperiod of environmental changes?

A) A limb is lost when two marineorganisms fight.

B) A puppy learns to beg for food bywatching an older dog perform tricks.

C) A gene is inserted into a bacterium,allowing the organism to produceinsulin.

D) A random mutation causes theimmediate death of a microbe.

37. Which situation results in a characteristicthat is inheritable?

A) It includes Darwin's concept ofvariation, but not his theory of naturalselection.

B) It includes Darwin's concept ofvariation and his theory of naturalselection.

C) It does not include Darwin's concept ofvariation or his theory of naturalselection.

D) It does not include Darwin's concept ofvariation, but it includes his theory ofnatural selection.

38. How does modern evolutionary theory relateto Darwin's concepts of variation and naturalselection?

A) These organisms are members of thesame species.

B) These organisms may have descendedfrom the same ancestor.

C) These organisms have adaptations tosurvive in different environments.

D) These organisms all contain the samegenetic information.

39. The diagrams below show the bones in theforelimbs of three different organisms.

Which hypothesis do the differences in thebone arrangements support?

A) A B) E C) K D) L

40. The evolutionary pathways of several species are represented in the diagram below.

Which species was best adapted for survival in changing environmental conditions?

A) Sexual reproduction and mutationprovide variation among organisms.

B) Traits are transmitted by genes andchromosomes.

C) More offspring are produced than canpossibly survive.

D) New organs arise when they areneeded.

41. Which statement is not included as a part ofthe modern theory of evolution?

A) gene linkageB) crossing-over between homologous

chromosomesC) survival of the fittestD) inheritance of acquired characteristics

42. A mouse has its tail completely cut off by amousetrap. Which concept proposes that theoffspring produced by this mouse will beborn without tails?

A) use and disuseB) transmission of acquired characteristicsC) reproductive isolationD) geographic isolation

43. The species of finches that Darwin found onthe Galapagos Islands displayed differentstructural and behavioral adaptations. Theseadaptations differed among the speciesaccording to the birds' varying habitats.Such adaptations most likely evolved as aresult of

A) The hawks that landed on island B haveevolved more than those on island A.

B) The hawks that landed on island A haveevolved more than those on island B.

C) The populations on islands A and Bhave undergone identical mutations.

D) The hawks on island A have given riseto many new species.

44. Thousands of years ago, a large flock ofhawks was driven from its normal migratoryroute by a severe storm. The birds scatteredand found shelter on two distant islands, asshown on the map below. The environmentof island A is very similar to the hawk'soriginal nesting region. The environment ofisland B is very different from that of islandA. The hawks have survived on theseislands to the present day with no migrationbetween the populations.

Which statement most accurately predictsthe present-day condition of these islandhawk populations?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

45. A large island in the Pacific Ocean supportsisolated populations of two groups of frogs.The following observations of these frogswere recorded by scientists.

(A) Are different in color(B) Excrete different products(C) Live in different, isolated habitats(D) Can interbreed and produce fertileoffspring

Which observation best supports theinference that these frogs belong to the samespecies?

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

46. The graph below represents the percent ofvariation for a given trait in four differentpopulations of the same species. Thesepopulations are of equal size and inhabitsimilar environments.

In which population is the greatest numberof individuals most likely to survivesignificant environmental changes related tothis trait?

A) A bacterial population cannot survive exposure to antibiotics.B) This bacterial population cannot survive exposure to this antibiotic.C) Bacteria can change whenever it is necessary to survive antibiotic treatment.D) Some of the bacterial population was resistant to this antibiotic.

47. The diagram below represents some changes that took place in a bacterial populationrecently exposed to an antibiotic.

Which statement would best explain the presence of bacteria on day 4?

A) The introduced females produced morereproductive cells than the malepanthers in Texas.

B) The introduced females solved thereproductive problems of the species byasexual methods.

C) The introduced females increased thegenetic variability of the pantherpopulation in Florida.

D) The introduced females mated onlywith panthers from Texas.

48. In 1993, there were only 30 panthers inFlorida. They were all closely related andmany had reproductive problems. To avoidextinction and restore health to thepopulation, biologists introduced 8 femalepanthers from Texas. Today, there are morethan 80 panthers in Florida and mostindividuals have healthy reproductivesystems. Why was this tactic successful?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

49. Which species in the chart below is mostlikely to have the fastest rate of evolution?

A) acquired characteristicsB) blending inheritanceC) common ancestryD) adaptive radiation

50. Darwin observed that different, but closelyrelated, species of finches filled the diverseenvironmental niches on the differentGalapagos Islands. The filling of theseenvironmental niches is known as

A) The extinction rate of species hasdecreased in the last 50 years.

B) Many bird species and some butterflyspecies make annual migrations.

C) New varieties of plant species appearmore frequently in regions undergoingclimatic change.

D) Through cloning, the genetic makeupof organisms can be predicted.

51. Which statement provides evidence thatevolution is still occurring at the presenttime?

52. Base your answer to the following question on "the information and graph below and on your knowledge of biology.

A small community that is heavily infested with mosquitoes was sprayed weekly withthe insecticide DDT for several months. Daily counts providing information onmosquito population size are represented in the graph below.

"

A) DDT caused mutations inB) DDT was only sprayed once.C) Mosquitoes resistant to DDT lived and produced offspring.D) DDT chemically reacted with the DNA of the mosquitoes.

What is the most probable reason for the decreased effectiveness of the DDT?

A) Changes occurred to help the animalsreturn to their original environment.

B) Changes contributed to the survival ofthe organisms in their newenvironment.

C) Changes helped reduce competitionwithin each group.

D) Changes indicate the species areevolving to be more like the ancestralspecies.

53. The diagram below represents the bones ofthe forelimbs of two animals alive today thatmost likely evolved from a commonancestor. Members of the original ancestralpopulation were isolated into two groups bynatural events.

If these two animals did have a commonancestor, which statement would bestexplain why there are differences in thebones?

A) the presence of a variety of foodsources

B) a reduced rate of reproductionC) a large supply of one kind of foodD) an abundance of predators

54. Beak structures differ between individuals ofone species of bird. These differences mostlikely indicate

A) mitosis produces new combinations ofinheritable traits

B) it increases the chances of DNAalterations in the parent

C) it is a source of variation in theoffspring produced

D) meiosis prevents recombination oflethal mutations

55. The diagram below represents a processinvolved in reproduction in some organisms.

This process is considered a mechanism ofevolution because

A) was transmitted to the mushrooms fromthe poisonous chemical

B) resulted from the presence of mutationsin the mushrooms

C) was transferred through the food web tothe mushrooms

D) developed in response to the poisonouschemical

56. In a group of mushrooms exposed to apoisonous chemical, only a few of themushrooms survived. The best explanationfor the resistance of the survivingmushrooms is that the resistance

A) mutations and genetic recombinationB) mutations and asexual reproductionC) the inheritance of acquired traitsD) the development of structures for

climbing trees

57. If a species of bear in Russia and the brownbear in the United States have a commonancestor, the differences between these twospecies most likely resulted from

A) They choose the same plants for food.B) They both burrow into the ground for

shelter.C) They have similarities in early

embryonic development.D) They both inhabit the same

environment.

58. Which observation provides the bestevidence that two different animals mostlikely have a common ancestor?

A) no structural differencesB) few biochemical similaritiesC) identical chromosome mutationsD) similar embryological development

59. Two organisms are closely related and arethought to share a similar evolutionaryhistory. If this assumption is correct, theseorganisms most likely have

A) A and B B) B and CC) C and D D) D and B

60. From the information given in the chartbelow, which two organisms are mostclosely related?

A) are evolving into the same speciesB) contain identical DNAC) may have similar evolutionary historiesD) have the same number of mutations

61. Two nucleotide sequences found in twodifferent species are almost exactly thesame. This suggests that these species

A) methods of reproductionB) number of their ATP moleculesC) sequences in their DNA moleculesD) structure of protein molecules present

62. To determine evolutionary relationshipsbetween organisms, a comparison wouldmost likely be made between all of thecharacteristics below except

A) B)

C) D)

63. A classification system is shown in the tablebelow.

In this classification scheme, the rectanglerepresents a species that is most closelyrelated to which other species?

A) belong to the same genusB) may have a common ancestorC) have identical chromosomesD) occupy the same niche

64. The blood of rhesus monkeys containsproteins similar to those found in the bloodof humans. This observation suggests thatrhesus monkeys and humans

65. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on yourknowledge of biology. Letters A through L represent different species of organisms.The arrows represent long periods of geologic time.

A) J and L B) G and L C) F and H D) F and G

Which two species are the most closely related?

A) A to B B) B to C C) C to D D) D to E

66. According to the interpretation of the fossil record by many scientists, during whichtime interval shown on the time line below did increasingly complex multicellularorganisms appear on Earth?

A) Species B and C can be found intoday's environments.

B) Species A and D evolved from E.C) Species A and C can still interbreed.D) Species A , B , and E all evolved from a

common ancestor and all are successfultoday.

67. Which statement concerning the evolutionof species A , B , C , D , and E is supportedby the diagram below?

A) Species A is the common ancestor ofall life on Earth.

B) Species D is more closely related tospecies E than to species F.

C) Species B is the ancestor of species F.D) Species C is the ancestor of species that

exist at the present time.

68. The diagram below illustrates possibleevolutionary pathways of some species.

Which statement is a valid inference basedon the information in the diagram?

A) Organism A was probably morestructurally advanced than organism B and organism C .

B) Organism C probably gave rise toorganism A and organism B .

C) All of these organisms probablyevolved at the same time.

D) Organism A was probably moreprimitive than organism B andorganism C .

69. The diagram below represents undisturbedrock strata in a given region. Arepresentative fossil of an organism isillustrated in each layer.

Which statement best describes arelationship between these representativeorganisms?

A) The lower rock strata would containfossils of only the simpler organisms.

B) The upper rock strata would containfossils of only the simpler organisms.

C) The upper rock strata would containfossils of only the more complexorganisms.

D) Both the lower and upper rock stratawould contain fossils of more complexorganisms.

70. If all species originated on the primitiveEarth at the same time and did not change,which pattern would be expected in thegeologic record?

A) the heterotroph hypothesisB) a common ancestryC) use and disuseD) geographic isolation

71. The diagrams below illustrate threehomologous structures.

The structural similarities represented in thediagrams are considered supportingevidence for

A) identical food preferences B) identical body sizesC) structural similarities D) habitat similarities

72. The remains of three organisms are shown below.

A study of these remains would indicate that these organisms have

A) fossils B) homozygousC) homologous D) mutations

73. Which term describes appendages that mayhave different functions, but are similar instructure an are assumed to have the sameevolutionary origin?

A) the organisms may have evolved from acommon ancestor

B) all species have one kind of bonestructure

C) the cells of the bones contain the sametype of mutations

D) all structural characteristics are thesame in animals

74. Base your answer to the following questionon the diagram below.

What do the similarities of the bones labeledA provide evidence for?

75. Base your answer to the following questionon the diagram below and on yourknowledge of biology. The diagramillustrates one possible scheme of evolutionamong various groups of organisms.

A) Members of the animal kingdom aremore complex than members of theplant kingdom.

B) Members of the animal kingdom andmembers of the plant kingdom share acommon ancestry.

C) Chordates are more closely related toarthropods than to echinoderms.

D) Members of the phylum Echinodermataand the phylum Annelida share acommon ancestry.

Which inference does the diagram bestsupport?

A) changes in the environmentB) lethal mutationsC) inability to evolve into simple

organismsD) changes in migration patterns

76. Which factor contributed most to theextinction of many species?

A) develop many mutated cellsB) become extinct over timeC) begin to reproduce sexuallyD) develop resistance to disease

77. A species that lacks the variation necessaryto adapt to a changing environment is morelikely to

A) when environmental conditions remainthe same and the proportion ofindividuals within the species that lackadaptive traits increases

B) when environmental conditions remainthe same and the proportion ofindividuals within the species thatpossess adaptive traits increases

C) when environmental conditions changeand the adaptive traits of the speciesfavor the survival and reproduction ofsome of its members

D) when environmental conditions changeand the members of the species lackadaptive traits to survive and reproduce

78. When is extinction of a species most likelyto occur?

A) A population of organisms having fewvariations living in a stableenvironment.

B) A population of organisms having fewvariations living in an unstableenvironment.

C) A population of organisms having manyvariations living in a stableenvironment.

D) A population of organisms having manyvariations living in an unstableenvironment.

79. Which population of organisms would be ingreatest danger of becoming extinct?

A) Most of the species that have lived onEarth no longer exist.

B) Most of the species that have lived onEarth still exist today.

C) Fossils of species that never existed canbe found.

D) Fossils of species that never existed,but will exist in the future, can befound.

80. According to the fossil record, whichstatement is accurate?

A) simple, single-celled organismsB) simple, multicellular organismsC) complex, single-celled organismsD) complex, multicellular organisms

81. Many scientists suggest that billions of yearsago, life on Earth began with

A) A B C B) B C AC) B A C D) C A B

82. Base your answer to the following question on the chart below and on your knowledgeof biology.

According to most scientists, which sequence best represents the order of biologicalevolution on Earth?

A) oxygen B) hydrogenC) carbon dioxide D) nitrogen

83. According to the heterotroph hypothesis,which gas given off by autotrophic activitymade the evolution of aerobes possible?

A) A and D B) B and CC) C and A D) D and B

84. The diagram below represents the apparatusused by Stanley Miller to provideexperimental evidence to support theheterotroph hypothesis.

In which parts of the setup did he attempt toduplicate the energy sources of the primitiveEarth?

A) glucose B) heatC) lightning D) radiation

85. According to the heterotroph hypothesis,energy sources for the formation of the firstorganic molecules from inorganicsubstances did not include

A) evolution of the first heterotrophs fromaggregates of organic molecules

B) development of heterotrophic forms oflife from plants

C) migration of vertebrates to coolerportions of Earth

D) decrease in asexual reproduction inprimitive organisms

86. According to some scientists, what resultedfrom the environmental conditions existingon primitive Earth illustrated below?

87. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below and on yourknowledge of biology. The graph shows the number of species that became extinctfrom 1800 to 2000. It also shows estimates of the number of species that will becomeextinct between 2000 and 2020.

A) 5,000 B) 12,000 C) 22,000 D) 37,000

The number of species that became extinct between the years 1950 and 2000 isapproximately

88. Base your answer to the following question on "the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

The three great lakes in Africa (Victoria, Tanganyika, and Malawi) contain a greaternumber of fish species than any other lakes in the world. Lake Malawi alone has 200species of cichlid fish. The diversity of cichlid species in these African lakes couldhave been caused by changes in water level over thousands of years. According to onehypothesis, at one time the three lakes were connected as one large lake and all thecichlids could interbreed. When the water level fell, groups of cichlids were isolated insmaller lakes as shown in the diagram. Over time, the groups of cichlids developedgenetic differences. When the water levels rose again, the isolated populations werebrought back into contact. Due to significant genetic differences, these populationswere unable to interbreed. Variations in water level over thousands of years resulted intoday's diversity of cich-lid species.

"

A) The water level changed little over time.B) The local conditions in each of the small lakes were very different.C) Differences between cichlid species are small and interbreeding is possible.D) Once formed, the lakes remained isolated from each other.

Which discovery would support this explanation of cichlid diversity?

A) The elephants would go to thewaterhole only when they neededwater.

B) A larger number of elephants wouldgather at the waterhole.

C) All the elephants would gather aroundspeaker C .

D) No change would occur, becauseelephant behavior cannot be modified.

89. The diagram below shows the results of afield study on the effect of low-pitchedsounds on elephant behavior. Four speakerswere placed on the elephant range anddifferent low-pitched sounds weretransmitted from each speaker.

If speaker A was moved to the edge of thewaterhole, what change in elephantbehavior, if any, would most likely occur?

90. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which representsthe relationships between animals in a possible canine family tree, and on yourknowledge of biology.

A) cats, weasels, and wolvesB) bears, raccoons, and hyena dogsC) jackals, foxes, and domestic dogsD) African hunting dogs, hyena dogs, and domestic dogs

According to the diagram, which group of organisms has the most closely relatedmembers?

91. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on yourknowledge of biology.

Better Rice The production of new types of food crops will help raise the quantity of foodgrown by farmers. Research papers released by the National Academy of Sciencesannounced the development of two new superior varieties of rice¾one producedby selective breeding and the other by biotechnology. One variety of rice, called Nerica (New Rice for Africa), is already helping farmersin Africa. Nerica combines the hardiness and weed resistance of rare African ricevarieties with the productivity and faster maturity of common Asian varieties. Another variety, called Stress-Tolerant Rice, was produced by inserting a pair ofbacterial genes into rice plants for the production of trehalose (a sugar). Trehalosehelps plants maintain, healthy cell membranes, proteins, and enzymes duringenvironmental stress. The resulting plants survive drought, low temperatures, saltysoils, and other stresses better than standard rice varieties.

A) crossing a variety of African rice with a variety of Asian riceB) cloning genes for hardiness and weed resistance from Asian riceC) using Asian rice to compete with rare African varietiesD) inserting genes for productivity and faster maturity into Asian rice

Nerica was most likely produced by

A) The statement is supported by the information given.B) The statement is not supported by the information given.C) The statement is contradicted by the information given.D) No relevant information is given regarding the statement.

92. Base your answer to the question below on the information and statement below.

Information

The Galápagos Islands in the Pacific were probably never connected to SouthAmerica. However, in the various habitats on the islands, there are about 14species of finch- like birds that appear to be related to finches on the SouthAmerican mainland. Though the Galápagos finches vary in structure, there is aclose resemblance between these species in plumage, calls, nests, and eggs. Thesespecies do not interbreed and do not compete for food.

Statement

Isolation from the South American mainland and different habitats on theGalápagos Islands are important factors in the production of new species.

What is the relationship between the statement and the information given?

93. Base your answer to the following question on the information below and on yourknowledge of biology.

In many areas, there are some small mammals whose fur color is influenced bytemperature. In these animals, the trait for fur color is expressed only if the airtemperature is above a certain level. In cold weather, when the ground is coveredwith snow, the trait is not expressed and the fur color is white.

Explain how the fur color change trait may help the small mammals survive.

94. Base your answer to the following question on the information and the data table below and on your knowledge of biology.

An investigation was carried out over a five-year period to measure the effect ofcolor on the survival of trout in a stream. The stream contained many brightlycolored stones and food was plentiful. At the start of the investigation (year 0), 100bright-colored trout and 100 drab-colored trout were placed into a section of thestream that had been blocked with netting. Investigators monitored the troutpopulations for five years and recorded the water condition each time a count wasdone. The data collected are shown in the table below.

Plot the data for the bright-colored trout on the grid. Surround each point with a smallcircle and connect the points.

95. Base your answer to the following question on the information below.

An investigation was performed to determine the resistance of two species of Anopheles mosquito to the insecticides malathion and dieldrin. In May, two groupsof 10,000 insects of each species were sprayed with insecticide. One group wassprayed with malathion, the second group with dieldrin. The number of survivinginsects was recorded after the first spraying. The surviving insects were thenallowed to reproduce. Several generations of new offspring were produced over thefollowing three months. On the first day of each month they were sprayed, and thenumber of survivors was recorded in the table below.

State one negative impact that the use of these two insecticides might have on theenvironment.

96. Base your answer to the following question on the information provided and on yourknowledge of biology.

A student observed the physical characteristics of seven organisms and preparedthe data table below. One of the student's classmates sorted the seven organismsinto two groups as shown below.

Another classmate suggested that the earthworm is more closely related to the jellyfishthan to any other organism observed. State the evidence from the data table that thestudent most likely used for this suggested relationship.

97. When Charles Darwin was developing his theory of evolution, he consideredvariations in a population important. However, he could not explain how thevariations occurred. Name two processes that can result in variation in a population.Explain how these processes actually cause variation.

98. Base your answer to the following question on on the passage below and on yourknowledge of biology.

Sudden Death from a Marine Predator

Members of the Conidae family (cone snails) have been collected for centuriesfor their beautiful and elaborately detailed shells. Cone snails are marine mollusksfound in reef environments throughout the world. Cone snails feed on organisms such as fish, worms, and other mollusks. Theyare very slow moving but capture their prey by paralyzing them using venom. Thevenom contains some of the most deadly neurotoxins known. The neurotoxinswork by attaching to receptor molecules on nerves, blocking the transmission ofnerve impulses. The neurotoxins are injected into the prey by way of a hollow,spearlike tooth and the effects are usually immediate. One species, a fish-eatingcone snail, can paralyze the prey in about two seconds. The venom produced by each species is prey specific. It may contain two ormore different types of neurotoxins, each composed of long chains of amino acids.

State one way the neurotoxin protein in the venom of cone snails can be different.

99. Two cultures, each containing a different species of bacteria, were exposed to thesame antibiotic. Explain how, after exposure to this antibiotic, the population of onespecies of bacteria could increase while the population of the other species of bacteriadecreased or was eliminated.

100. Explain why, in a mammal, a mutation in agamete may contribute to evolution while amutation in a body cell will not.

101. Base your answer to the following question on the information below.

Over the last 30 years, a part of the Hudson River known as Foundry Cove hasbeen the site for many factories that have dumped toxic chemicals into the river.Some of these pollutants have accumulated in the mud at the bottom of the river.The polluted cove water contains many single-celled organisms and simplemulticellular animals. Curiously, when the same species from nearby regions withnonpolluted sediments are moved to the polluted cove water, they die. Scientists hypothesized that the organisms living in the cove have evolved sothat they are able to survive in polluted water. To test this hypothesis, biologiststried to duplicate the history of the cove in the laboratory. They took a largenumber of one species of simple animal from a cove with unpolluted mud andplaced them in a flask that contained polluted mud from Foundry Cove (diagram1). Most of the animals died, but a few survived (diagram 2). The scientists thenbred the survivors with each other for several generations producing offspring thatwere descendants of the survivors. When placed in Foundry Cove, most of thesedescendants survived. The diagrams below represent the steps in thisinvestigation.

On the diagram of the flask above, sketch the animals that would be present in flask 3after several generations of breeding in the laboratory.

102. A certain chemical destroys bacteria thathave thin cell walls. Bacteria with thickcell walls are not affected. Describe howthe introduction of this chemical into aculture containing both types of bacteriacould be used to illustrate the theory ofnatural selection.

103. Base your answer to the following question on the information below and on yourknowledge of biology.

A plant known as caltrop is found on one of the Galapagos Islands. The caltropplant produces seeds with tough, spiny coats. There is a bird species, Geospizafortis, that can crack the tough seed coat and eat the contents inside. On one partof the island where there are many of these birds, the caltrop plants produce fewerseeds and the coats of the seeds have longer and more numerous spines. Onanother part of the island where there are few of these birds, the plants producemore seeds and the seed coats have fewer, shorter spines.

Identify one variation the caltrop seeds have for survival.

104. Growers of fruit trees have always had problems with insects. Insects cancause visible damage to fruits, making them less appealing to consumers. As aresult of this damage, much of the fruit cannot be sold. Insecticides have beenuseful for controlling these insects, but, in recent years, some insecticides havebeen much less effective. In some cases, insecticides do nothing to stop the insectattacks.

Provide a biological explanation for this loss of effectiveness of the insecticides. Inyour answer, be sure to: • identify the original event that resulted in the evolution of insecticide resistancein some insects • explain why the percentage of resistant insects in the population has increased • describe one alternative form of insect control, other than using a differentinsecticide, that fruit growers could use to protect their crops from insect attack

105. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on yourknowledge of biology.

When Whales Walked the Earth

A newly unearthed fossil is the missing link between land and marine mammals

Standing two to three feet tall on legs adapted to wade through shallow water, the48-million-year-old Indohyus is the missing link between modern day whales andtheir land-lubbing ancestors. Hans Thewissen of the Northeastern Ohio UniversitiesColleges of Medicine and Pharmacy recovered the skeleton in rocks from Kashmir, adisputed region between India and Pakistan, where the deer-like herbivore livedduring the Eocene epoch, 56 to 34 million years ago. The extreme thickness of its bones is a trait seen often in animals that are aquaticwaders (thick, heavy bones counteract buoyancy and allow the animal to stayunderwater more easily), and chemical traces in its teeth indicate that the animal ateplants in a freshwater environment. Scientists know that Indohyus belongs in theevolutionary path with whales because it has skeletal similarities to both modernwhales and known primordial whale ancestors.Source: Day Greenberg, "When Whales Walked the Earth," Popular Science, May2008Identify one structure present in Indohyus mentioned in the passage. State how thatstructure made Indohyus successful in its environment during the Eocene Epoch.

Answer KeyEvolution Regents Review

1. C2. D3. C4. D5. B6. D7. A8. A9. C10. D11. A12. D13. D14. A15. C16. D17. A18. D19. C20. D21. D22. B23. D24. A25. C26. A27. D28. A29. C30. D31. D32. D

33. D34. B35. B36. B37. C38. B39. C40. B41. D42. D43. D44. A45. D46. D47. D48. C49. D50. D51. C52. C53. B54. A55. C56. B57. A58. C59. D60. C61. C62. B63. D64. B

65. D66. D67. A68. B69. D70. D71. B72. C73. C74. A75. D76. A77. B78. D79. B80. A81. A82. B83. A84. A85. A86. A87. C88. B89. A90. C91. A92. A

93. — The traitincreases chancesfor survival of thesmall mammals byhelping them blendinto theirenvironment. —They can avoidbeing eaten bypredators if theyare camouflaged.

94. Correctly plottingthe data for thebright-coloredtrout, surroundingeach pointwith a small circle,and connecting thepoints.

95. Examples: —Malathion anddieldrin may killbeneficial insects.— The malathionand dieldrin maypollute watersupplies. —Malathion anddieldrin adverselyaffect otherorganisms.

96. The earthworm andjellyfish have all(or the most)observedcharacteristics incommon.

Answer KeyEvolution Regents Review

97. The student shouldname two processesthat can result invariation in apopulation andexplainhow theseprocesses causevariation.Appropriateresponses include,but are not limitedto, the following:• Mutations changeDNA, resulting innew traits.• Fertilizationinvolves union ofgenes from each oftwo parents,resulting inoffspring differentfrom either parent.

98. –The amino acidsequence can bedifferent. –Thenumber of aminoacids can bedifferent.

99. Examples: —Organisms withantibiotic resistancewould survive andreproduce. Otherswithout resistancewould decrease innumber.

100. Examples: —Mutations in agamete may lead tovariation in apopulation. —Mutationsoccurring in bodycells are not passedon to offspring. —Mutations ingametes may bepassed on tooffspring.

101.

102. Examples: —Through survival ofthe fittest, only thethick-walledbacteria wouldsurvive. — Whenthe chemical isintroduced, onlythe bacteria withthick cell wallssurvive. — Theintroduction of thechemical causes anenvironmentalchange thatselectively allowsonly thethick-walledbacteria to survive.

103. tough seed coats or spiny seed coats

104. (essay)

105. — legs – adapted towade throughshallow water —heavy bones – tocounteractbuoyancy — teeth– adapted to eatingfreshwater plants

Answer KeyEvolution Regents Review

104. • A mutation (or genetic change) probably occurred that led to the resistance to the insecticide• The percentage of resistant insects in the population has increased over the years because they survivedwhen the insecticide was used, and were then able to reproduce and pass on the resistance• release natural predators of the insects; the release of large numbers of sterile males of insect species thatdamage fruits; provide conditions that help predators of the insects live in the area; genetically engineerinsect-resistant plants