Evolution Part 2. Vocabulary Adaptive value– the value to the population of an adaptation Common...
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Transcript of Evolution Part 2. Vocabulary Adaptive value– the value to the population of an adaptation Common...
![Page 1: Evolution Part 2. Vocabulary Adaptive value– the value to the population of an adaptation Common Descent – organisms have a common ancestor.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f1b5503460f94c31284/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Evolution Part 2
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Vocabulary
Adaptive value– the value to the population of an adaptation
Common Descent – organisms have a common ancestor
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Struggle for existence – every organism struggles to survive, but only the fittest survive
Genetic equilibrium – situation in which allele frequencies remain constant
Reproductive isolation – organisms become unable to breed and produce fertile offspring
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Speciation – a new species is formed
Genetic Drift – random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations
Disruptive selection – Form of natural selection where the 2 ends of the distribution curve are favored
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Geographic isolation – form of reproductive isolation where 2 populations are separated physically
Behavioral isolation – form of reproductive isolation in which 2 populations have differences in courtship rituals that prevents interbreeding
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EVOLUTION Part 2
I. Darwin and DNADarwin did not know how heredity
worked.Two factors he couldn’t explain:
1. Source of variation2. how inheritable traits were passed from one generation to the next
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II Gene PoolsCombined genetic information of all the
Members of a particular population.
Two main sources of genetic variation:1. Mutations -- change in sequence of DNA
2. Genetic shuffling – sexual reproduction (crossing-over)
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III Genetic Drift
In small populations, an allele becomes more or Less common simply by chance.
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IV When will evolution NOT occur?
When there is genetic equilibrium – allele Frequencies remain constant .
* if the allele frequencies do not change , the population will not evolve.
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Hardy-Weinburg principle
FIVE conditions to maintain genetic equilibrium:
1. random mating2. large population
3. no movement in or out of population
4. no mutations
5. no natural selection
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ORIGIN OF LIFE *Current scientific view of events on early Earth
Primitive Earth
1. Surface- sea of molten rock
2. Atmosphere- gases such as: hydrogen cyanide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, water NO OXYGEN
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3. Earth cooled enough to form crust ; violent volcanic activity
4. More cooling caused thunderstorms which created oceans.
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How could organic molecules have evolved under these conditions?
Stanley Miller and Harold Urey simulated conditions on early Earth in the laboratory.
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• Filled flask with hydrogen , methane ,ammonia, and water.
• Passed electric sparks through mixture of gases to simulate lightning
• Over a few days, several amino acids began to accumulate (organic compounds)
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Sidney Fox demonstrated iteractions
among these organic molecules.
These experiments joined Miller’s
organic compounds into aggregates,
similar in form to “ cell-like ” structures.
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These first aggregates were called
heterotrophs and were similar to
prokaryotic bacteria and had the
ability to reproduce.
These discoveries created the heteotroph hypothesis.
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Heterotrophs -- anaerobic respiration -- CO2 given off
Autotrophs -- O2 given off – aerobic respiration
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Excessive oxygen in the atmosphere produced an ozone layer which gave protection from ultraviolet radiation.
Some anaerobic species became extinct, while others adapted to the environmental change.
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PATTERNS of EVOLUTION
1. Punctuated equilibrium• long, stable periods of no change interrupted
by brief periods of more rapid change which produced many new species
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2. Gradualismevolution occurs gradually, slowly and continuously
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Divergent Speciation