Evolution of Operating Systems

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Operating Systems:

A Short History of Their Development

BY: PETRA KUMI 9F


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Contents:


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Before Operating Systems (OS)

The earliest computers lacked any kind ofoperating systems. They were simple machinesthat required punched paper cards to operate

the required program and data. People would have to wait for hours to get their

turn on using the computer, and then theyd have

to wait again, until the machine finished the

process, or the program crashed. The need for faster processing and less waiting

gave birth to the first concepts of primitive OSs


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The Earliest, Most Primitive OSs

As machines became more powerful, the queue timebecame shorter, until it fully diminished into a stack ofpunched cards, which the machine selected using magneticfields to select and process, now a lot faster.

While jobs used to get done manually by each user, nowthere was a specialized person who took care ofmaintenance of the computer, and later that was replacedby automated machines that also fixed data loss caused bysystem crashes and announced when people had tochange magnetic tapes. They also started doing multiplejobs at once.

This was the most primitive form and the beginning of theOperating System, which slowly evolved to become a full-functioning OS


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An underlying program offering basic hardware-management, software-schedulingand resource-monitoring may seem a remote ancestor to the user-oriented OSesof the personal computing era. But there has been a shift in the meaning of OS.Just as early automobiles lacked speedometers, radios, and air-conditioners whichlater became standard, more and more optional software features becamestandard features in every OS package, although some applications such as database management systems and spreadsheets remain optional and separatelypriced. This has led to the perception of an OS as a complete user-system with anintegrated graphical user interface, utilities, some applications such as texteditors and file managers, and configuration tools.

It may seem that this monitoring machine is a remote ancestor to the user-oriented OSes of the personal computer era. But throughout history, there havebeen changes. What was optional at first, later became a neccessity, just likeoptional things like speedometers, radios and air conditioners became usual in

cars. This has led to a different perception of OSes. They are thought to be integrated

graphical interfaces, containing software like utilities, text editors, etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_base_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_base_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_base_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_managerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_managerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_managerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_base_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_base_management_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer


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Evolution of Operating Systems

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