Evolution of Asia Pacific subsea cable capacity

A golden age for APAN’s R&E community

Yves Poppe

BBC meeting (BackBone Committee)

APAN 46

August 5th-9th 2018, Auckland, NZ

REANNZ anchor tenant on Hawaiki!

• Hawaiki just went live this july 20th 2018. Major milestone for New Zealand.

• 2 fibre pairs Australia to USA, one pair NZ to USA; 43 Tbps capacity.

• REANNZ has a 25-year anchor tenancy on behalf of the New Zealand

government.

• Other anchor tenants include Vodafone, AWS and American Samoa.

• Supplied by TE Subcom

• Privately financed.

Amazing!Congratulations

REANNZ!Congratulations,

New Zealand!

AARnet co-owner on both the Indigo and JGA cables!

• The Indigo cable will run from Perth to Singapore and the JGA cable willconnect Japan, Guam and Australia (Sydney).

• The Indigo consortium comprises Google, Singtel, Telstra, Indonesia’s Indosat Ooredoo, Superloop and AARNet. It will be supplied by Nokia’s Alcatel Submarine Networks (ASN), RFS: mid 2019

• Based on a two-fibre pair ‘open cable’ design with spectrum-sharing technology. This will give members the ability to independently proceed with systems as upgrades. Each of the two fibre pairs will have a capacity of 18Tbps, with future increases possible. AARnet’s spectrum ownership will give it a staggering potential of 3Tbps between Australia and Singapore!!

• The JGA partners include Google, AARnet and RTI-C, will be supplied by Alcatel and NEC, 36Tbps capacity, RFS Q4 2019

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Two APAN members own Terabits worth of subsea cable capacity,

Waw, awesomeCongratulations, REANNZ and AARNet!

The rise of international 100Gbps in APAN

• January 2014: 100Gbps challenge by Yves Poppe at APAN37 in Bandung, Indonesia:

Connect Asia to America at 100GBps in time for SC14 in New Orleans in november.

• GLIF 2014, Queenstown, NZ: 100Gbps demo with US West-Coast.

• SC14 New Orleans: A*STAR and SingAREN demonstrate 100Gbps connectivity and

applications between Singapore and New Orleans.

• September 2015: first operational transpacific 100Gbps R&E connection, cost shared

between Singapore and internet2.

• Today: six 100Gbps transpacific APAN member connections: Japan (2), Australia (2),

Korea (1), Singapore (1)

• october 2017: first intra-Asia APAN 100Gbps connectivity with the Singapore- Hong

Kong – Japan circuit cost shared between SingAREN and NICT with mutual back-up

and transit agreement in the spirit of the R&E GNA (Global Network Architecture).

• Singapore to Japan NII funded cct upgraded to 100Gbps

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The 100gbps R&E ring around the Globe on the verge of becoming a reality

• Professor Tan Tin Wee’s vision of a 100Gbps R&E ring around the Globe, first

expressed in 2014 will become a reality in the first half of 2019.

• At the TNC18 Conference in Trondheim, Norway, in june, Japan announced a

100gbs connection to Europe via the Trans Siberian railway plus a 100Gbps

connection from Europe to the USA, RFS Q1 2019.

• Also at TNC18 a consortium of R&E partners including Nordunet, Geant and

TEIN*CC, Surfnet, SingAREN and AARNet announced co-funding of a 100Gbps

15 year IRU linking Europe to Singapore with a planned RFS date of end Q1

2019.

• This will bring the ultimate objective of GLIF closer to reality while the R&E

GNA (Global Network Architecture) with the partners providing each other

mutual back-up, transit and overflow capabilities will expand to global reality.

APR: Asia-Pacific Ring MoU signatories

MoU signed at APAN 45 in Singapore in March 2018

Tokyo

HK台北

SG

Guam

SINET

SINET

SINET

TP-PW

PIREN

SG-I2

JGN-SG

AU-SG-EU

JGN-SGTP

100G

100G Back up

10-20G

Asia-Pacific Backbone in 2019

AARNET

TW

TW

Asia Pacific Ring“Asia Europe Ring”

KOREN

Seoul

Courtesy Kazunori Konishi

8

Planned 100Gbps R&E connectivity by mid 2019

Slough, EU

Singapore

Los Angeles, USA

100GbpsSingAREN/Internet2

100 GbpsNICT/SingAREN

100GbpsTransPAC/Pacific Wave/WIDE

100Gbps

Tokyo, JP

100GbpsSINET

400GbpsANA-400GInternet2,NORDUnet/GEANT/SURFnet

100GbpsSINET 100Gbps

KRLight

SouthKorea

Beyond Networking: APRP Asia Pacific Research Platform

• The vast majority of Researchers are not ad hoc communications specialists and do

not care about VLAN’s or fine tuning GridFTP or Globus throughput rates. They want

an easy API to access compute, data or instruments securely and efficiently, wherever

they are located.

• The various disciplines will enjoy the benefits of their own private network running

over the shared infrastructure. This is made possible through te use of dedicated

systems as data transfer nodes (DTNs) including Performance measurement and

network testing systems that are regularly used to characterize and troubleshoot the

network and most importantly Security Policies and enforcement mechanisms that are

tailored for high performance science environments.

• Operational RP’s are increasingly being used by various disciplines including weather

forecasting, genomics, AI, HEP, astronomy and HPC.

• An APRP WG is being formed within APAN with Jeonhoon Moon (KISTI Korea) as Chair

and Andrew Howard (ANU Australia) as co-Chair.

• The final objective: Research at the speed of thought

Convergence of Compute, Storage and CommunicationsCollaboration is crucial for Economic Prosperity

• AI, Deep Learning, machine learning with associated simulations and analysis have become a source of discovery. Areas such as Genomics and personalized medicine require ultra high security and reliability, fast data replication and disaster recovery.

• Exascale computing is seen as the next Frontier with the USA, Europe, Japan and China allocating each in excess of one billion US$ to be the first to reach this milestone by the early 2020’s. The july 2018 TOP500 list now has 272 petaflop level machines up from 181 in November 2017 and 2 back in nov 2008. The list now includes sixteen 10 Petaflop level machines.

• To remain relevant facing the exascale challenge, Singapore would like to invite APAN members and in particular ASEAN members to build shared HPC resources and the associated network infrastructure based on APRP to support our researchers in Government and Industry Research Labs and Academia as all research areas are becoming data and compute intensive.

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Subsea Capacity EvolutionPlenty of terabit action continues in AsiaPac

2016: FASTER, BBG, APG, SEAMEWE-5

2017: AAE-1, SEA-US

2018: NCP, Hawaiki , ASC

2019: JGA, PLCN, HKG

2020: HKA, Jupiter, BtoBE

See telegeography interactive map:

https://submarine-cable-map-2018.telegeography.com/

intra-Asia workhorses: APG and SJCSJC2 on the way

Asia Pacific Gateway (APG) was launched in November 2016, 100Gbps

capable and capacity of 54.8Tbps.

South East Asia Japan (SJC) was launched in june 2013 has 6 pairs and

28Tbps design capacity

SJC2 coming: Singtel led consortium, 8 pairs, 144Tbps, RFQ Q4 2020

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SJC2

Asia Pac Subsea capacity: 2016 and 2017 were banner years

2016 had seen the activation of

• the US-Japan FASTER cable (60Tbs),

• the Singapore-Malaysia-Oman-UAE BBG (Bay of Bengal) cable

• the long awaited SEAMEWE-5

• The intra Asia’s APG.

2017 has seen some major cables and capacity coming on-line

• MCT cable : Malaysia – Cambodia-Thailand with 1.5 Tbps initially, upgradable up to 30Tbps launched in May. Partners are Cambodian provider Telcotech (owned by Ezecom), Telekom Malaysia, Symphony and DTAC. Golden opportunity for R&E in the region.

• TGA (Tasmania Global Access) NZ-Australia : 2 pairs, 20Tbps: March 2017

• ATISA: launched May 2017; 4Tbps capacity: Guam to Northern Marianas

• AAE-1 to Europe with 40Tbps capacity in July 2017

• SEA-US on the US-Hawaii-Guam-Philippines-Indonesia: aug 2017

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New Transpacific cables coming in 2018

1. NCP: New Cross Pacific

China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, USA

Design capacity; 81.9Tbps; Micosoft is a partner

Supplier: TE Subcom, RFS: went live in May 2018

2. PLCN: Pacific Light Cable Network

direct HK-USA cable. 5 pair, 120Tbps! Google and Facebook invest

RFS : Q4 2018 – Q1 2019

3. HAWAIKI: Australia – Hawaii- US West Coast

supplier TE Subcom, 30Tbps design capacity; RFS went live in July 2018

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More Transpacific cables scheduled for 2020

• HKA: Hong-Kong – USA

Supplier: Alcatel, 80Tbps design capacity

China Unicom. China Telecom, Facebook, Tata, Telstra

RFS 2020

• Jupiter: Philippines – Japan - USA

Supplier: TE Subcom

Facebook, Amazon, PCCW, Softbank, NTT, PLDT

RFS 2020

• BtoBE: Singapore – HK – USA

Supplier: NEC. 108Tbps design capacity

China Mobile International, Facebook, Amazon (AWS)

RFS late 2020 will connect to SJC2 also scheduled for Q4 2020

Pacific islands

• Fiji, Tokelau and Kiribati have secured connections to the 60Tbps NEXT submarine cable linking Australia, NZ and the US. RFS 2019.

• American Samoa, New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga have joinedHawaiki (RFS july 2018) linking Australia, NZ and the US.

• Tui-Samoa cable network: connects Samoa to Wallis and Futuna, Vanua Levu (the second largest island of Fiji) and Suva on the Fiji mainland. RFS jan ; Manatua: linking Niue, Samoa, the Cook Islands and French Polynesia. RFS end 2018

• MOANA cable: NZ to Hawaii via Samoa, 20Tbps, realizationuncertain. No updates since 2016.

• NATITUA system: will link Tahiti to eight atolls in the archipelago of Tuamotu, with two islands of Marquisas. NATITUA will extend the existing Honotua cable system, whichconnects the French Polynesian islands of Tahiti, Moorea, Huahine, Raiatea and Bora Bora to Hawaii (US). 10Tbps , Alcatel. Work started this july 2018.

• CSCS: Australia – PNG- Solomon RFS Q4 2019

• ICN2: Vanuatu to Solomon Islands Q4 2019

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Eurasia Westwards to Europe

• With SEAMEWE-5 and AAE-1 on-line one might expect

a relatively quiet couple of years but…

• EAGLE:

HK- Th- Mumbai – ME - Italy RFS end 2020, 96Tbs GCX

(Reliance subsidiary). The first section of the cable will

connect Mumbai (India) with Hong Kong via Thailand, with

branching units to a number of locations, including

Singapore. The second section will route from Mumbai via

the Middle East to Italy.

• AWE

Australia (Perth) to Djibouti: RFS end 2019 (financing?)

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More projects materializing

• ASC (Australia Singapore Cable): linking Perth-Indonesia- Singapore : RFS date:

august 2018, 30Tbps .

• HK-G: Hong Kong Guam: 48Tbps RFS Q4 2019 connects to SEA-US

• NEXT : Southern Cross project 60Tbps Australia-NZ-USA. Owned by Telecom NZ

(50%), Singtel-Optus (40%) and Verizon (10%) ; will interconnect with existing

Southern Cross cables. RFS end 2019

• MYTHIC: Myanmar-Malaysia-Thailand 20Tbps capacity RFS mid 2018 ??

• SEAX-1: Singapore-Indonesia-Malaysia, 24 pairs, a 9.6Tbps RFS mid 2018 (?), Huawei

• SEAX-2: Singapore- Indonesia - Guam – 10Tbps (financing?)

• SIGMA: Singapore-Myanmar RFS mid 2019, 32Tbps capacity

• PEACE: Pakistan-Djibouti-Kenya. 60Tbps, RFS Q3 2019, Huawei. Financed by China

Development Bank. To connect to Silkroad terrestrial cable.

• SAEX-1: South Africa to USA via Fortaleza, RFS Q4 2020

• SAEX-2 : South Africa to Malaysia, 4 pairs, minimum 48Tbps. RFS?

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Elsewhere in the world

• MONET cable: 60Tbps, three pairs, Brazil to Forida: RFS may 2018

• SEABRAS-1: Brazil to New Jersey: 72 Tbps, RFS sept 2017. ABRB cable (Argentina – Brazil, 48tbps)

will connect to Seabras-1. RFS mid to late 2018.

• MAREA: transatlantic, Virginia Beach to Bilbao, Spain; led by Microsoft and Facebook; 160Tbps

capacity!! RFS Q4 2017, up and running

• SACS : Angola to Brazil where it will connect to Monet: Q4 2018

• HAVFRUE: US to Denmark. RFS Q4 2019 108Tbps capacity. TE-Subcom. Investors include Facebook,

Aquacomms

• SAIL: Kribi (Cameroon) to Fortaleza (Brazil),. China Unicom is Partner. 72 Tbps RFS: Q4 2018, Huawei.

• ELLALINK: Brazil-Portugal-Spain: 72Tbps, Alcatel, RFS 2020. Geant has a 25mega$ commitment,

partner with RedClara under the BELLA project

• CC: China –Chile crossing the Pacific. Three possible routes being evaluated.

• IOX: South Africa- Mauritius-India 54Tbps Alcatel. RFS end 2019

• CURIE: LA to Valparaiso. TE-Subcom. 100% Google owned!

• QUANTUM: Israel –Cyprus-Greece-Italy-France-Spain: 160 Tbps, RFS oct 2020 will connect to MAREA.

• DUNANT: 100% Google owned, TE Subcom; , Virginia Beach to France. 4 pairs, RFS Q4 2020

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Petabit level transoceanic cables in the early 2020s?

• When MAREA capacity of 160Tbps came on-line end of 2017 the Petabit horizon of the late 2020’s came forward to the mid 2020’s

• Alcatel-Lucent Submarine Networks and Nokia Bell Labs have achieved 65 Tbpstransmission capacity over a 6,600 km single mode fiber using Bell Labs’ Probabilistic Constellation Shaping (PCS) technology with a new modulation technique to maximize the distance and capacity of high-speed transmission in optical networks.

• Aqua Comms has completed a trial of Ciena’s WaveLogic 3 Extreme transmission technology on their AEConnect which connects NY to London via Dublin. This confirmed that Ciena’s 150 Gbps per wavelength 8QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) technology can already increase most up to date capacity by 50%.

• In May 2018, NEC and Google demonstrated a possible factor of 2.5 capacity increase on the 11,000 km FASTER cable using AI and probabilistic shaping at a modulation of 64QAM. It was the first time, on a live cable, that AI was used to analyze data for the purpose of nonlinearity compensation (NLC). NEC developed an NLC algorithm based on data-driven deep neural networks (DNN) to accurately and efficiently estimate the signal nonlinearity.

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A prediction?

The world will see

Exascale Computing in 2022 and

the first Petabit level

transcontinental data

transmission cable in 2024

Creativity requires the courage to let go of certainties.

Erich Fromm