Evolution Notes. Indirect Evidence Data gathered by looking at the effects of an event rather than...
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![Page 1: Evolution Notes. Indirect Evidence Data gathered by looking at the effects of an event rather than witnessing the actual event.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649ea05503460f94ba30bd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Evolution Notes
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Indirect Evidence Data gathered by looking at the effects
of an event rather than witnessing the actual event.
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Evolution is a change in the inherited traits of a
population from one generation to the next. This process causes organisms to change over time.
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Conditions required for fossils to form
Sediments like sand or silt Quick burial of organism Bones or shells
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Do all dead organisms make fossils?
No!!
Most organisms are eaten, decomposed, broken apart, etc instead of becoming fossils.
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Types of fossils Amber = hardened tree sap
Bones and petrification Molds, casts, and imprints
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Ice
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Bones and petrification
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Molds, casts
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Imprints and trace fossils
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Relative dating Relative dating
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Radioactive Dating
The radiocarbon dating method was developed in the 1940's by Willard F. Libby and a team of scientists at the University of Chicago. It subsequently evolved into the most powerful method of dating late Pleistocene and Holocene artifacts and geologic events up to about 50,000 years in age.
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Index Fossils Common, widespread, fossils that only
existed for a “short” time. Useful for estimating a time period for
rock strata that contains these fossils.
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Transitional forms/ missing links
An organism that shows the transition from one species to another.
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Comparative cytology
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Comparative biochemistry
DNA Amino Acid sequences Enzymes
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Comparative anatomy Homologous structures
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Comparative anatomy Analogous Structures
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Comparative anatomy Vestigial structures
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Comparative embryology
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Origins of Life Spontaneous generation
– Some used to think that flies came from rotting meat and mice came from hay
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Origins of life space seed hypothesis
– Bacteria from a meteor from another planet In 1969 a meteorite (left-over bits from the origin of the
solar system) landed near Allende, Mexico. The Allende Meteorite (and others of its sort) have been analyzed and found to contain amino acids
special creation theory – A creator (god) made the first cells
Heterotroph Hypothesis– The first living things ate chemicals from the “primordial
soup”
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Early earth conditions
The atmosphere was methane, ammonia, water, and hydrogen gas. X-rays and UV rays from the sun were not blocked by the atmosphere.
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Present Earth Conditions
UV Rays are blocked by the ozone layer
X-rays are absorbed by Nitrogen and Oxygen in the atmosphere
Atmosphere is made of Nitrogen, Oxygen, a little carbon dioxide, and some water vapor.
Our oxygen comes from autotrophs!
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Stanley Miller Experiment
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Amino Acids were formed
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Hydrothermal vent where chemotrophs live
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Lamark: Law of use and disuse
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Lamark Inheritance of acquired traits
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August Weismann: Disproved acquired inheritance.
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Darwin English naturalist Took a 5 year trip around the world Was one of the people who developed
the idea of evolution.
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Overproduction– Most species produce far more offspring than are needed to
maintain current population levels Competition
– Food, space and other resources are limited. Not all organisms will get their needs met.
Variation– There are differences between members of a species.
Adaptations– Some variations increase an organisms chance of survival.
Natural Selection – The environment “selects” organisms with advantageous traits, they
survive, reproduce, and pass on the good traits to their offspring.
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What is a species? Organisms that are able to reproduce
and make viable offspring are of the same species.
Speciation = formation of a new species.
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Modern Theory of Evolution How do natural variations occur?
– Mutations A change in the DNA
– Sexual reproduction (crossing over)
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Natural Selection This is the mechanism of evolution.
Traits that help you survive will be passed on to your offspring. The frequency of that useful trait will increase in the population = change
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Examples of natural selection Mosquitos that are resistant to DDT
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Examples of natural selection
Penicillin resistant bacteria
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Examples Peppered moths
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Camouflage
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Warning Coloration
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Mimicry
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Types of natural selection
Directional
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Types of natural selection
Stabilizing
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Types of natural selection
Disruptive
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Speciation Range Where
an organism lives
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Speciation Geographic isolation: species adapt to new environments
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Bottleneck effect
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Speciation Reproductive isolation
– Genetic, behavioral, timing differences
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Speciation Polyploidy
– More than the normal # of chromosomes
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Speciation Adaptive radiation
– One species evolves into many different species.
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Convergent evolution Natural selection that causes
unrelated species to resemble each other.
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Co-evolution: two or more species that evolve in response to each other
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Gradualism
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Gradualism: slow and gradual changes regularly over time.
Punctuated Equilibrium: quick and sudden changes followed by a long period of stability.
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Population A group of species in an area.
Evolution is a change in the frequency of a gene in a population of organisms over time.
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Gene Pool A gene pool is
the sum of all the individual genes in a given population
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Extinction
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Microevolution vs. Macroevolution