Evolution
description
Transcript of Evolution
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Evolution By Perri, Marina and Chloe
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Who was Charles Darwin?
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● Charles Darwin was the father of evolution● Wrote a book
o On the Origins of Species● Buried next to Isaac Newton
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Who was Charles Lyell?
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● American geologist ● He studied landforms and how the Earth
changed over time
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Thomas Malthus
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● Thomas Malthus was a sociologist, scientist, and a politician.
● He studied why some people survived disease and some didn’t.
● (Survival of the Fittest)
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Who was Alfred Wallace?
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● He immediately came up with the same exact conclusions as Darwin
● Darwin contacts Wallace - they work together and publish articles independently and together
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What were were Darwin’s two main points?
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● Descent with modificationo New organism forms due to the
accumulation of mutations over millions of years New species evolved
● Natural Selectiono Nature selects the stronger and more
desirable and those traits are then passed down to their offspring Beneficial mutation
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What is a fossil?
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● The remains of a formerly existing creature from a long time ago
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What is a fossil record?
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● A timeline of when organisms existed in relationships to other organisms
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What are the two ways to determine how something is relative to something else?
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● Relative dating - this is older/younger than that without a timeframe
● Absolute dating - carbon dating pinpoints a more specific time period
● Half Life - the amount of time it takes for half an element to break down and disappear
● Ex. Carbone has a life of 5,730 years
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What does Extinct mean?
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● When the last living member of a species dies
● There are no more of that certain species
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What are homologous structures?
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● Structures that look the same but are different
● Ex: Cats front foot and human hand● This suggests a common ancestor
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Analogous Structures?
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● They look different but do the same thing● Ex: Birds, bees, butterflies all have wings
but don’t look alike
● They do not have a common ancestor
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What is a vestigial structure?
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● Structure in the body that was used at one time in the past but no longer is used during current time Ex. appendix, and tail bone in humans
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What is variation?
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● The natural or expected differences within 1 type of organisms
● EX: size and height
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Natural vs. Artificial Selection?
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● The idea that nature chooses what is more desirable vs. selection by organisms to support or not support living
● EX: teacup poodles
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Antibiotics vs. Pesticides
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● Antibiotics can cause medications to work in the future because organisms adapt to them (natural variation)
● Bacteria has natural variation and it changes depending on their environment
● Pesticides work in a similar way○ farmers use them on crops
● Some insects can withstand the pesticides
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What is speciation?
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● The formation of new species due to the accumulation of mutations
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What is geographic isolation?
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● A huge impediment to evolution and reproduction
● Location makes it difficult to breed
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What is reproductive isolation?
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● When two organisms are capable of breeding but due to timing differences in the reproductive cycle, they do not breed with each other
● Ex. Skunks and cranes
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Genetic Drift
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● The movement or change in genes from one generation to the next
● EX: eye color in Sweden (prone to blue eyes)
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Gene Pool
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● All of the available genes in the population
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What is adaptive radiation?
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● Life can be found in the most extreme environments
● Wherever something can live, something will live
● Ex. Hawaii/ albatross
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Bottleneck/Founder effect
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When a disease or natural disaster wipes out a significant amount of the population, it creates a smaller gene pool and some genes are lost forever
EX: beads in a bottle, stuck in the bottom
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What is the difference between disruptive, directional, and stabilizing selection?
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● Stabilizing - favors the average ● Directional - favors one extreme or the
other● Disruptive - favors both extremes at the
same time
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What is cost-benefit analysis?
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● The measuring of pros and cons to determine a course of action
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What is gradualism?
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● Slowly over time, mutations and changes will occur and organisms will evolve gradually
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What is punctuated equilibrium?
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● Philosophy that organisms stay the way they are for long periods of time, then there is a drastic change due to the environment.
● In the end, they change quickly and stay the same for a long time again
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What is co- evolution?
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● This is when multiple species evolve together
● Change over time ● EX. hummingbird and flower = nectar
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What is parallel evolution?
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● Organisms that evolve along a parallel pathway but do not necessarily share a common ancestor
● Ex: Shark and a whale o similar body type to move through water but
not related
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What is divergent evolution?
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● Organisms that share common ancestors and evolve up to a certain point - then they branch and develop in different directions
● Ex. human hand and a whale flipper
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What is convergent evolution?
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● Very similar to parallel evolution● organisms that developed on different
paths through mutations and came to a common structure
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What were the first organisms on Earth?
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● Organism were anaerobic – didn’t breathe oxygen
● Not heterotrophs – made their own food – autotrophs
● Give off oxygen over hundreds of millions of years
● Organisms were then able to become more complex and multicellular
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What was the Endosymbiotic Theory?
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● Hypothesis● Mitochondria and chloroplasts one lived on
their own● They merged w another type of simple cell
and all benefited from this relationship● Mutualistic relationship and over time
became dependent on each other● Need each other to survive
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What was Miller and Urey?
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● Theory of life – Miller’s Flask