Evolucija: predavanja za 4.

letnik programa Biologija in…

doc. dr. Andrej Šorgo, Oddelek za

biologijo FNM

4. 10. 2011

Študijski viri

BAJD, Barbara (ur.). Where did we come from? : current views on human

evolution. Ljubljana: Faculty of Education, 2010. 170 str., ilustr. ISBN 978-961-

253-055-6.

Biološka evolucija je osrednje vezivo za

razumevanje zgradbe in delovanja ţivega

• Title: NOTHING IN BIOLOGY MAKES SENSE

EXCEPT IN LIGHT OF EVOLUTION

• Author(s): DOBZHANSKY, T.

• Source: AMERICAN BIOLOGY TEACHER

• Volume: 35 Issue: 3 Pages: 125-129

• Published: 1973

• Times Cited: 453 (from Web of Science)

V bazi SCI je v kategoriji Evolucijska

biologija (Evolutionary Biology) indeksiranih

45 znanstvenih revij.

• Št. Naslov revije Leto ISSN Faktor vpliva 1. TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION 2010 0169-5347 14.448 2. Annual

Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 2010 1543-592X 10.698 3. SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY 2010 1063-5157 9.532

4. CLADISTICS 2010 0748-3007 6.74 5. MOLECULAR ECOLOGY 2010 0962-1083 6.457 6. EVOLUTION 2010 0014-3820

5.659 7. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION 2010 0737-4038 5.51 8. Evolutionary Applications 2010 1752-4571

5.145 9. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2010 0962-8452 5.064 10. AMERICAN

NATURALIST 2010 0003-0147 4.736 11. HEREDITY 2010 0018-067X 4.569 12. MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND

EVOLUTION 2010 1055-7903 3.889 13. JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC PALAEONTOLOGY 2010 1477-2019 3.844 14.

JOURNAL OF HUMAN EVOLUTION 2010 0047-2484 3.843 15. BMC EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2010 1471-2148 3.702

16. JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2010 1010-061X 3.656 17. Biology Letters 2010 1744-9561 3.651 18.

EVOLUTION & DEVELOPMENT 2010 1520-541X 3.075 19. PALEOBIOLOGY 2010 0094-8373 3.045 20. Evolutionary

Biology 2010 0071-3260 2.736 21. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2010 0002-9483 2.693 22.

Evolutionary Bioinformatics 2010 1176-9343 2.684 23. Genome Biology and Evolution 2010 1759-6653 2.674 24.

SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY 2010 0307-6970 2.568 25. INVERTEBRATE SYSTEMATICS 2010 1445-5226 2.492 26.

EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY 2010 0269-7653 2.398 27. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-

MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2010 1552-5007 2.373 28. TAXON 2010 0040-0262 2.364 29.

JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION 2010 0022-2844 2.311 30. BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN

SOCIETY 2010 0024-4066 2.166 31. DEVELOPMENT GENES AND EVOLUTION 2010 0949-944X 2.008 32.

SYSTEMATIC BOTANY 2010 0363-6445 1.897 33. THEORETICAL POPULATION BIOLOGY 2010 0040-5809 1.8 34.

Molecular Ecology Resources 2010 1755-098X 1.631 35. ORGANISMS DIVERSITY & EVOLUTION 2010 1439-6092 1.581

36. EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY RESEARCH 2010 1522-0613 1.507 37. JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL SYSTEMATICS

AND EVOLUTIONARY RESEARCH 2010 0947-5745 1.384 38. PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION 2010 0378-2697

1.369 39. BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY 2010 0305-1978 1.11 40. INSECT SYSTEMATICS &

EVOLUTION 2010 1399-560X 1 41. Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution 2010 1565-9801 0.974 42. AUSTRALIAN

SYSTEMATIC BOTANY 2010 1030-1887 0.961 43. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 2010 0096-848X 0.889 44.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2010 0918-7960 0.829 45. JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOCHEMISTRY AND

PHYSIOLOGY 2010 0022-0930 0.573

Terminologija (SSKJ):

• Dejstvo: kar dejansko obstaja ali se je

resnično zgodilo

• Hipoteza: nedokazana, zgolj verjetna

trditev, domneva

• Teorija: skupek logično povezanih trditev,

domnev, ki kaj znanstveno določa, razlaga

• Zakon: kar s splošno in neizogibno veljavo

določa kak proces (biološki zakoni,

fizikalni zakoni, …)

Nujno moramo razlikovati med

pojmoma biotska evolucija in

evolucijska teorija

• Biotska evolucija = dejstvo

• Evolucijska teorija = najbolj verjetna

znanstvena razlaga

Nujno moramo razlikovati med

pojmi

• Lamarckova teorija - Lamarkizem

• Darwinova teorija - Darvinizem

Nujno moramo razumeti pojme

• Naključje

• Verjetnost

• Selekcija (izbor)

Ljudje imajo o evoluciji mnoge,

a ne nujno pravilne predstave: • popularna kultura;

• ne dovolj natančne definicije;

• indoktrinacija;

• poenostavljeno šolsko znanje;

• naivne predstave;

• napačno razumevanje in povezovanje;

• ideologija;

• …

Evolucija v popularni kulturi

Kaj je evolucija

• Postopno spreminjanje nečesa, navadno v

popolnejše, bolj dovršene oblike, razvoj

(SSKJ);

• Spreminjanje organizmov iz preprostejših

oblik v popolnejše, zgodovinski razvoj

organizmov (SSKJ).

www.carlwozniak.com

http://www.carlwozniak.com/files.html

Definition problems (avtor diapozitiva: Carl Wozniak)

"evolution: The gradual

process by which the present

diversity of plant and animal

life arose from the earliest and

most primitive organisms,

which is believed to have

been continuing for the past

3000 million years."

-Oxford Concise Science

Dictionary

"evolution: ...the development of a

species, organism, or organ from its

original or primitive state to its

present or specialized state;

phylogeny or ontogeny"

- Webster's

"evolution: ...the doctrine according to

which higher forms of life have gradually

arisen out of lower."

- Chambers

Indoktrinacija http://creationmuseum.org/whats-here/photo-preview/

2800 Bullittsburg Church Rd.

Petersburg, KY 41080

* Located seven miles west of the Cincinnati Airport (see map)

Zastarele teorije, ki so še vedno del šolskega

znanja

E. Haeckel: ontogenija je rekapitulacija filogenije

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel

Lisenkizem

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Lysenko

Znanstveno prepoznane

evolucijske stopnje sveta

1. kozmogonija

2. kemoevolucija

3. bioevolucija (= evolucija = biotska

evolucija)

4. “psihosocialna” evolucija

Kratka zgodovina vesolja

• Predlagano branje: http://www.kvarkadabra.net/article.php/20040207115526385

Nadškof James Ussher v letu 1654 objavi:

Prvi dan stvarjenja se je začel v noči pred

nedeljo 23. oktobra, 4004

http://ecmarsh.com/news/?p=102

http://www.bornagainpagan.com/other/020-ussher-chronology.html

Zemlja je bila ploščata

http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Science/pages-4/Library-of-Congress-

receives-map-proving-the-Earth-is-flat-Scrape-TV-The-World-on-your-side.html

http://kvmagruder.net/flatEarth/flatEarth.html

Zgodovina vesolja v šestih

besedah The History of the Universe in 6 Words or Less

Big Bang. Expansion. Contraction. Gnab Gib.

By Andrej Sorgo (andrej.sorgo@guest.arnes.si), with help from Eric Schulman.

Warning: The history above assumes that the mass density of the universe

is larger than 8 x 10^(-30) g/cc, which contradicts most current

astronomical observations. YMMV. HAND. HYBT?

Back to the Universal History Translation Project Page.

http://mysite.verizon.net/~vze3fs8i/hist/histbrief.html

The Guardian( London, 15. avgust,

1998)

• The Guardian (London)

August 15, 1998

• Our reads of the week: A history of the universe in 200 words

Last year an American astronomer, Eric Schulman, wrote this History of the Universe in 200 Words or Less for the Annals of Improbable

Research, a 'science humour magazine'. Since then, it has been translated into 20 languages, analysed in academic papers and studied

in classrooms around the world

• Quantum fluctuation. Inflation. Expansion. Strong nuclear interaction. Particle-antiparticle annihilation. Deuterium and helium production.

Density perturbations. Recombination. Blackbody radiation. Local contraction. Large -scale structure formation. Reionisation? Violent

relaxation. Virialisation. Galaxy formation. Turbulent fragmentation. Contraction. Ionisation. Opaque hydrogen. Massive star formation.

Deuterium ignition. Hydrogen fusion. Hydrogen depletion. Core contraction. Envelope expansion. Helium fusion. Carbon, oxygen, and

silicon fusion. Iron production. Implosion. Supernova explosion. Metals injection. Star formation. Stellar remnant production. Supernova

explosions. Star formation. Condensation. Planetesimal accretion. Planetary differentiation. Crust solidification. Volatile gas expulsion.

Water condensation. Carbon dioxide solution. Water photodissociation. Escaping hydrogen. Ozone production. Ultraviolet absorption.

Polymerisation. Coacervate formation. Molecular reproduction. Fermentation. Photosynthetic unicellular organisms! Oxidation. Mutation.

Natural selection and evolution. Respiration. Cell differentiation. Sexual reproduction. Multi-cellular organisms. Evolutionary

diversification. Fossilisation. Trilobite domination. Land exploration. Comet collision. Dinosaur extinction. Mammal expansion. Glaciation.

Homo sapiens manifestation. Animal domestication. Fermentation. Religion. Food surplus production. Civilisation! Innovation. Exploration.

Warring nations. Empire creation and destruction. Colonisation. Revolution. Constitution. Election. Expansion. Industrialisation. Rebellion.

Emancipation. Invention. Mass production. Urbanisation. Immigration. World conflagration. League of Nations. Suffrage extension.

Depression. World conflagration. Fission explosions. United Nations. Decolonisation. Population explosion. Space exploration.

Assassinations. Lunar excursions. Resignation. Computerisation. Terrorism. Internet expansion. Reunification. Dissolution. Union. World-

Wide Web creation. Composition. Extrapolation?

• Fans of the history have also come up with their own, even shorter versions.

In Six Words or Less, by Andrej Sorgo: Big Bang. Expansion. Contraction. Gnab Gib.

In Two Words or Less, by Don Symes: Bang. Expansion.

The History of the Universe in 200 Words or Less and the Annals of Improbable Research are at Eric Schulman's website:

www.astro.lsa.umich.edu/users/eric

Kratka zgodovina vesolja

http://www.ieec.fcr.es/english/recerca/lisa/index.html

http://www.kvarkadabra.net/article.php/20040207115526385

Slika prikazuje padanje temperature od

velikega poka do sedanjosti (1010 let znese

pribliţno 3*1017 s).

Slika Natanek in anihilacija para

elektron-antielektron.

http://www.kvarkadabra.net/article.php/20040207115526385

Slika Štiri osnovne sile imajo pri nizkih

temperaturah različne lastnosti, pri

visokih pa se niso več razločljive. Slika V dobi jeder so fotoni pogosto trkali s

prostimi elektroni. Prosto so se lahko začeli

gibati šele, ko se je večina elektronov

vezala v atome. Fotoni, ki so se sprostili ob

koncu dobe jeder tvorijo sevanje

kozmičnega ozadja.

Nastanek vodika in helija

Slika Shema ene od moţnih različic reakcij

po katerih je nastajal helij v dobi nastanka

jeder. Slika Med sintezo helija je bilo v vesolju

sedemkrat več protonov kot nevtronov. To

pomeni, da je bilo le na vsakih 12

vodikovih jeder mogoče proizvesti tudi eno

helijevo jedro. Razmerje mas vodikovih in

helijevih jeder je bilo tako 12 proti 4 kar

ustreza razmerju 75% vodika proti 25%

helija.

27

Meglici

Nastanek našega Osončja

Oroţen Adamič, M, D. Kladnik, J. Moder & D. Perko (ur.), 1997: Veliki atlas sveta.

DZS.

Galaksije in osončja

28

Grabnar, M. &

T. Novak, 2000

: Genetika,

evolucija. DZS.

Turbulenčna teorija nastanka planetov

29

Grabnar, M. & T. Novak, 2000 : Genetika, evolucija.

DZS.

Osnovna geološka zgradba Zemlje

30

S teorijo o tektoniki litosferskih plošč je mogoče

razloţiti mnoga

evolucijska dejstva

Grabnar, M. & T. Novak,

2000 : Genetika, evolucija.

DZS.

31

Terciarni geološki razvoj

predela z današnjo

Slovenijo

Grabnar, M. & T. Novak,

2000 : Genetika, evolucija.

DZS.

32

Predvidene spremembe v atmosferi pred okrog 2,5 milijarde let

Ramade, F., 1994: Éléments d`écologie. Ediscience, Paris.

Kemična sestava sonca (67

elementov v spektru)

Element Odstotek/ število atomov Odstotek/ delež mase

Vodik 91.2 71.0

Helij 8.7 27.1

Kisik 0.078 0.97

Ogljik 0.043 0.40

Dušik 0.0088 0.096

Silicij 0.0045 0.099

Magnezij 0.0038 0.076

Neon 0.0035 0.058

Železo 0.0030 0.14

Žveplo 0.0015 0.040

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/suncomp.html

Kemična sestava zemeljske

skorje

Element Deleţ

% masa

Kisik 46.6

Silicij 27.7

Aluminij 8.1

Ţelezo 5.0

Kalcij 3.6

Natrij 2.8

Kalij 2.6

Magnezij 2.1

Ostalo 1.5

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/elabund.html#c1

Element Symbol Atomic

Number

Percent in

Universe

Percent in

Earth

Percent in

Human Body

Hydrogen H 1 91 0.14 9.5

Helium He 2 9 Trace Trace

Carbon C 6 0.02 0.03 18.5

Nitrogen N 7 0.04 Trace 3.3

Oxygen O 8 0.06 47 65

Sodium Na 11 Trace 2.8 0.2

Magnesium Mg 12 Trace 2.1 0.1

Phosphorus P 15 Trace 0.07 1

Sulfur S 16 Trace 0.03 0.3

Chlorine Cl 17 Trace 0.01 0.2

Potassium K 19 Trace 2.6 0.4

Calcium Ca 20 Trace 3.6 1.5

Iron Fe 26 Trace 5 Trace

Common Elements Important in Living Organisms

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/elabund.html#c2

36

1.3.2. Kemoevolucija

Nastanek enostavnih in kompleksnih organskih spojin ( organska

kemija = kemija ogljikovih spojin = kemija ogljikovodikov in njihovih

derivatov); organske spojine v meteoritih

Energijski viri za kemijske spremembe na Zemlji:

• toplota

• kozmični in UV ţarki

• električna praznjenja (strele)

• radioaktivnost

37

V prvotni Zemljini

atmosferi ni bilo

prostega kisika, ali ga

je bilo zelo malo

Ramade, F., 1994:

Éléments d`écologie.

Ediscience, Paris.

O sestavi hipotetične prvotne Zemljine atmosfere še ni enotnih mnenj,

vsekakor je imela redukcijski karakter

38

Predvidene snovi - viri nastanka organskih spojin

molekule: H2, H2O, NH3, CH4, H2S, N2 (kasneje še CO in CO2)

prosti radikali: -CH3, =CH2, ≡CH, -NH2, =NH, -OH itd.

Nekaj reakcijskih poti

fotoliza vode (H2O h· ~~> HO· + ·H); oksidacija CH4 s kisikom

alkoholi, aldehidi, ketoni, organske kisline itd.

karbidi + H2O ogljikovodiki (npr.

CaC2 + H2O C2H2 + CaO)

acetilen + H2O + H2S heterociklični ogljikovodiki

39

enostavni aldehidi (+ katalizatorji) aldoze

enostavni ketoni (+ katalizatorji) ketoze

C, N, O in H molekule fotokemijska sinteza aminokislin (

Millerjev in Ureyev poskus)

urea + amoniak + nenasičeni ogljikovodiki (+ katalizatorji)

piridini, pirimidini

aldolna kondenzacija maščobne kisline

Nadalje je mogoč nastanek nukleotidov, fosforjeve kisline,

polinukleotidov, ATP, beljakovin itd.

40

Oparin, A. I., 1961: Postanak

ţivota na Zemlji. Zavod za izd.

udţbenika NR Srbije,

Beograd. /prevod dela:

Oparin, A. I., 1957: Vozniknovenie ţizni na Zemle.

Izdatelstvo Adademii nauk

SSSR. Moskva./

Originalna

Millerjeva

risba

Grabnar, M. & T. Novak, 2000 : Genetika,

evolucija. DZS.

Millerjeva in Ureyeva naprava

41

Grabnar, M. & T. Novak, 2000 : Genetika, evolucija. DZS.

Millerjevi in Ureyevi rezultati

42

Aldolna kondenzacija

www.chem.ox.ac.uk

43

Velik pomen hidrosfere za nastanek sestavin ţivih bitij zaradi

raztapljanja, disociacije, mešanja, omogočanja reakcij in stika z

anorganskimi katalizatorji (minerali glin, silikati itd.)

44

Različni minerali glin imajo

katalizatorske lastnosti

Netwig, W., S. Bacher, C.

Beierkuhnlein, R. Brandl & G.

Grabherr, 2004: Ökologie.

Spektrum.

Nastanek ţivega

• http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/abioprob/ori

ginoflife.html

• The Origin of Life

• by Albrecht Moritz