Historical background of Mars. Evidences of water existence on the surface of

Mars:(1) - Water vapour . - Mars atmosphere. - Over the polar cap. - Over the four big volcanoes.(2) - Water-ice. - Polar ice cap. - Glaciers. - Frozen Lake in Crater. - Water- ice cloud.(3)- The Flowing the water on Mars surface.

Mars

Planets Distance from the sun (AU)

Period of revolution

Period of rotation

Earth 1 365 days 24 hours

Mars 1.52 687 days 25 hours

Table 1: the difference between the Earth and Mars .

North pole

South pole

Craters

Olympus volcano

Valley

1965,1976,2004 and 2008

http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~nowack/geos105/lect14-dir/lecture14.htm

about (27°C) at morning to about (-73°C) at midnight.

humidity on Mars is very high.

The pressure cause flow the water (Heldmann et al.,2009).

H2O column density at high northern latitudes for Ls = 93–100.

The maximum column density is 70 pr-um.H2O column density at high northern latitudes for

Ls = 111–115. The maximum column density is 70 pr-um.

H2O column density at high northern latitudes for

Ls ¼ 116–120. The maximum column density is 70 pr-um.

H2O column density at high northern latitudes for

Ls ¼ 101–105. The maximum column density is 70 pr-um.

Olympus

Pavonis Mons

Arsia Mons

Ascraeus Mons

Water vapour

Olympus

North Pole

South Pole

Right Left North Pole

South Pole

Three craters in the eastern Hellas

region

Deuteronilus Mensae

July,2005. Water ice

not dry ice (Co2).

Mars Color Imager (MARCI). Whiteway et al (2009).

At morning At night At morning At night

Cloud on the surface of Mars

1999-2005

2001-2005

Malin, M, Calvin, W, Cantor, B, Clancy, R, Haberle, R, James, P, Thomas, P, Wolff, M, Bell, J & W.Lee, S 2008, ‘Climate, weather, and north polar observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mars Color Imager’, Icarus, vol.194, no. , pp501-512, accessed in 20-01-2011.

The Jackson School of Geosciences, 2008, Glaciers on Mars: Scientists Discover Concealed Glaciers on Mars at Mid-Latitudes, The University of Texas at Austin, accessed in 24-01-2011, http://geology.com/research/glaciers-on-mars.shtml

Seiff, A. and Kirk, D. (1977). "Structure of the atmosphere of Mars in summer at mid-latitudes" (abstract only). Journal of Geophysical Research, 82(28):4364–4378.

http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~nowack/geos105/lect14-dir/lecture14.htm

http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Aug06/cataclysmDynamics.html http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v436/n7047/pdf/nature03640.

pdf

http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/news/mgs-20061206.html

http://www.windows2universe.org/mars/places/mars_poles_image_gallery.html

http://geology.com/research/glaciers-on-mars.shtml http://www.astro.virginia.edu/class/oconnell/astr121/

marsImages.html http://themis.mars.asu.edu/feature/15 http://themis.mars.asu.edu/discoveries http://www.sciencemag.org/content/306/5702/1689.full