Evidence of Evolution by Natural Selection Dodo bird.
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Transcript of Evidence of Evolution by Natural Selection Dodo bird.
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Evidence of Evolutionby Natural Selection
Dodo bird
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Evidence supporting evolution• Fossil record
• transition species • Anatomical record
• homologous & vestigial structures• embryology & development
• Molecular record• protein & DNA sequence
• Artificial selection• human-caused evolution
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Fossil record• Layers of sedimentary rock contain fossils
• new layers cover older ones, creating a record over time
• fossils within layers show that a succession of organisms have populated Earth throughout a long period of time
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Fossil Record
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Fossil record• A record showing us that today’s organisms descended from ancestral species
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Evolutionary change in horses
Millions of years ago
50
100
150
200250
300
350
400
450
500
550
60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Equus
HyracotheriumMesohippus
Merychippus
Nannippus
Bod
y si
ze (k
g)
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Evolution of birds• Archaeopteryx
• lived about 150 mya• links reptiles & birds
Smithsonian Museum, Washington, DC
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??
??Where are the
transitional
fossils?
Land Mammal
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2006 Fossil Discovery of Early Tetrapod• Tiktaalik
• “missing link” from sea to land animals
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Anatomical record• Homologous structures
• similarities in characteristics resulting from common ancestry
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Homologous structures• Similar structure• Similar development• Different functions • Evidence of close evolutionary
relationship• recent common ancestor
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spines
tendrilssucculent leaves
colored leaves
Homologous structures
leaves
needles
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Analogous structures Separate evolution of structures
similar functions similar external form different internal structure &
development different origin no evolutionary relationship
Solving a similar problem with a similar solution
Don’t be fooledby their looks!
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Convergent evolution• Flight evolved in 3 separate animal groups
• evolved similar “solution” to similar “problems”• analogous structures
Does this mean they have a
recent common ancestor?
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Convergent evolution Fish: aquatic vertebrates Dolphins: aquatic mammals
similar adaptations to life in the sea
not closely related
Those fins & tails & sleek bodies are
analogous structures!
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Parallel Evolution• Convergent evolution in common niches
• filling similar ecological roles in similar environments, so similar adaptations were selected
• but are not closely related
marsupial mammals
placental mammals
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Parallel types across continentsNiche Placental Mammals Australian Marsupials
BurrowerMole
Anteater
Mouse
Lemur
Flyingsquirrel
Ocelot
Wolf Tasmanian “wolf”
Tasmanian cat
Sugar glider
Spotted cuscus
Numbat
Marsupial mole
Marsupial mouse
Anteater
Nocturnalinsectivore
Climber
Glider
Stalkingpredator
Chasingpredator
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Vestigial organs• Modern animals may have structures that serve little or no function• remnants of structures that were functional in
ancestral species• deleterious mutations accumulate in genes for non-
critical structures without reducing fitness• snakes & whales — remains of pelvis & leg bones of walking
ancestors• eyes on blind cave fish• human tail bone
This is not LaMarck’s loss from “disuse”!
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Vestigial organs• Hind leg bones on whale fossils
Why would whaleshave pelvis & leg bones
if they were alwayssea creatures?
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Comparative embryology• Similar embryological development in closely related species
• all vertebrate embryos have similar structures at different stages of development • gill pouch in fish, frog, snake, birds, human, etc.
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Molecular record• Comparing DNA & protein structure
• universal genetic code! • DNA & RNA
• compare common genes• cytochrome C (respiration)• hemoglobin (gas exchange)
0 25 50 75 100 1250
25
50
75
100
Millions of years ago
Horse/donkey
Sheep/goat
Goat/cow
Llama/cow
Pig/cow
Rabbit/rodent
Horse/cow
Human/rodent
Dog/cow
Human/cow
Human/kangaroo
Nuc
leot
ide
subs
titut
ionsClosely related species have
sequences that are more similar than distantly related species DNA & proteins are a molecular
record of evolutionary relationships
Why comparethese genes?
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Comparative hemoglobin structure
Number of amino acid differences betweenhemoglobin (146 aa) of vertebrate species and that of humans
100 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
LampreyFrogBirdDogMacaqueHuman
328 45 67 125
Why does comparingamino acid sequencemeasure evolutionary
relationships?
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Building “family” treesClosely related species (branches) share same line of descent until their divergence from a common ancestor
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Artificial selection• Artificial breeding can use variations in populations to create vastly different “breeds” & “varieties”
“descendants” of the wolf“descendants” of wild mustard
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Natural selection in action
• Insecticide & drug resistance• insecticide didn’t kill all individuals
• resistant survivors reproduce
• resistance is inherited• insecticide becomes less & less effective
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"NOTHING IN BIOLOGY MAKES SENSE EXCEPT IN THE LIGHT OF EVOLUTION."-- Theodosius Dobzhansky
March 1973Geneticist, Columbia University
(1900-1975)
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EVOLUTION IS "SO OVERWHELMINGLY ESTABLISHED THAT IT HAS BECOME IRRATIONAL TO CALL IT A THEORY."
-- Ernst Mayr What Evolution Is
2001Professor Emeritus, Evolutionary Biology
Harvard University(1904-2005)
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Don’t be a Dodo…Ask Questions!!
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Evidence of Evolutionby Natural SelectionTestable Hypotheses
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Peppered Moths• Dark vs. light variants
Year % dark % light1848 5 951895 98 21995 19 81
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Peppered moth• What was the selection factor?
• early 1800s = pre-industrial England• low pollution• lichen growing on trees = light colored bark
• late 1800s = industrial England• factories = soot coated trees• killed lichen = dark colored bark
• mid 1900s = pollution controls• clean air laws• return of lichen = light colored bark
• industrial melanism
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Genome sequencing• What can data from whole genome sequencing tell us about evolution of humans?
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Primate Common Ancestry?Chromosome Number in
the Great Apes (Hominidae)
orangutan (Pogo) 48gorilla (Gorilla) 48chimpanzee (Pan) 48human (Homo) 4646
Hypothesis:Hypothesis:Change in chromosome number?Change in chromosome number? If these organisms share a common ancestor, then is there evidence in the genome for this change in chromosome number
Could we have just lost a pair ofchromosomes?
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Chromosomal fusionTestable prediction:Testable prediction: If common ancestor had 48 chromosomes (24 pairs),then humans carry a fused chromosome (23 pairs).
CentromereTelomere
Ancestral Chromosomes Fusion Homo sapiens
Inactivated centromere
Telomere sequences
Chromosome Number in the Great Apes
(Hominidae)
orangutan (Pogo) 48gorilla (Gorilla) 48chimpanzee (Pan) 48human (Homo) 4646
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Test of the Human Genome“Chromosome 2 is unique to the human lineage of evolution, having emerged as a result of head-to-head fusion of two chromosomes that remained separate in other primates. The precise fusion site has been located in 2q13–2q14.1, where our analysis confirmed the presence of multiple subtelomeric duplications to chromosomes 1, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 19, 21 and 22. During the formation of human chromosome 2, one of the two centromeres became inactivated (2q21, which corresponds to the centromere from chimp chromosome 13) and the centromeric structure quickly deterioriated.”
Hillier et al (2005) “Generation and Annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4,” Nature 434: 724 – 731.
Chr 2
Ancestral Chromosomes Fusion Homo sapiens
Inactivated centromere
Telomere sequences
Human Chromosome #2 shows the exact point at which this fusion took place
Well I’llbe a monkey’s…or an ape’s…
uncle!
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ANY QUESTIONS??