Evidence for macroevolution Strongest = Fossil Record order of fossils in sediments
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Transcript of Evidence for macroevolution Strongest = Fossil Record order of fossils in sediments
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Evidence for macroevolution Strongest = Fossil Record• order of fossils in sediments• oldest at bottom• date with radioisotopes
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Fossil RecordFind successive change in groups of organisms: "missing links"• whale legs & shape
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Fossil RecordFind successive change in groups of organisms: "missing links"• whales• horse size
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Fossil RecordFind successive changes: "missing links"• whale legs & shape• horse size• hominid cranium
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Evidence for macroevolutionDNA: many genes are so similar that they must have diverged from a common ancestor:
Align genes, count diffs
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Evidence for macroevolutionDNA: many genes are so similar that they must have diverged from a common ancestor
Align genes, count diffs# changes says when 2 spp. split
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Molecular clocksAlign genes, count diffs# changes tells when 2 spp. splitCalibrate with fossil record
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Mitochondrial DNA traces Mom• only comes from mom & doesn’t recombine• says we split ~ 170,000 years agoY chromosome traces Dad• only comes from dad & doesn’t recombine•Says we entered Europe ~ 50,000 years ago
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Evidence for macroevolutionFossil recordDNAComparative anatomy: same bones derived from common ancestor: shape & function has changed
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Evidence for macroevolutionFossil recordDNAComparative anatomy: same bones derived from common ancestor: shape & function changed
Vestigial structures: non-functional left-overs
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Evidence for macroevolutionFossilsDNAComparative anatomyEmbryos retrace evolution as they develop
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Embryos retrace phylogenyEmbryos retrace evolution as they develop
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Embryos retrace phylogenyEmbryos retrace evolution as they developClose spp lookalike longer
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Convergent evolution similar selection results in organisms that look alike e.g. desert plants: American cacti & African euphorbs look alike but unrelated
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Convergent evolution similar selection -> organisms look alike e.g. Australian marsupials resemble American placental mammals
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Convergent evolution similar selection -> organisms look alike e.g. Australian marsupials resemble American placental MammalsFill same niche:role in nature
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Analogy vs homologyAnalogous: look alike but different originBird vs insect wings
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Analogy vs homologyAnalogous: look alike but different originBird vs insect wingsfins vs flippers
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Analogy vs homologyAnalogous: look alike but diff origin• Bird vs insect wings• fins vs flippersHomologous: look different, same origin
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Pace of evolutionSome plants evolve rapidlyMammals evolve slowlyStarfish evolve very slowly
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Pace of evolutionGradualism: gradual evolutionLarge populationsSlow change in selection
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Pace of evolutionGradualism: gradual evolution
Large populationsSlow change in selection
Punctuated equilibria: evolve in spurts
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Pace of evolutionPunctuated equilibria: evolve in spurtssmall populationsGenetic drift alters gene poolRapidly adapt then reach equilibrium
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Pace of evolutionMass extinctions:
O2 poisoning 2 b.y.a. killed most bacteria
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Mass extinctionsO2 poisoning 2 b.y.a. killed most bacteria96% of species died at end of PermianAsteroid 65 m.y.a. killed dinosaurs
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Mass extinctionsO2 poisoning 2 b.y.a. killed most bacteria96% of species died at end of Permian: asteroid?Asteroid 65 m.y.a. killed dinosaursMan is causing another mass extinction!Enable evolution of new spp!
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Mass extinctionsEnable evolution of new spp!Formerly occupied niches become availablemajor factor in success of mammals