Everyone Expects the Spanish Inquisition: The Making of …...2019/09/25 · 1 April: Choosing...
Transcript of Everyone Expects the Spanish Inquisition: The Making of …...2019/09/25 · 1 April: Choosing...
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ATROCITY AND RELIGION IN EUROPEAN MEMORY
Everyone Expects the Spanish Inquisition: The Making of Spain’s
Black LegendAlec Ryrie
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The Zongscandal (1781)
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ATROCITY AND RELIGION IN EUROPEANMEMORY
• 20 November: How the English Learned to Hate Catholics• 5 February: How to Survive a Massacre in Europe’s Wars of
Religion• 11 March: The Japanese Martyrs• 1 April: Choosing Religious Atrocities in Ireland• 6 May: Forgotten Victims from the Age of Atrocity
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King Ferdinand of Aragon
(1452-1516) and Queen Isabella
of Castile (1451-1504), the ‘Catholic Monarchs’ of Spain (married
1469)
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Conversos and Spanish crypto-Judaism
• 1391: antisemitic rioting leads to a wave of forced conversions of Jews to Christianity
• Over 200,000 conversos or ‘new Christians’• 1467: two Jews in Llerena burned for the heresy of ‘Judaising’• 1475: rumour of ritual murder by Jews (the ‘blood libel’)• 1478: Pope Sixtus IV’s bull Exigit Sincerae Devotionis Affectus
establishes the Spanish Inquisition
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The Inquisition’s early years
• 1480: first inquisitors appointed• 1481: first trials (six conversos burned in Seville, February)• 1482: seven new inquisitors appointed• 1485: an inquisitor murdered in Saragossa: massive reprisals• 1488: Suprema created under the first Inquisitor General,
Tomás de Torquemada OP
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The Inquisition’s impact and methods
• Up to 2000 executions 1480-1530• Most trials did not end in an execution• The ‘edict of grace’• Legal principles: presumption of guilt, no right to challenge
evidence, secrecy, forfeiture of goods• The problem of over-detection: was Spain awash with
heretics?
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1492: conquest of
Granada
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1492: the expulsion of the
Spanish Jews
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Bartolomé Carranza (1503-76),
archbishop of Toledo and primate
of Spain: imprisoned by the
Inquisition 1558-76
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The later Inquisition
• Limited use of torture• Approximately 1000 executions 1530-1826, mostly before
1750• Abolished 1834
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Francisco Goya, Auto de fe de la Inquisición (1812x1819)
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‘My dear Norfolk, this isn’t Spain ... This is England!’
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ATROCITY AND RELIGION IN EUROPEAN MEMORY
Everyone Expects the Spanish Inquisition: The Making of Spain’s
Black LegendAlec Ryrie