Every cell in a specific organism (body) has the same DNA DNA to RNA to Protein Transcription &...
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![Page 1: Every cell in a specific organism (body) has the same DNA DNA to RNA to Protein Transcription & Translation.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062719/56649eca5503460f94bd831b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Every cell in a specific organism (body) has the same DNA
DNA to RNA to Protein
Transcription & Translation
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Facts Every body has
200 major types of cells Total number of cells: trillions (10¹²)
Each cell contains 10 billion (billion = 10⁹) proteins 2,000+ different varieties of proteins
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DNA → RNA → Proteins
How is the DNA coded to make proteins?
Do all cells produce the same proteins?
How do the different cells “know” what proteins to make?“Gene expression”
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The structure of the DNA provides the its function.
How does the structure of the DNA provide instructions for the working of the cells?
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Biotech course: Overview: Transcription and Translation
Additional information about DNA The Code for Gene Expression
Say it with DNA What controls the code? Proteins
Structure & Function Enzymes
Using biotechnology to produce proteins needed for medicine or products
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Video segment
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How are proteins made?
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DNA Contains Genes
DNA
Gene 1 Gene 2Genes
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DNA
Gene 1 Gene 2
Protein 1 Protein 2
Genes
Proteins
Genes Provide Instructions for Making Proteins
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Proteins Have Functions
DNA
Gene 1 Gene 2
Protein 1 Protein 2
Genes
Proteins
Function Blue eye color
Blood clotting factor
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During replication, each
Original strand acts as a template for a new complementary strand
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DNA polymerase
See HHMI video
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Using The New Genetics to help your understanding: Getting the
Message Pp. 11 – 14. Transcription RNA splicing
Introns and Exons Pp. 18 – 21 Translation
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Gene Expression DNA only carries the
instructions, in the form of genes
Proteins do the work
mRNA
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DNA Transcription
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Translation
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Differences between DNA and RNA
DNA RNA
Sugar deoxyribose ribose
Strand Double Single
Bases A,T,C,G A,C,G,U
Function Carries instructions*
Intermediary between DNA and proteins
* Exception - RNA viruses
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A little more about RNA 3 types
mRNA Messenger RNA, works between
DNA and protein tRNA
Transfers RNA, converts RNA to amino acids (the smallest part of a protein)
rRNA Ribosomal RNA- part of the
ribosome
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Differences between DNA and RNA
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Transcription DNA is converted to mRNA
Requires protein called RNA PolymeraseComplimentary bases (A-U) and (G-C)
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RNA polymerase Green
DNA strand Blue
RNA Pink
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DNA Interactive: Code (copying the code)www.dnai.org
Finding the DNA Structure, Copying, Reading, & Controlling DNA Code
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Starting & stopping the RNase
www.DNAi.org Controlling the code
Genetics.utah.edu Epigenetics
Inside the Cell: p.23 RNA’s many talents; p.32 Tags
New Genetics P. 14-16 RNA splicing; p.30-31 epigenetics &
chromatins
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How does it start?
DNA contains promoters Think “promote transcription”
Without a promoter RNA polymerase doesn’t know where to start
Gene A
promoter
RNA polymerase
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Transcription
Once initiated RNA P adds complimentary nucleotides
How does it stop?Stop signalWhen RNA P encounters this
signal it stops
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Eukaryotic Example
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Promoter Examples
Negative system
Repressor prevents transcription
If a specific protein is in the cell, then it will bind with the repressor & stop the repressor from working.
Then, transcription can take place.
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Why is there a negative system to
control transcription?