The Nation Breaking ApartGrowing Tensions Between

North and SouthPg. 441 - 445 Cartoons from Adventure Tales of America

Events Leading to the Civil War

Between 1803 (Louisiana Purchase) and 1850 (Mexican Cession) the U.S. gained an enormous amount of land. We needed to decide if the states made from that land would be slave or free. Up till then we had maintained a balance between slave and free states. The expansion of slavery into those territories was causing a lot of concern. How were we going to keep the balance between slave and free states?

What method would we use?

Controversy

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Two Major Issues That Divided the North and the South

South= For States’ Rights (States decide what they are going to do)

North= Against States’ Rights (National government decides what the Nation will

do)

a. States Rights

b. Spread of Slavery in the West

South=Let territories decide (hoping they’d choose to be

slave holding)North=Slavery can not spread

to the new territories!

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Wage Labor

South=Plantation system developed because of mild climate and land that supported Cash Crops. This led to an Agricultural Economy that relied on Slave labor.The South developed into large Plantation farming. The invention of the Cotton Gin meant the South needed a

large, cheap labor supply. The Southern dependence on cotton meant that more slaves would be needed. In the West, they primarily had small farms that didn’t require a lot of slave labor.

North=Poor soil and short growing seasons made Cash Crops unproductive.

The North developed an Industrial Economy. The Northern economy relied on Wage Labor (Paid Workers). Slavery had

disappeared in the North because it didn’t fit their economy.

Economic Differences Between the North and the South

Slave Labor

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Which side was in a better shape to fight a

war?

South?

North?

North! Industrial!

Free Blacks in the North did have more advantages than slaves in the South. They could quit a job they didn’t like and find another. They worked for wages. And they could move

when and where they wanted. However, they also faced racism and discrimination. They weren’t paid as well as a white

worker doing the same job. The job they wanted might go to a white worker first. When traveling, they had to be careful

they weren’t picked up for being a runaway slave. They couldn’t vote or run for government office. They had more

rights than slaves but they didn’t have all the rights of American citizenship.

Even though the North didn’t have slavery…

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Wanted to ban slavery in the Mexican Cession territory out West, excluding

Texas. Texas already had slavery so they weren’t going to mess with Texas.

Congress refused to pass the Proviso.

Debate over the Proviso set up a four year battle over slavery.

Proviso didn’t pass, led to the creation of the Free-Soil Party. Was the first

political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery.

Wilmot Proviso - 1846

Compromise of 1850From 1846-1850 Congress argued about what to do with all the new territory we had gotten from Mexico. Among the things that were causing the conflict & making it necessary to make

another compromise were:a. Admission of CA as a free stateb. Slaves being sold in DC (Near our Capital representing Freedom!)c. Utah & New Mexico being admitted as slave statesd. Fugitive Slave Laws during this time

Men like John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun and Daniel Webster began looking for things the North and South would agree to compromise on so that we could keep Americans from

going to war for awhile longer.

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Compromise of 1850( ^^^ this is #16 ^^^ )

The only way to keep the peace, as they saw it, was to keep the balance between slave and free states in Congress. This meant we had to have a free and a slave state become part of America at the same time. We needed help.

Henry Clay was asked to perform another miracle.

Remember: He had come up with the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which kept the peace for almost 30 years.

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Terms of the Compromise of 1850

NS

N

S

Popular Sovereignty

Fugitive Slave Law was really bad. Slave catchers could come into

Northern states and take AA’s back as runaway slaves! Northerners tried to warn blacks to hide when catchers

were in town.

=Side that liked this provision

17a

17b

17a

17b

The Fugitive Slave Act-1850 ( ^^^ add this name in the margin beside #18 ^^^ )

Law passed in 1850 to help slaveholders recapture runaway slaves.

People accused of being a fugitive could be held without an arrest warrant.

No right to trial by jury

Instead a federal commissioner ruled on each case.

Received 5 dollars for releasing the defendant.

Received 10 dollars for returning the slave.

“Run, Forrest, run!”

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Result?The Compromise of 1850 failed to hold the Union together and angered

Northerners. However, the compromises were important because they managed to keep both sides satisfied & prevented a permanent split

before the Civil War.

That’s why I spent so much time writing

those Compromises!

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The Crisis Deepens Pg. 446 - 449

NullificationPeople in the North were so outraged at being forced to act as

slave catchers that they began to talk again about Nullification. This is where a state can refuse to follow a law of Congress within their state boundaries. In 1851, 26

people in Syracuse, New York were arrested, charged and tried for freeing a runaway slave named Jerry who had been arrested under the Fugitive Slave Act. Among the 26 people tried was a U.S. Senator and the former Governor of New

York! “Jerry” was hidden in Syracuse for several days until he could safely escape into Canada. The government of Wisconsin went even further and in 1854 officially declared the Fugitive

Slave Act to be unconstitutional.

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Joshua Glover was a slave in Missouri who managed to escape from his master. In 1854, with the help of the Underground Railroad, he made his way north, all the way to Wisconsin.

There he found work at a mill in Racine, a community in which anti-slavery sentiment ran high. His former master eventually

managed to find out where Glover had taken up residence.Accompanied by two US Marshals, the three of them took

Glover by surprise. Thrown into a wagon, he was transported to Milwaukee, where he was thrown in jail. Glover’s abduction

was discovered and in no time one hundred or so men landed by boat in Milwaukee.

The men marched towards the courthouse and crowds of people began to join their ranks or follow along as spectators.

They broke down the doors of the jail and freed Joshua Glover.

One Freedman’s Story

The Racine County Sheriff arrested Glover’s former slave master and the two US Marshals who had kidnapped him. They were charged with assault and put jail. In the meantime, the Underground Railroad assisted Joshua Glover as he crossed

the border into Canada.The United States Supreme court eventually reversed the action of the Wisconsin’s courts. Booth and one other man accused of helping to liberate Joshua Glover were found

guilty. Both spent months in jail in addition to having to pay stiff fines. This was the price that was paid for Joshua

Glover’s freedom.Rather than being deterred, however, Wisconsin, along with

several other states, such as Connecticut (1854), Rhode Island (1854), Massachusetts (1855), Michigan (1855), Maine (1855 and 1857), and Kansas (1858) all went on to pass even more personal liberty legislation designed to neutralize federal

enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850.The Untold Story of Nullification: Resisting Slavery by Derek Sheriff

Uncle Tom’s Cabin - 1852

Harriet Beecher Stowe–Story calling for an end to slavery. North decided: Slavery is horrible, cruel and unacceptable. South felt

like it was: Yankee Abolitionist Propaganda=North was lying about slavery

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Law passed to try to solve the problem of slavery in the Western territory. Political result of K-N Act was that

people in the territories could decide for themselves(popular sovereignty) whether their state would allow slavery.

Pro-slavery and Anti-slavery people began flooding into Kansas and Nebraska so they could force the state to become

what they wanted it to be.

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 185423

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Allowing Popular Sovereignty (the right to vote) in Kansas & Nebraska led to people rushing into those areas to get the vote to go their way. This caused a small scale civil war in Kansaswhich lasted for 4 months and

caused 200 deaths.“Bleeding Kansas” became the

rallying cry for the anti-slavery Northerners and the new political party called the

Republicans.

Bleeding Kansas”-1854-1857

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Violence in CongressSenator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts delivered a speech attacking the proslavery forces in Kansas.

In his speech he picked on A.P. Butler.Preston Brooks, a relative of Butler, heard about Sumner’s speech and attacked him at his desk.

He hit Sumner 30 times or more, breaking his cane in the assault.

This act became known as “Bleeding Sumner”“Bleeding Sumner” became another rallying cry for the anti-slavery Northerners and the new political

party.

Tensions in Congress over slavery sometimes turned violent.

Free and Slave States/Territories, 1820–1854

Slavery Dominates

Politics Pg. 450 - 454

Formed in 1856

Created by Northerners committed

to stop expansion of slavery into the

territories.

Birth of the Republican Party

In 1856, Abraham Lincoln joined the Republican party.

Abraham Lincoln

Dred Scott was a slavethat sued for his freedomafter briefly living with his

owner on free soil in the North. Supreme Court said:

African Americans were not citizens and could not

sue. Slaves were property.

This judgment increased the tension between the Northern and Southern

states.

The Case of Dred Scott-185728

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An Historic Match-Up

Stephen Arnold Douglas

Vs.

Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglasswere running for Senator of Illinois in 1858. They met for a series of debates in 1858

called the Lincoln-Douglass Debates in seven cities, in front of crowds of 12,000. Lincoln’s position was antislavery. He said Slavery

was wrong but still legal and it should not be expanded. Protected by the Constitution.

Slavery could not be abolished were it existed. Douglass won the election, but Lincoln

became nationally famous.

Lincoln - Douglas Debates-1858

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Why would Lincoln say that?

Abolitionist John Brown and his followers seized the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry,

Virginia. Killed 4 people in the action. Plan=stir up a slave revolt in Virginia

and end slavery. It didn’t work, the slaves did not revolt.

John Brown was captured, tried, found guilty of murder and executed along with 10

other menBrown became a martyr (hero) in the cause

against slavery

Raid on Harper’s Ferry-185936

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Old John Brown’s body lies moldering in the grave,While weep the sons of bondage whom he ventured all to save;

But tho he lost his life while struggling for the slave,His soul is marching on

John Brown was John the Baptist of the Christ we are to see,Christ who of the bondmen shall the Liberator be,

And soon thruout the Sunny South the slaves shall all be free,For his soul is marching on.

Ye soldiers of Freedom, then strike, while strike ye may,The death blow of oppression in a better time and way,For the dawn of old John Brown has brightened into day,

And his soul is marching on

Pop Quiz….Which song replaced the “John Brown’s Body” lyrics and became the new most popular song for Union troops?

John Brown’s Body-Popular song sung by Northern Troops

LincoLn’s ELEction and Southern

Secession Pg. 455 - 459

The Democratic Party Splits!!!

The Election of 1860Electoral Breakdown

The voters in 1860 voted mostly based on which section of the country they lived in. Lincoln repeatedly said he didn’t think the National Government could abolish slavery. He just promised to keep slavery from spreading into the

new territories. Those in the North voted for Lincoln, the South voted for Breckinridge and the middle states split

between Bell and Douglas. Due to the size of the population in the North and this split, Lincoln won the election.

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Result?Many Southerners had warned that if Lincoln won, the Southern states would secede, (withdraw

from the Union)They argued that the states had voluntarily joined

the Union. Consequently, they claimed that the states also had the right to leave the Union.

They claimed these reasons for leaving the Union:a) Disagreements over states’ rights issuesb) Breakdown of compromisesc) Increasing Sectionalism and finally…d) The Election of 1860

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Sectionalism 1840-1860

1. ________________

________________

2. ________________

________________

3.________________

4. ________________

5. ________________

SOUTH1.____________________

2. ___________________

____________________

3.____________________

4.____________________

5.____________________

WEST1.___________________

2.___________________

3.___________________

4.___________________

NORTH

Sectionalism 1840-18601. Free Labor( Paid workers)

2. Poor Soil (short growing season)

3.IndustrialEconomy

4. Strong Federal Government

5. High Tariffs

1. Slavery & Free labor

2. Fertile soil (Long growing season)

3. Agricultural economy

4. States Rights

5. Low Tariffs

1.Influenced migration

2. Fertile soil

3. Gold Rush of 1849

4. Unsettled territories

Wilmot Proviso (1846)

Bill to outlaw slavery in

territories taken from Mexico;

caused conflict in Congress

between Northerners and

Southerners

Kansas–Nebraska Act (1854)

Law to organize Kansas and

Nebraska territories;

overturned Missouri

Compromise; caused

violence in Kansas

Compromise of 1850

Laws meant to settle problem of

slavery; California became free

state, new fugitive slave law

passed; caused conflict by

failing to resolve slavery issue

Election of 1860

Lincoln elected with support

only in free states; caused

states in Deep South to decide

to secede

Efforts to avoid

Secession

Southern States Secede

South Carolina leads the way.

Confederate States of America

The states that seceded met in Montgomery, Alabama. They formed the Confederate States of America.

The Convention named Jefferson Davis president of the Confederacy.

They also drew up a Confederate Constitution that:- Was modeled after the U.S. Constitution- Had a few important differences- Supported States Rights and protected slavery in the Confederacy and any land it would acquire.

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Another Historic Match-Up

Vs.

War is on the horizon

The American Civil War1861-1865

Fort Sumter- April 12, 1861Lincoln notified Jefferson Davis (President of the

Confederate States of America) that he was sending supplies to the fort. South opened fire on April 12, 1861 and the

Union forces, being under-supplied, had to surrender. Result? War had begun!

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Choosing SidesBorder States were very important

Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri (why didn’t we mention West Virginia?)

These were all slave states bordering free states

Keeping Maryland was very important or D.C. would be cut off

24 States in the Union

11 States in the Confederacy

50Virginia split into two states when the southern half (Virginia) decided to secede. Those in the northern part (West Virginia)

wanted to remain with the Union.