Eve 9810001MSabrina 9810002M

Data Analysis, Interpretation, and Reporting

OutlineData Analytic Strategies

Six Steps in Qualitative Data Analysis

Grounded Theory Analysis Strategies

Interpretation Issues in Qualitative Data

Analysis

Writing Research Reports

Ways of Conducting Reports

Data Analytic StrategiesRecursive analytic strategies: analyze cases generate findings draw conclusion from grounded theory

write report

Nine qualitative data analysis principles:

1. Collect the data in the field and study all the

data carefully to find out similarities and

difference, concepts and reflection.

2. The data analysis can be stopped only with

the emergence of regularities (Saturation and

sufficiency of information).

3. Accountability of information: Keep notes or

transcripts if readers or reviewers want to

review the data analysis procedures and

results.

4. Divide the data into smaller , more meaning

units related to your major points after

reading them all.

5. Organize the smaller units into categories

(based on major points). The process is

inductive.

6. Use comparison to build and refine

categories, define conceptual similarities, find

negative evidence, and discover patterns.

Ex: pro one pattern

con one pattern

7. The categories are flexible and are modified

as further data analysis occurs.

8. Analyze negative cases to reflect their

perspectives.

9. Synthesize the patterns into the grounded

theory.

(A) (B) (C) (B) (B) (C) (C)

Code Code Code Code Code Code Code

Categor1

(pro 1)

Category 2

(pro2)

Category 3

(pro3)

Category 4

(con1)

Pattern 1 Pattern 2

Grounded Theory

SuggestionsShould be:

- connected with what is being discussed

in the major points.

- exact excerpt used in the statement.

Should not be:

- based on interviewer’s personal opinions.

- irrelevant to the major points.

Six Steps in Qualitative Data Analysis

1. Give codes from the notes.

2. Note personal reflections in the margin.

3. Sort and sift the notes to identify similar

and different relationships between

patterns.

4. Identify these patterns, similarities and

differences.

5. Elaborate a small set of generalizations that

cover the consistencies.

6. Examine those generalizations and form

grounded theory.

Grounded Theory Analysis StrategiesGrounded theory:

A process of constructing various data

Inductive process by collecting, analyzing and

comparing data systematically.

Theory is grounded on data to explain the

phenomena.

The main purpose is to develop theory through

understanding concepts that are related by

means of statements of relationships.

Recur by moving back and forth with the data,

analyzing, collecting more data and analyzing

some more until reaching conclusions.

An interactional method of theory building by

comparing and analyzing the data.

Three steps in the grounded theory analytic

process:

1. Open coding:

Break data into small parts compare for

similarities and differences explain the

meanings of the data by focusing on “ who,

when, where, what, how much, why” (ask

questions to get a clear story)

2. Axial coding:

After open coding, make connection (sort)

between categories and confirm or disconfirm

your hypotheses.

3. Selective coding:

Select the core category (match hypotheses)

and explain the minor category (against

hypotheses) with additional supporting data.

Coding process:

Open coding

Axial coding

Select coding

Interpretation Issues in Qualitative Data Analysis

A. Triangulating Data

Use multiple methods and data sources to

support the strength of interpretations and

conclusion

Ex) semi-structured interviews, consent

form, grounded theory

B. Audits

Questions to examine the data for interpretations

and conclusion

1. Is sampling appropriate to ground the findings?

2. Are coding strategies applied correctly?

3. Is the category process appropriate?

4. Do the results link hypotheses? (examine

literature review)

5. Are the negative cases explained? (minority’s

voice)

Suggestions

Four steps of negative case testing

1. Make a rough hypothesis

2. Conduct a thorough search

3. Discard or reformulate hypothesis

4. Examine all relevant cases

C. Cultural bias

Discuss cultural differences with different

groups of participants

To see whether divergence is based on

culturally different interpretations

D. Generalization

Not appropriate for qualitative research

Two perspectives for generalization

1. Case-to-case translation (transferability)-

by providing thick description to apply to

another setting

2. Analytic generalization-

form a particular set of results to a broader

theory

Ex) use deviant cases

Writing Research ReportsA. Introduction

B. Literature Review

C. Methodology

D. Results: Tie the results to study purpose

(hypotheses)

E. Discussions and Conclusion:

Tie discussions to the literature;

recommendations for

practice; limitations of the study

Ways of Conducting Reports

A. Quantitative reports

Report results by the use of tables and

graphs

Avoid first-person pronoun

Use passive voice (It is shown / suggested

that…)

B. Qualitative reports

Look for a deep and valid description

(narrative style)

Look for well-grounded theory

Seek contextual meaning by

understanding demographic

information (different experiences)

Thank you for your attention.