evARCreg

Adiabatischer Kalorimeter

PRoduKtinfoRmAtion

Telthinsp(089)thinsp45thinsp60thinsp06thinsp70infoc3-analysentechnikde wwwc3-analysentechnikde

C3 Prozess- und AnAlysenteChnik Gmbh

Offices in ENGLAND USA CHINA INDIARepresentation Worldwide

Offices in ENGLAND USA CHINA INDIARepresentation Worldwide

2

Battery Safety and Battery PerformanceStudiesThe ARCreg Battery Test SystemsBattery Safety Efficiency Lifecycle Performance

Battery Safety and Battery Performance

The Accelerating Rate Calorimeter was devised by theDow Chemical Company in the 1970rsquos and wascommercialised in 1980 This technology was developedto simulate exothermic runaway reactions fromhazardous and reactive chemicals safely in thelaboratory For such a simulation an AdiabaticCalorimeter is appropriate and ARC technologyembodies the best adiabatic control In operation thecalorimeter temperature is controlled to always track orfollow the sample temperarture Therefore as a sampleself-heats and its temperature rises so does thecalorimeter temperature Worst Case evaluation ismade and a Real Life Scenario simulated Pressure canalso be measured and the THT calorimeters can take verylarge batteries In addition the ARC will operate inisothermal mode with exceptional sensitivity and stabilityThe unique dynamic range allows for detection andmeasurement of very small heat release as well as theability to quantify runaway explosive decompositions

These operating consditions are also important forbattery work Uniquely the ARC has robustness andruggedness to withstand damage should an explosivereaction occur and thus THT systems are designed to besafe in such circumstances

Lithium Batteries amp HeatLithium batteries are recognised as hazardous - it is important to determine both theeffect of heat on lithium batteries and the heat that results from their use and abuse

ARC Calorimetry will give vital thermal data to areas of battery development batterysafety battery performance efficiency and lifecycle

Another key point necessary for many battery applications isthe size of the calorimeter Five options are available fromTHT of those cylindrical in their internal shape the smallestmeasures 10cm in diameter by 10cm in depth and is suitablefor testing battery components in metal holders coin cellssmall prismatic 18650 and other smaller lsquodomesticrsquo batteriesThe largest 65cm by 50cm will take large battery modules andpacks used for example in applications from power tools tosatellite and automotive applications

In use to detect heat release the system does not scan intemperature Instread small heat steps are applied and after await period for isothermal equilibration there is a seek periodto detect heat release by temperature rise When this occursthe system automatically switches to the Exotherm mode andtracks the heat release by accurately following and recordingthe temperature rise

These studies are routine for groups studying batterycomponents in order to develop chemistries that optimise

But ARC technology can allow much more to be achievedBatteries like reactive chemicals or explosives will also releaseheat ndash they will react and decompose when heated internalpressure may cause them to rupture and disintegrate

oxidation reactions occur between battery components andoxygen in the air

Due to the volume of the calorimeter it is simple to connect thebattery to leads allowing in-situ electrical measurement Withlarge batteries it is possible to apply multiple thermocouples toallow temperature distribution measurement over the batterysurface Connecting the battery to a cycler or battery test systemallows vital temperature and pressure data to be obtained underconditions of charge discharge (including of course the very fastdischarge needed for automotive applications) Successivecycling and abuse testing such as short circuit overvoltage andnail penetration and crush (internal short circuit) can be performedwithin the ARC calorimeter The ARC is therefore an ideal tool toevaluate both performance and safety aspects of lithium batteries

the world benchmark calorimeter for scientists and engineersfocusing in the area of chemical hazards Today the latestgeneration ESARC with large volume calorimeters is the premierchoice for those researching battery safety and the developmentof safer batteries and to evaluate the performance efficiency andlife-cycle of those batteries

Unrivalled Specification

Another key point necessary for many battery applications isthe size of the calorimeter Five options are available fromTHT of those cylindrical in their internal shape the smallestmeasures 10cm in diameter by 10cm in depth and is suitablefor testing battery components in metal holders coin cellssmall prismatic 18650 and other smaller lsquodomesticrsquo batteriesThe largest 65cm by 50cm will take large battery modules andpacks used for example in applications from power tools tosatellite and automotive applications

In use to detect heat release the system does not scan intemperature Instread small heat steps are applied and after await period for isothermal equilibration there is a seek periodto detect heat release by temperature rise When this occursthe system automatically switches to the Exotherm mode andtracks the heat release by accurately following and recordingthe temperature rise

These studies are routine for groups studying batterycomponents in order to develop chemistries that optimise

But ARC technology can allow much more to be achievedBatteries like reactive chemicals or explosives will also releaseheat ndash they will react and decompose when heated internalpressure may cause them to rupture and disintegrate

oxidation reactions occur between battery components andoxygen in the air

Due to the volume of the calorimeter it is simple to connect thebattery to leads allowing in-situ electrical measurement Withlarge batteries it is possible to apply multiple thermocouples toallow temperature distribution measurement over the batterysurface Connecting the battery to a cycler or battery test systemallows vital temperature and pressure data to be obtained underconditions of charge discharge (including of course the very fastdischarge needed for automotive applications) Successivecycling and abuse testing such as short circuit overvoltage andnail penetration and crush (internal short circuit) can be performedwithin the ARC calorimeter The ARC is therefore an ideal tool toevaluate both performance and safety aspects of lithium batteries

the world benchmark calorimeter for scientists and engineersfocusing in the area of chemical hazards Today the latestgeneration ESARC with large volume calorimeters is the premierchoice for those researching battery safety and the developmentof safer batteries and to evaluate the performance efficiency andlife-cycle of those batteries

Unrivalled Specification

Main HeadingARCreg Instrumentation

The ESARC

ARC key aspects are

Excellent Adiabatic Control to 001degC

Sensitivity to 0002degCmin

Measurement of Pressure and Temperature

Choice of Calorimeter Size to 65cm by 50cm

Resultant Gas Collection facility

Ease of Use

Rapid experimental Set Up 10 Minutes

Intuitive Labviewtrade Software

1-3m 3 Working Volume

Versatile and Flexible Operation

Any Chemical Battery Type

Many Battery Holders

Isothermal and Isoperibolic Modes

Air or Inert Gas Atmosphere Vacuum

Multiple Built-In Safety Features

Rugged Robust Construction

Explosion Resistant Containment Vessel

3mm Reinforced Steel

Proximity Switch Shut Down

Software Shut Down Facilities

Automated Fume Extraction

Fireproof and Explosion Containment

4

No reaction

T I M E ( m i n u t e s)

T E

M P

E R

AT

U R

E (

deg C

)

Exotherm

Some Reaction below sensitivity

120

118

116

114

112

110

108

106

104

102

100

120

118

116

114

112

110

108

106

104

102

100200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Heat-Wait-Seek Protocol to Detect Self-Heating

For safety studies and accurate detection the Heat-Wait- Seek protocol of the ARC and automaticdetection of exothermic reaction is illustrated belowFor full details of the ESARC its mode of operationdata and analysis please request the 28 page ARCbrochure or visit wwwthtukcom wwwthtusacom orwwwthtchinacom

Main Headingmain header

A THT Battery Test system the ESARCEVARC Double System is shown

5

Calorimeter Choice

BPCFor battery performance studies and research of large formatcells appropriate in the automotive and power tools industriesTHT has developed the battery performance calorimeter (BPC)

The BPC is also likely to be the calorimeter of choice in areas ofStationary Applications for storage and lsquopeak shavingrsquo The BPCis 65cm diameter by 50cm depth and is housed in the EVcontainment vessel ensuring maximum safety in operation TheBPC uses the same electronics hardware and software as otherTHT ARC systems and can be acquired packaged together withthe other calorimeters ndash or as a multi calorimetry system

Batteries come in all shapes and sizes so THT uniquelyprovides instrumentation to test both small and large batteries

Standard esARCThe standard ARC Calorimeter has an internal size of 10cmdiameter by 10cm depth This is ideal for testing batterycomponents and smaller batteries from Coin Cells to AA and18650 to 26650 prismatic and smaller lithium polymerbatteries However this calorimeter is restricted to smallbatteries

EVTo facilitate safety testing of large batteries EV batteries andmodules THT developed the large volume calorimeter theEVARC The internal size of this EV calorimeter is 25cmdiameter and 50cm depth Using the same electronics andsoftware of the ESARC the EVARC can be operated witheither the EV calorimeter or the standard calorimeter allowingfull functionality of both instruments

EV+The EV+ calorimeter 40 x 44cm volume and is designed forsafety and performance testing of EV cells and small modules

It has been designed to fulfil requirements of SAND 2005-3123 SAE J2464 USABC FeedomCAR and UN amp UL tests

The EV+ calorimeter is a low-pressure tight sealed unit The lidto base seal is maintained by electromagnets It is designed tovent with a modest over pressure this is unlikely and gasgeneration can be led to collection facilities

There is in built capability for gascollection video monitoringbattery clamping multifunctionand cryogenic operation

Main HeadingBattery Specific ARC Options

6

A range of options and kits are available to allowtesting for Battery Chemicals to Abuse tests and EVbattery modules Many options are suitable for allcalorimeters some are specific to particularcalorimeters

Options can be acquired with the unit or added at anylater date

Battery Materials amp Chemical Components Kit

To test effect of heat upon and from batteries thestandard (small size) calorimeter is typically usedThe sample size may be 100mg to 5g The kitComponents kit contains appropriate sample holdersand modified pressure lines to facilitate such studies

Battery Safety Holders amp Canisters

THT has available a full range of battery holders aresuitable for all shapes and sizes from small coin cells1850 to prismatic to large format cells and modulesIn addition THT provides pressure certified canisterswhere cells can be isolated in smaller calorimetersgas can be isolated and then taken for analysis

The BSU permits abuse tests tobe carried out such as overvoltage charging anddischarging and short circuittesting This option requiresmanual operation but links withARC software for data analysisTests can be carried out in thestandard and EV calorimeters

EV size cells and modules tested with high powerdischarge require low impedance cables andconnections THT supplies standard and customerspecified connection kits to allow appropriate testing

For lsquoThermal Managementrsquodesign it is necessary toquantify the heat productionrate Calculation of this fromARC data requires knowledgeof heat capacity If the batteryoverall heat capacity isknown the temperature and temperature rate datacan be converted to units of heat in Enthalpy (Joules)and heat release rate ie Power (Watts) Option canbe provided as semi or fully automated form Tomeasure the heat capacity two or more cells areheated with a lsquoheater matrsquo a precise power supply Inthe fully automated form the power supply isintegrated to the ARC system and the data isanalysed with the ARCCal+ ARC software

Heat release from batteries is not physically uniformHeat may conductthrough metalcomponents or collectorplates and appear at theterminals Forapplications such asThermal Management itis vial to understand thevariation of heat releaseover the battery surface

Integrated Battery Cycler - KSU Option

The THT KSU option is anintegrated single channel batterycycler The voltage and currentrange are user specified Fullyintegrated with appropriatesoftware to give a single turn-keyinstrument to allow rapidchargedischarge cycling ie testsunder conditions of battery use

Interfacing of other cyclers toTHT ARCs can be requested orthe user may implement other available cyclers andtesters loads and charges with stand alone software

Battery Abuse Test Unit (BSU)

Battery Connection Kits

Heat Capacity Option (CPO)

Surface Temperature MeasurementMultipoint Option (MPO)

7

Video Monitoring

Video monitoring is standard in the EV+ calorimeterThe high resolution camera is air cooled for closeproximity filming The special glass window usedallows a gas tight seal and easy cleaning betweenruns

Gas Collection

Gas collection is achieved in the standard and EVcalorimeters by use of sealed canisters These areplaced internally within the calorimeter The canisterscables and thermocouples to pass through via sealedports Other ports allow for inerting the atmospherepressure measurement and gas collection Theversatility of this approach means that a variety ofexternal collection methods are possible (cylinders orbags) This method eliminates the need for closedbattery holders Closed holders were originally usedbut explosion of holders with associated hazard iscommon with this approach

The EV+ calorimeter is of a sealed construction witha port integrated for gas collection The unit issupplied with gas collection bags though alternativeconfigurations can be simply made

continued

THT provides both semi and fully automatic option topermit surface temperature measurements 8 16 and24 thermocouple kits are available

Isothermal thermal management multipoint and heatcapacity testing is often needed over the full range ofambient temperatures To facilitate such testing THTprovides a manual cooling option for the EV and EV+This permits rapid cooling and short term cryogenicisothermal stability

THT provides Nail Penetration amp Crush options forunique requirements and smaller and larger batteriesFor the standard and EV calorimeter the option ispneumatic and has the capacity to crush 18650 cellsInterchangeable nail and crush heads can beselected A range of configurations are available

For more controlled testing THT offers a variablespeed system

This motorised crush option allows controlled speednail penetration This is required in lsquostandard testmethodsrsquo and is valuable for larger batteries ormodules when speed variation can give differences inresults

Cryogenic Operation

Nail Penetration amp Crush Option

Main HeadingBattery amp Battery Component Testing

Normally it is the reaction of oran interaction betweencomponents that leads toheat release Lowtemperature reaction maybe SEI decomposition andanode material reactionHigher temperaturereaction may be oxidation of

cathode material by electrolyte

Sample preparation to make lithiated anode andde-lithiated cathode is often necessary This istypically done by assembling prototype cellsPressure measurement is also important

THTrsquos battery components kit contains special sampleholders and parts to facilitate simple sample loadingin a glove box Testing might include particle sizevariation electrolyte variation SoC (state of charge)variation

With chemistry evaluation mixes of 2 or 3components typically are tested ARC data can becomplex as illustrated from results published byProfessor Dahn and reproduced with his permission

Battery ComponentsEvaluation of battery components to study new batterychemistries is key to enhanced battery performanceand safety Also heat capacity of batteries of any sizecan be measured and this option is uniquely availablewith THT ARC technology

T E M P E R A T U R E ( deg C )

L o

g d

T

d t

( deg

C

m i

n )

d T

d t

( deg

C

m i

n )

01120 160 200 240 280 320

1

1

1

10

01

10

10

01

Stoppedat 220degC(a) LiCoO2(1)

(b) LiCoO2(2)

(c) LiCoO2(3)

Effect of Increasing Component Particle SizeLiCoO2 (a) (b) (c)8

There may be the need to measure pressure andcollect resulting gas for analysis this is possiblefor all batteries Also there is ability to measureheat capacity of batteries of any size This isuniquely available with THT ARC technology

The application of the ARC to lithium batteriesmay be categorised into six groups

1 Battery components testing and development ofnew battery chemistries a research area wheremuch work has been done within University ampAcademic environments

2 Battery and modules for safety studies testingand for performance and safety typically carriedout by battery manufacturers and bulk purchasers

3 Battery heat output under normal conditions ofuse cycling for heat release to determine battery

out in academic or industrial laboratories

4 Fast discharge battery performance studiesimportant for EV HEV PHEV battery packs ampmodules where the temperature distribution overthe battery varies

5 Battery heat output under abuse conditionsimplementing tests where the battery is subjectedto misuse and quantifying heat output (shorting ampovervoltage) Typically carried out by battery

6 Stationary applications important in storage and peak shaving Typically with very large batteries that are potentially subjected to a full range of tests

Main Headingmain headerT

E M

P E

R A

T U

R E

R A

T E

( deg

C )

Safety Testing of Batteries

Batteries of varying shape and size may be tested in the ARCthey may be accommodated by suspension from the lid sectionor may be supported directly in the base of the calorimeter Thesimplest test is effect of heat upon the battery It is possible to testbatteries at any State of Charge or age and it is possible toconnect cables to the battery terminals to measure voltage duringthe test Open or closed sample holders are available ndash but as withall samples that undergo significant gas generation ruptureof a closed holder might occur

A key difference between chemicals and batteries is thatbatteries have their own lsquoholderrsquo Also initial pressure generationis contained THT offer two possibilities to study pressureassociated with batteries internal pressure measurement or thepressure upon gas release from battery after diskrupture or disintegration

Aside from onset of heat release the ARC test will determine selfheating at all temperatures ndash and thus gives much more

potential of the battery to contain pressure or to disintegrate insuch an event is important ejection of battery components will be

of potentially toxic smoke

THT has developed sealed canisters that will accommodate thebattery and be gas tight to facilitate pressure measurementThese allow for thermal and electrical measurement The

measurement of pressure it is possible after the test to samplegas for analysis If connected to external analytical

gas generation in real time

The exothermic reactions shown from a fully charged 18650battery are typically SEI anode separator (endotherm) andcathode reacting with electrolyte ndash as shown Above 200degC thebattery may disintegrate or the reaction may go to completionwithout disintegration of the battery

Batteries at different States of Charge or different age will give

that batteries will retain their voltage until well into exothermicdecomposition as illustrated below

Internal pressure measurement is simply achieved by attaching a

below indicates pressure increase to 4bar prior to the exothermicdecomposition commencing As decomposition proceeds theinternal pressure increases and it is not until above 12 bar that thebattery disintegrates and there is gas release

T I M E ( m i n )

T E

M P

E R

AT

U R

E R

AT

E (

deg C

)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 500 1000 150038

0 500 1000 1500

42

385

39

395

4

405

41

415

VO

LT

AG

E (

V )

T I M E ( m i n )

T I M E ( m i n )

Battery Thermal Stability Test Voltage Against Time Graph

The Exotherm Portion has Overlapping Reactions Internal Pressure During Test

9

T E M P E R A T U R E ( deg C )

T E

M P

E R

AT

U R

E R

AT

E (

deg C

m

i n

)

100

10

1

01

00180 100 120 140 160 180 200

Thermal Stability Testingof a Charged18650 Battery

SEI Reaction

Anode Reaction

Separator Melting

Cathode Reaction

Battery Disintegration

T E

M P

E R

AT

U R

E R

AT

E (

deg C

)

T I M E ( m i n )

TE

MP

ER

AT

UR

E (

degC

) PR

ES

SU

RE

(ba

r)

Temperature

Pressure

100

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Voltage against Time

Main HeadingUse amp Abuse Testing of Lithium Batteries

Testing of Batteries under Abuse conditions

Lithium batteries can fail dramatically whenovercharged or when physically abused Many abusetests have been proposed and several are detailed asstandard tests by regulating authorities Prescribedtests typically give an empirical pass or fail answerThe ARC has the potential here to accomplish a rangeof tests in which abuse conditions are simulatedgenerating quantitative thermodynamic and kineticinformation These tests may be carried out withsmaller batteries in the standard ESARC system or withlarge batteries in the EVARC system

Options are available from THT to allow either manualor automated (computer controlled) abuse tests onbatteries to be carried out within the ARC calorimeterSeveral examples are given below

Lithium batteries if overcharged are known to self heatand can lead to disintegration The battery herewas overcharged The battery was subjected tocharging at 450mA on a 20V supply After 200minutes the battery voltage increased above 4V withassociated temperature rise After 500 minutes therewas rapid temperature rise (and cycler shut down)The exothermic reactions continued and increaseduntil battery disintegration occurred

10

T I M E ( m i n )

T E

M P

E R

AT

U R

E (

deg C

)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000

100

200

300

400

500

600

T E M P E R A T U R E ( ordm C )0 100 400

R A

T E

( C

m

i n

)

0

100

200

300

400

500

200 300

T E M P E R A T U R E ( ordm C )0 100 200 300 400

NO

RM

AL

IZE

D R

ATE

(C

min

)

0

1

2

3

4

5

T I M E ( m i n s )

C U

R R

E N

T (

A )

VO

LT

AG

E (

V )

T E M P

E R A

T U R

E ( ordm C )

0 100 200 300 400 500 6000

100

200

300

400

500

0

5

10

15

20

25

0

100

200

150

250

300

50

The result shown is from a fully charged batteryShorting leads to a temperature rise of 100degC and thento disintegration This will not happen for all batterychemistries and does not happen for this battery typeif it is fully discharged In the discharged state atemperature rise of 30degC occurs This temperaturerise is not sufficient to lead to runaway and Heat-Wait-Seek steps occur

As battery development has progressed variation inchemistry has led to batteries that are thermally stableto higher temperatures and undergo much smallerexothermic reactions ie giving less heat releaseThese batteries are SAFER it is naive to say they areSAFE Data shown for Generation 1 to 5 of cathodematerial has been published by Dr E Peter Roth atSandia National Laboratories and is shown with hispermission

External shorting of a battery within the ARC is simplyachieved by joining two low impedance wiresconnected to the battery terminals The test is rapid (1-2hours) and carried out with the instrument in anisothermal mode

Shorting gives heat output that is tracked by thecalorimeter and the amount of heat released can bequantified together with an understanding that thistemperature rise can lead to battery disintegration

Overvoltage Test

External Short Circuit

Comparison of Cathode Materials and Reductionin Heat Output

ARCLiCoO2 120Ah

Li11(Ni13Co13Mn13)09O2 090Ah

LiNi08Co015Al005O2 093Ah

LiFePO4 118Ah

LiMn2O4 065Ah

ECPCDMC 12M LiPF6

100 SDC

ECPCDMC 12M LiPF6

100 SDC

Gen2 LiNi08Co015Al005O2

Gen3 Li11(Ni13Co13Mn13)09O2

LiMn2O4

LiCoO2

LiFePO4

Main Headingmain headerT

E M

P E

R A

T U

R E

R A

T E

( deg

C )

Safety Testing of Batteries

Batteries of varying shape and size may be tested in the ARCthey may be accommodated by suspension from the lid sectionor may be supported directly in the base of the calorimeter Thesimplest test is effect of heat upon the battery It is possible to testbatteries at any State of Charge or age and it is possible toconnect cables to the battery terminals to measure voltage duringthe test Open or closed sample holders are available ndash but as withall samples that undergo significant gas generation ruptureof a closed holder might occur

A key difference between chemicals and batteries is thatbatteries have their own lsquoholderrsquo Also initial pressure generationis contained THT offer two possibilities to study pressureassociated with batteries internal pressure measurement or thepressure upon gas release from battery after diskrupture or disintegration

Aside from onset of heat release the ARC test will determine selfheating at all temperatures ndash and thus gives much more

potential of the battery to contain pressure or to disintegrate insuch an event is important ejection of battery components will be

of potentially toxic smoke

THT has developed sealed canisters that will accommodate thebattery and be gas tight to facilitate pressure measurementThese allow for thermal and electrical measurement The

measurement of pressure it is possible after the test to samplegas for analysis If connected to external analytical

gas generation in real time

The exothermic reactions shown from a fully charged 18650battery are typically SEI anode separator (endotherm) andcathode reacting with electrolyte ndash as shown Above 200degC thebattery may disintegrate or the reaction may go to completionwithout disintegration of the battery

Batteries at different States of Charge or different age will give

that batteries will retain their voltage until well into exothermicdecomposition as illustrated below

Internal pressure measurement is simply achieved by attaching a

below indicates pressure increase to 4bar prior to the exothermicdecomposition commencing As decomposition proceeds theinternal pressure increases and it is not until above 12 bar that thebattery disintegrates and there is gas release

T I M E ( m i n )

T E

M P

E R

AT

U R

E R

AT

E (

deg C

)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 500 1000 150038

0 500 1000 1500

42

385

39

395

4

405

41

415

VO

LT

AG

E (

V )

T I M E ( m i n )

T I M E ( m i n )

Battery Thermal Stability Test Voltage Against Time Graph

The Exotherm Portion has Overlapping Reactions Internal Pressure During Test

9

T E M P E R A T U R E ( deg C )

T E

M P

E R

AT

U R

E R

AT

E (

deg C

m

i n

)

100

10

1

01

00180 100 120 140 160 180 200

Thermal Stability Testingof a Charged18650 Battery

SEI Reaction

Anode Reaction

Separator Melting

Cathode Reaction

Battery Disintegration

T E

M P

E R

AT

U R

E R

AT

E (

deg C

)

T I M E ( m i n )

TE

MP

ER

AT

UR

E (

degC

) PR

ES

SU

RE

(ba

r)

Temperature

Pressure

100

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Voltage against Time

Main HeadingUse amp Abuse Testing of Lithium Batteries

Testing of Batteries under Abuse conditions

Lithium batteries can fail dramatically whenovercharged or when physically abused Many abusetests have been proposed and several are detailed asstandard tests by regulating authorities Prescribedtests typically give an empirical pass or fail answerThe ARC has the potential here to accomplish a rangeof tests in which abuse conditions are simulatedgenerating quantitative thermodynamic and kineticinformation These tests may be carried out withsmaller batteries in the standard ESARC system or withlarge batteries in the EVARC system

Options are available from THT to allow either manualor automated (computer controlled) abuse tests onbatteries to be carried out within the ARC calorimeterSeveral examples are given below

Lithium batteries if overcharged are known to self heatand can lead to disintegration The battery herewas overcharged The battery was subjected tocharging at 450mA on a 20V supply After 200minutes the battery voltage increased above 4V withassociated temperature rise After 500 minutes therewas rapid temperature rise (and cycler shut down)The exothermic reactions continued and increaseduntil battery disintegration occurred

10

T I M E ( m i n )

T E

M P

E R

AT

U R

E (

deg C

)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000

100

200

300

400

500

600

T E M P E R A T U R E ( ordm C )0 100 400

R A

T E

( C

m

i n

)

0

100

200

300

400

500

200 300

T E M P E R A T U R E ( ordm C )0 100 200 300 400

NO

RM

AL

IZE

D R

ATE

(C

min

)

0

1

2

3

4

5

T I M E ( m i n s )

C U

R R

E N

T (

A )

VO

LT

AG

E (

V )

T E M P

E R A

T U R

E ( ordm C )

0 100 200 300 400 500 6000

100

200

300

400

500

0

5

10

15

20

25

0

100

200

150

250

300

50

The result shown is from a fully charged batteryShorting leads to a temperature rise of 100degC and thento disintegration This will not happen for all batterychemistries and does not happen for this battery typeif it is fully discharged In the discharged state atemperature rise of 30degC occurs This temperaturerise is not sufficient to lead to runaway and Heat-Wait-Seek steps occur

As battery development has progressed variation inchemistry has led to batteries that are thermally stableto higher temperatures and undergo much smallerexothermic reactions ie giving less heat releaseThese batteries are SAFER it is naive to say they areSAFE Data shown for Generation 1 to 5 of cathodematerial has been published by Dr E Peter Roth atSandia National Laboratories and is shown with hispermission

External shorting of a battery within the ARC is simplyachieved by joining two low impedance wiresconnected to the battery terminals The test is rapid (1-2hours) and carried out with the instrument in anisothermal mode

Shorting gives heat output that is tracked by thecalorimeter and the amount of heat released can bequantified together with an understanding that thistemperature rise can lead to battery disintegration

Overvoltage Test

External Short Circuit

Comparison of Cathode Materials and Reductionin Heat Output

ARCLiCoO2 120Ah

Li11(Ni13Co13Mn13)09O2 090Ah

LiNi08Co015Al005O2 093Ah

LiFePO4 118Ah

LiMn2O4 065Ah

ECPCDMC 12M LiPF6

100 SDC

ECPCDMC 12M LiPF6

100 SDC

Gen2 LiNi08Co015Al005O2

Gen3 Li11(Ni13Co13Mn13)09O2

LiMn2O4

LiCoO2

LiFePO4

Main HeadingUse amp Abuse Testing of Lithium Batteries

Testing of Batteries under Abuse conditions

Lithium batteries can fail dramatically whenovercharged or when physically abused Many abusetests have been proposed and several are detailed asstandard tests by regulating authorities Prescribedtests typically give an empirical pass or fail answerThe ARC has the potential here to accomplish a rangeof tests in which abuse conditions are simulatedgenerating quantitative thermodynamic and kineticinformation These tests may be carried out withsmaller batteries in the standard ESARC system or withlarge batteries in the EVARC system

Options are available from THT to allow either manualor automated (computer controlled) abuse tests onbatteries to be carried out within the ARC calorimeterSeveral examples are given below

Lithium batteries if overcharged are known to self heatand can lead to disintegration The battery herewas overcharged The battery was subjected tocharging at 450mA on a 20V supply After 200minutes the battery voltage increased above 4V withassociated temperature rise After 500 minutes therewas rapid temperature rise (and cycler shut down)The exothermic reactions continued and increaseduntil battery disintegration occurred

10

T I M E ( m i n )

T E

M P

E R

AT

U R

E (

deg C

)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000

100

200

300

400

500

600

T E M P E R A T U R E ( ordm C )0 100 400

R A

T E

( C

m

i n

)

0

100

200

300

400

500

200 300

T E M P E R A T U R E ( ordm C )0 100 200 300 400

NO

RM

AL

IZE

D R

ATE

(C

min

)

0

1

2

3

4

5

T I M E ( m i n s )

C U

R R

E N

T (

A )

VO

LT

AG

E (

V )

T E M P

E R A

T U R

E ( ordm C )

0 100 200 300 400 500 6000

100

200

300

400

500

0

5

10

15

20

25

0

100

200

150

250

300

50

The result shown is from a fully charged batteryShorting leads to a temperature rise of 100degC and thento disintegration This will not happen for all batterychemistries and does not happen for this battery typeif it is fully discharged In the discharged state atemperature rise of 30degC occurs This temperaturerise is not sufficient to lead to runaway and Heat-Wait-Seek steps occur

As battery development has progressed variation inchemistry has led to batteries that are thermally stableto higher temperatures and undergo much smallerexothermic reactions ie giving less heat releaseThese batteries are SAFER it is naive to say they areSAFE Data shown for Generation 1 to 5 of cathodematerial has been published by Dr E Peter Roth atSandia National Laboratories and is shown with hispermission

External shorting of a battery within the ARC is simplyachieved by joining two low impedance wiresconnected to the battery terminals The test is rapid (1-2hours) and carried out with the instrument in anisothermal mode

Shorting gives heat output that is tracked by thecalorimeter and the amount of heat released can bequantified together with an understanding that thistemperature rise can lead to battery disintegration

Overvoltage Test

External Short Circuit

Comparison of Cathode Materials and Reductionin Heat Output

ARCLiCoO2 120Ah

Li11(Ni13Co13Mn13)09O2 090Ah

LiNi08Co015Al005O2 093Ah

LiFePO4 118Ah

LiMn2O4 065Ah

ECPCDMC 12M LiPF6

100 SDC

ECPCDMC 12M LiPF6

100 SDC

Gen2 LiNi08Co015Al005O2

Gen3 Li11(Ni13Co13Mn13)09O2

LiMn2O4

LiCoO2

LiFePO4

Main Headingmain header

Nail penetration testing considers the effect ofinternal short circuit This test can be done within theARC in a manual or automatic mode The battery isheld on a support and the nail on the end of a rod isdriven through the battery The thermal effect ismeasured Of key importance is to know if the batterytemperature will be raised enough to initiate adisintegration reaction In the example shown nailpenetration results in a temperature rise of near 100degCand there was further temperature rise that led slowlyto battery disintegration

Such tests are illustrated here with lsquomodelrsquo 18650batteries These are often the choice in developmentstudies However using the EVARC and BPCcalorimeters these same tests can be carried out withlarger indeed very large battery packs and modulesTo facilitate these tests Battery Abuse Kits for manualoperation and the Battery Safety Unit (BSU Option) forautomated operation are available

Nail Penetration

Testing of Batteries under Use Conditions

Quantifying the heat generated by lithium batteriesduring conditions of use allows for an understandingof their efficiency and gives information that isimportant in determining their use and any thermal orsafety issues that may result during normaloperation Variation in heat release from batteries asthey age will indicate life cycle

Heat release relates to internal resistance and

applications where discharge is slow and gradual inapplications such as electric vehicles or power tools

11

where rapid and large discharge is needed this canresult in a much greater heat release andtemperature rise

The KSU Option for the ARC is a single channel cyclerand several versions are available with differingvoltage and current ranges This may be used ortesting can be achieved with a stand-alonecustomer supplied cycler In the latter case therewill be two sets of data that need to be synchronised

Often in cycling tests the battery within the ARC issurrounded by a jacket of insulation This reducesheat loss and better data can be obtained from testscarried out either isothermally or adiabatically

Repeated cycling is often implemented Tests maybe carried out with a few cycles in the ARC (when thebattery is fresh) the battery removed and repeatedcycling performed outside the ARC Then the test isrepeated (with the aged battery) inside the ARC Thechange in thermal effect and speed of chargedischarge will give a measure of capacity change with

and lifetime characteristics of the battery aredetermined

The data below illustrates left two cycles of a fresh18650 battery and right several cycles of an agedbattery The associated thermal change showscharging to be endothermic and dischargingexothermic However the overall trend is for atemperature increase the magnitude of this relatesto the internal resistance of the battery

T I M E ( m i n )

T E

M P

E R

AT

U R

E R

AT

E (

deg C

)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

20 60 100 140 180 200

Again such application can be realised not just withsmaller (eg 18650) batteries but with large batteriespacks and modules Cycle life is one key advantageof lithium batteries over different chemistries cyclelife is important in satellite and space applicationwhere there may be a day ndash night charge ndash dischargerotation it is similarly important in stationaryapplications designed for peak shaving and storage

Battery Cycling

T E

M P

E R

AT

U R

E (

deg C

) C

U R

R E

N T

( m

A )

amp

VO

LT

AG

E (

V )

400 500 600 700 800 90055

-1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900

600

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

4

41

42

60

65

70

75

80

T I M E ( m i n )

T E

M P

E R

AT

U R

E (

deg C

)

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300020

25

30

35

40

45

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

-200

-250

34

35

36

37

38

39

50

25

30

35

40

45

T I M E ( m i n )

C U

R R

E N

T (

m A

) amp

V

o l t

a g

e (

V )

VO

LT

AG

E T

e m p B

a t t e r y

Main HeadingCalorimeter ChoiceEV+

12

Standard on the EV+ calorimeter are-

Integrated cables for current amp voltage measurement

Video camera (with light) Ability for battery pressure and temperature

measurement Ability for purging evaluation inerting Gas collection port

The calorimeter is ready for addition of further options-

Sub Ambient Operation Cryogenic OptionCalorimeter ReadyPressure tight ports provided in calorimeter which can beblanked off or used if cryogenic (LNFO) option is availableoperates to -50degC

Heat Capacity Measurement Cp OptionCalorimeter ReadyPressure tight ports provided in calorimeter which can beblanked off or used if Heat Capacity Option (CPO) isavailable

Surface Area Heat Distribution Multipoint OptionCalorimeter ReadyPressure tight ports provided in calorimeter which can beblanked off or used if either the 8 thermocouple 16thermocouple or 24 thermocouple Multipoint Option(MPO) is available

Controlled Speed Nail Penetration amp Crush OptionCalorimeter ReadyPressure tight ports provided in calorimeter which can beblanked off or used if the NP option is availableThe latest THT Nail Penetration option allows functionalityto SAND 2005-3123 amp SAE J2464 specification (EC-CS-NPCO) The NP option is pressure tight to the calorimeter(it allows in operation in situ gas collection and videomonitoring) The NP option allows for nail penetration atcontrolled speed and crush with movement stop at voltagedrop

In built safety features are standard to the EV+ calorimeterand it is housed within the THT lsquoEV Containment VesselrsquoMultiple shut down features add to the fail safe mode ofoperation

The EV+ links to THT hardware and software to allowmodulating and upgrade possibilities at moderate cost

Gas analysis options can be supplied by THT or THT canadvise on specific options for gas analysis

EV+ CalorimeterThe EV+ Calorimeter has been designed for EV cellsand small modules and to make the needs of testingnecessary with EV batteries

Many prescribed lsquostandardrsquo tests call for Calorimetryand also call for use of abuse testing (eg SAND SAE)Tests call for video monitoring gas detectionanalysisnail penetration and crush under controlled conditionsThe EV+ calorimeter from THT has been designed toaccommodate many of these tests - and more whilstgaining quality information on heat release

Key features of the EV+ are its size and its ability to-

Have good calorimetric performance Incorporate the range of appropriate options

The EV+ is an cylindrical calorimeter 40cm in diameterand 44cm depth Unlike other THT adiabaticcalorimeters the lid seals to the base unit This seal isrestricted to below 1 bar and is maintained byelectromagnets This allows for inertion of theenvironment and the ability to collect products of batterydisintegration A gas collection line (leading to gascollection bag) is standard

Main HeadingCalorimeter ChoiceEV+

12

Standard on the EV+ calorimeter are-

Integrated cables for current amp voltage measurement

Video camera (with light) Ability for battery pressure and temperature

measurement Ability for purging evaluation inerting Gas collection port

The calorimeter is ready for addition of further options-

Sub Ambient Operation Cryogenic OptionCalorimeter ReadyPressure tight ports provided in calorimeter which can beblanked off or used if cryogenic (LNFO) option is availableoperates to -50degC

Heat Capacity Measurement Cp OptionCalorimeter ReadyPressure tight ports provided in calorimeter which can beblanked off or used if Heat Capacity Option (CPO) isavailable

Surface Area Heat Distribution Multipoint OptionCalorimeter ReadyPressure tight ports provided in calorimeter which can beblanked off or used if either the 8 thermocouple 16thermocouple or 24 thermocouple Multipoint Option(MPO) is available

Controlled Speed Nail Penetration amp Crush OptionCalorimeter ReadyPressure tight ports provided in calorimeter which can beblanked off or used if the NP option is availableThe latest THT Nail Penetration option allows functionalityto SAND 2005-3123 amp SAE J2464 specification (EC-CS-NPCO) The NP option is pressure tight to the calorimeter(it allows in operation in situ gas collection and videomonitoring) The NP option allows for nail penetration atcontrolled speed and crush with movement stop at voltagedrop

In built safety features are standard to the EV+ calorimeterand it is housed within the THT lsquoEV Containment VesselrsquoMultiple shut down features add to the fail safe mode ofoperation

The EV+ links to THT hardware and software to allowmodulating and upgrade possibilities at moderate cost

Gas analysis options can be supplied by THT or THT canadvise on specific options for gas analysis

EV+ CalorimeterThe EV+ Calorimeter has been designed for EV cellsand small modules and to make the needs of testingnecessary with EV batteries

Many prescribed lsquostandardrsquo tests call for Calorimetryand also call for use of abuse testing (eg SAND SAE)Tests call for video monitoring gas detectionanalysisnail penetration and crush under controlled conditionsThe EV+ calorimeter from THT has been designed toaccommodate many of these tests - and more whilstgaining quality information on heat release

Key features of the EV+ are its size and its ability to-

Have good calorimetric performance Incorporate the range of appropriate options

The EV+ is an cylindrical calorimeter 40cm in diameterand 44cm depth Unlike other THT adiabaticcalorimeters the lid seals to the base unit This seal isrestricted to below 1 bar and is maintained byelectromagnets This allows for inertion of theenvironment and the ability to collect products of batterydisintegration A gas collection line (leading to gascollection bag) is standard

Main Headingmain header

The Battery Performance Calorimeter (BPC)Thermal Management Efficiency amp Lifecycle Studies

The Battery Performance Calorimeter (BPC) is a large volumecalorimeter developed for research studies of larger (EV) cellsand modules The BPC utilise ARC electronics and software andis modular with the standard EV and EV+ calorimeters

The BPC is designed to quantify heat changes during chargeand discharge ndash at conditions that simulate use of the battery

The BPC is not appropriate for stability safety and abuse studieswhere battery disintegration is possible The BPC has an uppertemperature limit of 200degC but operates down to -40degCCryogenic operation is possible by linking to a refrigeratedcirculating bath

A key and unique feature of the BPC is the lsquoThermal Diodersquoheating system that allows current flow through the calorimeterThis eliminates need for conductive leads or cables to carrycurrent At high power operation such loads do come major heatloss and data error in calorimeters with no lsquothermal guardrsquo (TheEV+ uniquely does have thermally guarded leads and these dominimise error)

The calorimeter has a depth of 50cm but its cross section is oval(50-65cm) maximising useful volume for large batteries

With ultimate heat detection the BPC has stable specificdetection for heat release In conjunction with the THT surfacearea (multipoint) heat measurement option the BPC at wellbelow 1 wg detection is ideally suited for gaining informationappropriate for Thermal Management

The BPC used with THT ARC software and electronics can beused within the adiabatic isothermal or isoperibolic modes Thechoice of mode relates to the studies undertaken

Key options used with the BPC are the surface area (multipoint)option and the heat capacity option The BPC complements theother calorimeters available from THT

The Isothermal Battery Calorimeters (IBC)

THT have a range of isothermal battery calorimeters Thesecomplement the ARC-based calorimeters however they do notuse ARC electronics or software

The need for true isothermal calorimeters is when chargedischarge or self discharge isothermal testing is appropriate

The isothermal battery calorimeters are fully described in theirspecific brochure

Isothermal calorimeters have higher sensitivity that adiabaticcalorimeters but have a more limited range of applications Theirtemperature range is limited and they are not appropriate forsafety abuse testing when battery disintegration or hightemperatures may result

The THT range ofisothermal calorimetersincludes size specificcalorimeters somemodels have built incycler capacity Thehigh sensitivity of theseunits allows themeasurement of smallcoin cells The IBC forprismatic batteries can

have integrated multipoint heat measurement This allows thevariation of heat release over the surface area of the battery to bemeasured

High sensitivity self-discharge calorimeters (IBC-SD) are alsoavailable The chamber size (typically Double-D) means that awide variety of small cell may be accommodated Acceleratedself-discharge tests may be accomplished of long shelf-lifebatteries A special build multi-well (4 sample) self dischargecalorimeter (IBC-SD4) is available with chamber size being cellspecific

Calorimeter ChoiceBPC amp IBC

Main HeadingEV+ Options Sub-Ambient Testingamp Thermal Distribution

Multipoint data is illustrated for a small battery (18650)

Note the time scale of the test the speed of heat releaseand temperature increase ndash and that this is primarily at theanode collector The speed of battery thermal equilibrationis illustrated The discharge profile is shown and also thecalorimeter temperature controlled by the lsquoaverage batterytemperaturersquo

With a single largepouch cell the datamight be more complex

Data here illustrates a100 amp dischargeexperiment

EV+ Calorimeter

Larger batteries and modules have applicationrequirements that extend from the application of smallerbatteries

With large batteries there is still the need for stability andsafety testing use and abuse testing however largerbatteries applications often need high power Thismaybe discharge of 10-100degC and potentially charge inminutes rather than hours The applications focus ondestructive abuse and thermal management under usescenarios The size of the batteries and applications hasled to the need to devise additional application options

Cryogenic Applications

There is the need to evaluate battery performance andthermal aspects of its operation at all environmentaltemperatures These may be to a temperature of -30degCor below Temperatures where electrodes could freeze

The THT CryoCool option to accommodate such testingat modest cost The CryoCool option simply allowstesting to begin at sub-zero temperatures by coolingwith a flow of ultra cold nitrogen liquid nitrogen TheCryoCool option lsquoplugs inrsquo to the EV or EV+ calorimeter

Surface Temperature DeterminationMultiPoint Option

For larger batteries and modules it is key to determinewhere heat release under use or abuse is focused ndashhow the temperature rise varies through the unit

The MultiPoint option provides a multiple thermocouplefacility to achieve measurement of thermal distributionover the surface of the battery pack or module TheMultiPoint is available with 816 or 24 thermocouples tobe positioned where appropriate The temperature at all

points is recorded and controlcan be at any of thesepositions

MultiPoint calorimeter testsobtain data more accuratelythan open bench tests In thecalorimeter the environmentis controlled and unknownand un-quantified heat loss isminimised Conditions are

temperature is recorded Heat effects using suchcalorimeters are carefully quantified

-6000

-5000

-4000

-3000

3000

-2000

2000

-1000

1000

2

25

45

3

35

4

0

115 120 125 130

CurrentVoltage

T I M E ( m i n )C

U R

R E

N T

( m

A )

VO

LT

AG

E ( V )

20

30

40

80

50

70

60

175170 180 190185 195 205200 210

Top of Battery5mm fromTop25mm from Top45mm from TopBase of Battery

T I M E ( m i n )

T E

M P

E R

AT

U R

E (

deg C

)

T I M E ( m i n )

20

30

40

80

50

70

60

175170 180 190185 195 205200 210

T I M E ( m i n )

T E

M P

E R

AT

U R

E (

deg C

)

Cycler Data

Spatial Temperature of Battery

Control Temperature as a Function of Time

14

Data from a nail penetration test shown above Initially the system was heldisothermally before nail penetration commenced Following the penetration

the cell led into complete thermal disintegration (in fully adiabatic conditions)

Main HeadingEV+ Options Heat Capacity ThermalManagement amp Abuse Testing

Heat Capacity

A value for the overall heat capacity of the battery isneeded to allow conversion of standard calorimeter data tounits of joules (heat) and watts (power or speed of heatrelease)

There are many methods by which heat capacity can bedetermined through typically these involve an additionalheater The heater is in contact with 1 or more batteriespower is supplied and the temperature rise of the batteryrelates to the heat capacity

The THT Heat Capacity Option is supplied with heatersappropriate for batteries of the size to be measured Theunit utilises aluminium reference samples The method isautomatic and leads directly to determination of thelsquooverallrsquo heat capacity

The THT ARC data analysis software has ability to take insample heat capacity and generate automatically Enthalpyand Power graphs

Thermal management of EV Batteries

Utilising the THT EV options key information is availablefor thermal management of EV batteries The battery maybe subjected to EV use conditions by chargedischargewith an EV test system (eg Bitrode FTV dSpace coupledto high power charge and load units or stand alone highpower change and load units) The test system might applyrepeated charge-discharge cycles or a prescribed drivescenario

The ARCEV+ calorimeter equipped with Multipoint andHeat Capacity options will give the fundamental data usedto help design thermal management systems Initially thespecific heat capacity must be available This value issimply put in to a MultiPoint Test allowing for generation ofEnthalpy and Power graphs

Nail penetration and crush ndash controlled speed

Tests call for nail penetration at defined speed and crushto be terminated at voltage drop This presents challengesthough the THT option addresses these testingrequirements The THT NPCO can be added to the EV orEV+ calorimeter

15

Battery pack wrapped in aluminiumtape suspended within the calorimeter

From this test the wizard calculated an average (mean) Cp valueover the entire temperature range of the experiment of 083 JgK

The raw data is shown in aboveTHT has a Wizard to calculate thespecific heat and heat capacity atany temperature (or over anytemperature range) Taking thevalue for the temperature rate (ator averaged over a temperaterange) and with knowledge themass of the battery pack and thevoltage and current supplied tothe heater we can then calculatethe Cp value and heat capacityusing the heat capacity wizardsoftware

Software Set Up for MultiPoint Screen Display During Test

Enthalpy at One Point Power at One Point

Main HeadingHistory Users

History

The Accelerating Rate Calorimeter has a long history ofbeing the favoured technology to study lithium batteriesClearly this is down to the ARCrsquos

Ability to accommodate large samples Rugged and Robust construction Possibility to connect cables in-situ to allow

charge and discharge Quality adiabatic control

Lithium and sulphur dioxide batteries where beinginvestigated over 30 years ago ndash the first publication knownto THT being Eber W B amp Ernst D W Power SourcesSymposium June 1982 Safety Studies of the LiSO2system using Accelerating Rate Calorimetry The LiSO2battery being a primary cell considered for defenceapplications

However the major impetus for Lithium battery use wastriggered by the advent of the Li-ion secondary 18650 cellspioneered from the mid 1990rsquos by Sony Sony was the firstcompany to buy a THT ARC system for battery studies

Initial studies were using 18650 cells and centred onstability and safety ndash and improvements to stability withchanges in chemistry This work either at cell level or atcomponent level was the primary work carried out in thelater 1990rsquos and early 2000rsquos

The focus on safety at this time was crucial due toapplications in cell phones and laptop computers ndash andwell documented incidents that let to hugely expensivelsquorecallsrsquo The manufactures were predominately Japanesecompanies

From the year 2000 application areas expanded rapidlylarge format (prismatic and pouch cells) appeared Thepotential to use the ARC to study cells and small modulesin situ under a variety of use and abuse conditions wasrealised Within the period of 2000 - 2010 THT worked withorganisations around the world to implement the optionsdescribed in this brochure

From 2005 and until today large format cells have becomemore established for high power applications This led tochallenges that THT has met with the large formatcalorimeters EV+ and BPC

Key users of THT arc systems now are Tier 1 automotiveOEMrsquos their suppliers and specifiers

Going into the 2010rsquos it seems likely that most applicationareas have been addressed though in the future newchallenges will no doubt arise where THT will aim to fulfil

Users of THT ARCSony ITRI

Nokia Samsung

NREL Panasonic

Mitsubishi Lishen

NASA BAK

Sandia National Labs Lion Cell

GM Toyota

ATL All Cell

CEA Hyundai - Kia

LG Shin Kobe

Nissan Kokam

Sanyo Tianjin Institute of PowerSources

Latest Hardware and latest Labview Software

Highest Sensitivity Widest Performance Features

Large Volume EVARC and BPC Calorimeters

Integrated Cycler amp Battery Abuse Options

4 Key Tangible Benefits from THT

4 Key Intangible Benefits

Largest Global Customer Base

Most Experienced Technical Personnel

Lifetime FREE Phone amp -E-Mail Support

Worldwide Offices amp Support

16

Main Headingmain headerSpecification

ARC Common Components

Safety 1-3 cubic meter containment vessels (allowsoptions) reinforced 3mm steel proximity switch doorinterlock

Electronics 3kVA or 7kVA power supply system

Workstation with Microsoft Windows and NI

change and full control remote operation

Remote User ability to transfer operation of system toany allowed PC over network or internet

Virtual Technician ability to set up multiple testsin one method

Modes Adiabatic quasi Isothermal true IsothermalIsoperibolic Ramping

Operation in air vacuum inert gas reactive gas

Adiabatic control to 001degC

Pressure resolution 0005bar precision 002accuracy 005

Sample holders ARC Bombs low phi holders tubebombs special open or closed holders for any batterytype

Data Analysis software in Labview with ability thatincludes

bull Graphical and tabulation of raw data including Phi Corrected tmr plots bull Data Conversion to Enthalpy Power Gas Generation bull Kinetic Modelling for thermodynamic and kinetic data analysis bull Phi Correction through kinetic modelling bull Report generation in Microsoft Word Excel html bull Analysis of 9 data sets 3 analyses on each data set 5 merge datasets

Temperature resolution 0001degC precision 001thermocouples external and internal

Vacuum to 200 bar pressure range (10-2000 bar withalternative transducers)

Lifetime email and phone support 1 Year warranty

Testing to CE UL VCCI CSA standards

Standard Calorimeter

Fully compliant to ASTM E1981 E27 Calorimeter design to Dow Patents of 1980 and 1984 10cm diameter 10cm depth calorimeter Temperature range 0-600degC

(-40degC with cryogenic system) Sensitivity 0002degCmin to 200degC

0005degCmin to 400degC 0010degCmin to 500degC Tracking Rate to 20degCmin Gas Collection via canister Slotted base for thermally guarded cables Pneumatic Nail Abuse Testing

Fast TrackingDesigned for Vent Sizing Applications not appropriate forabuse Battery work

10cm diameter 10cm depth calorimeterTemperature range 0-400degC (-40degC with cryogenic system)Sensitivity 002degCminTracking rate to 150degCminSize and shape similar to standard calorimeter

EV Calorimeter

25cm diameter 50cm depth Temperature range 0-400degC (-60degC with cryogenic system) Sensitivity 002degCmin Gas collection via canister Collar for abuse testing Thermally guarded cable insert Pneumatic or Control Speed Nail Penetration Crush option

EV+

40cm diameter 44cm depth Temperature range 0-300degC (-60degC with cryogenic system) Sealed lid designed for integral gas collection (Tedlar bags

or cylinder) Automatic electronic safe lid lift Sealed lid pressure limits 0-2 bar Integrated video monitor Integrated Inert gas purging facility Integrated Battery Cable Connectors

BPCNot designed for Vent Sizing Applications abuse Battery work

40x60 elliptical x 40cm depth Temperature range -35 -200degC (with refrigerated

circulating bath) Sensitivity 001degCmin Integrated Battery Cables

copy Thermal Hazard Technology 2012 All rights reserved

Offices in ENGLAND USA CHINA INDIARepresentation Worldwide

HEAD OFFICE1 North House Bond AvenueBletchley MK1 1SW England

Tel +44 1908 646800Fax +44 1908 645209Email infothtukcomWeb wwwthtukcom

US OFFICETel +1 317 222 1904Fax +1 317 660 2092

Email infothtusacomWeb wwwthtusacom

CHINA OFFICETel +86 21 5836 2582Fax +86 21 5836 2581

Email infothtchinacomWeb wwwthtchinacom

INDIA OFFICETel +91 9560 655 626

Email infothtindiacomWeb wwwthtindiacom

Main HeadingHistory Users

History

The Accelerating Rate Calorimeter has a long history ofbeing the favoured technology to study lithium batteriesClearly this is down to the ARCrsquos

Ability to accommodate large samples Rugged and Robust construction Possibility to connect cables in-situ to allow

charge and discharge Quality adiabatic control

Lithium and sulphur dioxide batteries where beinginvestigated over 30 years ago ndash the first publication knownto THT being Eber W B amp Ernst D W Power SourcesSymposium June 1982 Safety Studies of the LiSO2system using Accelerating Rate Calorimetry The LiSO2battery being a primary cell considered for defenceapplications

However the major impetus for Lithium battery use wastriggered by the advent of the Li-ion secondary 18650 cellspioneered from the mid 1990rsquos by Sony Sony was the firstcompany to buy a THT ARC system for battery studies

Initial studies were using 18650 cells and centred onstability and safety ndash and improvements to stability withchanges in chemistry This work either at cell level or atcomponent level was the primary work carried out in thelater 1990rsquos and early 2000rsquos

The focus on safety at this time was crucial due toapplications in cell phones and laptop computers ndash andwell documented incidents that let to hugely expensivelsquorecallsrsquo The manufactures were predominately Japanesecompanies

From the year 2000 application areas expanded rapidlylarge format (prismatic and pouch cells) appeared Thepotential to use the ARC to study cells and small modulesin situ under a variety of use and abuse conditions wasrealised Within the period of 2000 - 2010 THT worked withorganisations around the world to implement the optionsdescribed in this brochure

From 2005 and until today large format cells have becomemore established for high power applications This led tochallenges that THT has met with the large formatcalorimeters EV+ and BPC

Key users of THT arc systems now are Tier 1 automotiveOEMrsquos their suppliers and specifiers

Going into the 2010rsquos it seems likely that most applicationareas have been addressed though in the future newchallenges will no doubt arise where THT will aim to fulfil

Users of THT ARCSony ITRI

Nokia Samsung

NREL Panasonic

Mitsubishi Lishen

NASA BAK

Sandia National Labs Lion Cell

GM Toyota

ATL All Cell

CEA Hyundai - Kia

LG Shin Kobe

Nissan Kokam

Sanyo Tianjin Institute of PowerSources

Latest Hardware and latest Labview Software

Highest Sensitivity Widest Performance Features

Large Volume EVARC and BPC Calorimeters

Integrated Cycler amp Battery Abuse Options

4 Key Tangible Benefits from THT

4 Key Intangible Benefits

Largest Global Customer Base

Most Experienced Technical Personnel

Lifetime FREE Phone amp -E-Mail Support

Worldwide Offices amp Support

16

Main Headingmain headerSpecification

ARC Common Components

Safety 1-3 cubic meter containment vessels (allowsoptions) reinforced 3mm steel proximity switch doorinterlock

Electronics 3kVA or 7kVA power supply system

Workstation with Microsoft Windows and NI

change and full control remote operation

Remote User ability to transfer operation of system toany allowed PC over network or internet

Virtual Technician ability to set up multiple testsin one method

Modes Adiabatic quasi Isothermal true IsothermalIsoperibolic Ramping

Operation in air vacuum inert gas reactive gas

Adiabatic control to 001degC

Pressure resolution 0005bar precision 002accuracy 005

Sample holders ARC Bombs low phi holders tubebombs special open or closed holders for any batterytype

Data Analysis software in Labview with ability thatincludes

bull Graphical and tabulation of raw data including Phi Corrected tmr plots bull Data Conversion to Enthalpy Power Gas Generation bull Kinetic Modelling for thermodynamic and kinetic data analysis bull Phi Correction through kinetic modelling bull Report generation in Microsoft Word Excel html bull Analysis of 9 data sets 3 analyses on each data set 5 merge datasets

Temperature resolution 0001degC precision 001thermocouples external and internal

Vacuum to 200 bar pressure range (10-2000 bar withalternative transducers)

Lifetime email and phone support 1 Year warranty

Testing to CE UL VCCI CSA standards

Standard Calorimeter

Fully compliant to ASTM E1981 E27 Calorimeter design to Dow Patents of 1980 and 1984 10cm diameter 10cm depth calorimeter Temperature range 0-600degC

(-40degC with cryogenic system) Sensitivity 0002degCmin to 200degC

0005degCmin to 400degC 0010degCmin to 500degC Tracking Rate to 20degCmin Gas Collection via canister Slotted base for thermally guarded cables Pneumatic Nail Abuse Testing

Fast TrackingDesigned for Vent Sizing Applications not appropriate forabuse Battery work

10cm diameter 10cm depth calorimeterTemperature range 0-400degC (-40degC with cryogenic system)Sensitivity 002degCminTracking rate to 150degCminSize and shape similar to standard calorimeter

EV Calorimeter

25cm diameter 50cm depth Temperature range 0-400degC (-60degC with cryogenic system) Sensitivity 002degCmin Gas collection via canister Collar for abuse testing Thermally guarded cable insert Pneumatic or Control Speed Nail Penetration Crush option

EV+

40cm diameter 44cm depth Temperature range 0-300degC (-60degC with cryogenic system) Sealed lid designed for integral gas collection (Tedlar bags

or cylinder) Automatic electronic safe lid lift Sealed lid pressure limits 0-2 bar Integrated video monitor Integrated Inert gas purging facility Integrated Battery Cable Connectors

BPCNot designed for Vent Sizing Applications abuse Battery work

40x60 elliptical x 40cm depth Temperature range -35 -200degC (with refrigerated

circulating bath) Sensitivity 001degCmin Integrated Battery Cables

copy Thermal Hazard Technology 2012 All rights reserved

Offices in ENGLAND USA CHINA INDIARepresentation Worldwide

HEAD OFFICE1 North House Bond AvenueBletchley MK1 1SW England

Tel +44 1908 646800Fax +44 1908 645209Email infothtukcomWeb wwwthtukcom

US OFFICETel +1 317 222 1904Fax +1 317 660 2092

Email infothtusacomWeb wwwthtusacom

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Main Headingmain headerSpecification

ARC Common Components

Safety 1-3 cubic meter containment vessels (allowsoptions) reinforced 3mm steel proximity switch doorinterlock

Electronics 3kVA or 7kVA power supply system

Workstation with Microsoft Windows and NI

change and full control remote operation

Remote User ability to transfer operation of system toany allowed PC over network or internet

Virtual Technician ability to set up multiple testsin one method

Modes Adiabatic quasi Isothermal true IsothermalIsoperibolic Ramping

Operation in air vacuum inert gas reactive gas

Adiabatic control to 001degC

Pressure resolution 0005bar precision 002accuracy 005

Sample holders ARC Bombs low phi holders tubebombs special open or closed holders for any batterytype

Data Analysis software in Labview with ability thatincludes

bull Graphical and tabulation of raw data including Phi Corrected tmr plots bull Data Conversion to Enthalpy Power Gas Generation bull Kinetic Modelling for thermodynamic and kinetic data analysis bull Phi Correction through kinetic modelling bull Report generation in Microsoft Word Excel html bull Analysis of 9 data sets 3 analyses on each data set 5 merge datasets

Temperature resolution 0001degC precision 001thermocouples external and internal

Vacuum to 200 bar pressure range (10-2000 bar withalternative transducers)

Lifetime email and phone support 1 Year warranty

Testing to CE UL VCCI CSA standards

Standard Calorimeter

Fully compliant to ASTM E1981 E27 Calorimeter design to Dow Patents of 1980 and 1984 10cm diameter 10cm depth calorimeter Temperature range 0-600degC

(-40degC with cryogenic system) Sensitivity 0002degCmin to 200degC

0005degCmin to 400degC 0010degCmin to 500degC Tracking Rate to 20degCmin Gas Collection via canister Slotted base for thermally guarded cables Pneumatic Nail Abuse Testing

Fast TrackingDesigned for Vent Sizing Applications not appropriate forabuse Battery work

10cm diameter 10cm depth calorimeterTemperature range 0-400degC (-40degC with cryogenic system)Sensitivity 002degCminTracking rate to 150degCminSize and shape similar to standard calorimeter

EV Calorimeter

25cm diameter 50cm depth Temperature range 0-400degC (-60degC with cryogenic system) Sensitivity 002degCmin Gas collection via canister Collar for abuse testing Thermally guarded cable insert Pneumatic or Control Speed Nail Penetration Crush option

EV+

40cm diameter 44cm depth Temperature range 0-300degC (-60degC with cryogenic system) Sealed lid designed for integral gas collection (Tedlar bags

or cylinder) Automatic electronic safe lid lift Sealed lid pressure limits 0-2 bar Integrated video monitor Integrated Inert gas purging facility Integrated Battery Cable Connectors

BPCNot designed for Vent Sizing Applications abuse Battery work

40x60 elliptical x 40cm depth Temperature range -35 -200degC (with refrigerated

circulating bath) Sensitivity 001degCmin Integrated Battery Cables

copy Thermal Hazard Technology 2012 All rights reserved

Offices in ENGLAND USA CHINA INDIARepresentation Worldwide

HEAD OFFICE1 North House Bond AvenueBletchley MK1 1SW England

Tel +44 1908 646800Fax +44 1908 645209Email infothtukcomWeb wwwthtukcom

US OFFICETel +1 317 222 1904Fax +1 317 660 2092

Email infothtusacomWeb wwwthtusacom

CHINA OFFICETel +86 21 5836 2582Fax +86 21 5836 2581

Email infothtchinacomWeb wwwthtchinacom

INDIA OFFICETel +91 9560 655 626

Email infothtindiacomWeb wwwthtindiacom

copy Thermal Hazard Technology 2012 All rights reserved

Offices in ENGLAND USA CHINA INDIARepresentation Worldwide

HEAD OFFICE1 North House Bond AvenueBletchley MK1 1SW England

Tel +44 1908 646800Fax +44 1908 645209Email infothtukcomWeb wwwthtukcom

US OFFICETel +1 317 222 1904Fax +1 317 660 2092

Email infothtusacomWeb wwwthtusacom

CHINA OFFICETel +86 21 5836 2582Fax +86 21 5836 2581

Email infothtchinacomWeb wwwthtchinacom

INDIA OFFICETel +91 9560 655 626

Email infothtindiacomWeb wwwthtindiacom

wwwc3-analysentechnikde

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