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8. a. icy, cold, warmth The metaphors describe human relationships in terms oftemperature.

b. drops, picked up, dumps The metaphors describe thoughts and messages in terms ofways they are conveyed.

c. eye, foot, hands, arm, table The metaphors describe parts of objects in terms of their

function: the opening, end, pointers, sides, and support base of objects.

d. digest, eats up, chew on, juicy The metaphors describe concepts in terms of how they

are internalized.

Huxley reading

A. Some examples of errors made by the Arabic Speakers in English are:

1. In secondary schools the courses given are required: every student should

select the scheme. (must or has to)

2. The C.S. courses are the most annoying because they wanttoo much

reading. (require)3. Citizens have notto neglect womans capacities. (should not or ought not)

4. We should betterput the criminal in prison. (ought or should)

5. Girls musttravel and nothave to stay at home. (should)

B. The reasons for the errors are because these terms are synonymies and natural subsets.

This means that these terms have part of their meanings in common, and part of them in contrast.These students are familiar with how they are similar, but have difficulty contrasting these terms.

For example: The common feature is obligation. But within the feature of obligation you find

morality and propriety, expressed by ought to and should, and necessity is expressed by mustandhave to. And the implication of absence or shortage of supply is expressed by lack, want, need

and require. Wantmeans a deplorable lack. Needis a feature of necessity and absence. Require

implies insistence resulting from absence The underlying similarity among want, needandrequire is need. But the students have not learned in which instances to use them.In sentence 1, the LCA lazim means shouldormust, so the student inferred that the semantic

structures were interchangeable.In sentence 2, The LCA biddmeans want, but wantis a better translation for anther sense of thesame term. So the student should have translated this sense ofbiddas require.

In sentence 3, you see a syntactic problem, the negation ofhave to. In LCA structures the

negative mis lazom usually means must notorshould notdepending on the sense oflazim.

English not necessary ordoesnt have to is expressed by LCA mis daruri orma fi lzum. So theerrors may have been translated eithermis mis daruir(doesnt have to) or the negative oflazim

(should).

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In sentence 4, if the student thought that the citizens are obligated to put the criminals in prison,shouldis the best choice. But if he thought that the citizens are obligated by moral duty, thenought to is better.In sentence 5, the student translated one sense oflazim as must. Since no demand was implied,

this sense oflazim would have been better translated as should.

C. In order to teach these concepts thoroughly, a great part would have to be done in the

upper levels, but can be begun with basic concepts in the earlier levels. It would be necessary to

break down the differences between the verbs, and then practice each one separately. Giveplenty of practice, and have students create their own sentences. Concentrate on one verb at a

time, practice until perfect, and then add the next one. Compare and contrast both until

mastered, then add another. Instruction needs to be focused on the differences.

To teach Must, explain that it is used to explain obligation or necessity where there is no choice.

Also, mustis used with the present and future tenses. Some examples are: You mustbuy a ticket

to use the bus (obligation). To succeed, Mary mustwork harder at school. (necessity). Have to +

infinitive orhave got to + infinitive mean the same thing as must. Some examples are: To

succeed, Mary has to work harder at school. To pass the test, Edward has got to pay attention

every day. You can also use mustto assume knowledge of a fact or information now: Martinmustlike his career; he has worked in that office for ten years. (now) But use must have to

assume knowledge of a fact or information in the past: The roads are flooded; it must have

poured while we were asleep. (past) Ought to is used to express an obligation and to give advice

that may be refused or accepted: Americans ought to send money to Latin American countries.Shouldis used to express an obligation or necessity where there is a choice: You shouldsee a

dentist about your toothache. (but he may choose not to ) Shouldis also used to express thoughts

and personal opinions aloud: I think you shouldkeep your hands to yourself now.("Learnenglish blog,")

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References

Learn english blog - word press. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttp://www.learnenglishindublin.com/daily_blog/uncategorized/modal-auxiliary-verbs-to-

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