Evaluation of the Peacebuilding Fund

portfolio in Côte d’Ivoire

(2015-2019)

Final report

30 December 2019

Evaluation team:

• Fernanda Faria (Team Leader)

• Belén Díaz (Gender and Peacebuilding Expert)

• Guy Oscar Toupko (Local Consultant)

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acronyms .................................................................................................................................. 4

Executive summary .................................................................................................................. 7 1 Context in Côte d’Ivoire and PBF interventions ........................................................... 7 2 Evaluation objectives ....................................................................................................... 8 3 Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 8 4 Main observations by criteria and evaluation components .......................................... 9

4.1 Relevance ..................................................................................................................... 9 4.2 Efficiency ..................................................................................................................... 9 4.3 Effectiveness and Impact ........................................................................................... 10 4.4 Sustainability ............................................................................................................. 11

4.5 Gender ....................................................................................................................... 11 4.6 PBF coordination and monitoring ............................................................................. 12

5 Catalytic effects, good practices and lessons learned .................................................. 13 6 Conclusions and recommendations .............................................................................. 13

3

Acknowledgements

The evaluation team would like to thank the Monitoring and Evaluation Officer in PBSO,

New York, Ms. Simona Santoro; the PBF Secretariat in Côte d’Ivoire, Ms. Raluca Eddon and

Mr. Fabrice Konan, for their support throughout the evaluation and facilitation process and

the missions to the country; agencies and national and international partners for their support

in organizing and/or facilitating meetings on the ground and for accommodating the team;

Mr. Désiré Kouadia for driving us on the roads of Côte d’Ivoire and for sharing his

knowledge of the history and culture of the country; and everyone in New York and Côte

d’Ivoire and other parts of the world for taking the time to discuss PBF and peacebuilding in

Côte d’Ivoire

Disclaimer: Views and opinions expressed in this report belong to the authors only and do not necessarily

represent those of KonTerra, PBSO or the United Nations system in Côte d’Ivoire.

4

Acronyms AfDB African Development Bank

AFJCI Federation of Women Lawyers in Côte d’Ivoire (Association des Femmes Juristes

de la Côte d’Ivoire)

AQ Assessment question

CDVR Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Commission Dialogue, Vérité et

Réconciliation)

CNDHCI National Human Rights Commission of Côte d’Ivoire (Commission nationale des

droits de l’homme de la Côte d’Ivoire)

CONARIV National Commission for Reconciliation and Compensation of Victims

(Commission Nationale pour la réconciliation et de l’indemnisation des victimes)

CSC Civil Society Convention

DDR Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration

DGAT Directorate-General for Territorial Administration (Direction générale de

l’administration du territoire)

DPPA Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs (United Nations)

ENA National Civil Service School (École Nationale d’Administration)

EU European Union

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

FDS Defense and Security Forces (Côte d’Ivoire)

GBV/GBSV Gender-based violence / Violence against women

GDP Gross domestic product

GoCI Government of Côte d’Ivoire

GYPI Gender and Youth Promotion Initiative

IGA Income-generating activity

I/NGO International / Non-Governmental Organization

IOM International Organization of Migration

IRF Immediate Recovery Facility

JICA Japanese International Cooperation Agency

JSC Joint Steering Committee

MATD Ministry of Territorial Administration and Decentralization (Ministère de

l’administration du territoire et de la décentralisation)

M&E Monitoring & Evaluation

MEMIS Ministry of State, Ministry of Interior and Security (Ministère d’État, Ministère de

l’intérieur et de la sécurité)

MJDH Ministry of Justice and Human Rights (Ministère de la justice, Droits de l’homme et

libertés publiques)

MSCSP Ministry of Solidarity, Social Cohesion and Fight against Poverty (Ministère de la

solidarité, de la cohésion sociale et de la lutte contre la pauvreté)

NDP National Development Programme

NUNO Non-UN Recipient Organization

ONUCI United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire

OSCS Observatory of Solidarity and Social Cohesion (Observatoire de la solidarité et de la

cohésion sociale)

PACoP Peacebuilding Support Plan (Programme d’appui à la consolidation de la paix)

PBF Peacebuilding Fund

PBSO Peacebuilding Support Office

PNCS National Programme of Social Cohesion (Programme national de cohésion sociale)

PP1/PP2 Peacebuilding priority plan (phase 1 / phase 2)

PRF Peacebuilding Recovery Facility

RCO Office of the Resident Coordinator

RUNO Recipient United Nations Organization

Nat.Com. SALW National Commission to Combat the Proliferation and Illegal Movement of Small

Arms and Light Weapons

5

SSR Security Sector Reform

UN United Nations

UNCT United Nations Country Team

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

UNFPA United Nations Population Fund

UNS United Nations System

UN-Women United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women

6

Source: Official website of the Government of Côte d'Ivoire – Maps of Côte d’Ivoire:

http://www.gouv.ci/img/CARTE-DE-COTE-IVOIRE-ADMINISTRATIVE.pdf

LAGUNES

LACS

SASSANDRA-MARAHOUE

BAS-SASSANDRA

WOROBA

VALLEE DU BANDAMA

ZANZAN

S A V A N E S

DENGUELE

M A L I

B U R K I N A - F A S O

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IN

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Reproduction interdite

MONTAGNES

GOH-DJIBOUA

OC

EA N

A T L A N T I Q U E

NIANKARAMADOUGOU

SAMATIGUILA

Gabiadji

Kokolopozo

Kako

Olodio

Blidouba

Ménéké

Djamandioké

Dagadji

Dogbo

Adjaméné

Grand-Béréby

TABOU

SAN-PEDRO

Djouroutou

Gnato

Grabo

Pauly

Dassioko

Sago

Ebounou

Lauzoua

Gnégrouboué

Dakpadou

Gnago

Dahiri

SASSANDRA

Gbagbam

Tioko

Yocoboué

Para

Oupoyo

Baléko

Godélilié 1

Broudoukou Penda

Akridou-Laddé

Hermakono-Diès Tiégba 1

Tiéviéssou

Ahouanou

Bacanda

Lahou Kpanda

Orbaff

ToupahCosrou

Tiagba

Toukouzou

Addah

Bouboury

Abraco

Lopou Yassap Akradio

Sassako-Bégniny

Nigui-Assoko

SongonDABOU

JACQUEVILLE

SahuyéGomon

Oress-Krobou

Loviguié

Guéssiguié 1

M’bonoua

KossihouenAkoupé-Zeudji

Attinguié

Brofodoumé

Azaguié

Anyama

Yakassé-Mé

Kodioussou

Danguira

Dzeudji Alosso

BongoMemni

Grand-Alépé

Akouré

Eloka

Ono

LarabiaBingerville

Bonoua

GRAND-BASSAM

Assinie-Mafia

ADIAKE

Ayénouan

Krindjabo

Ahigbé-Koffikro

Akounougbè

Aboisso-Comoé Ebikro-N’dakro

Yaou

Koffikro-Afféma

Toliesso

Kouaokro

Noé

Nouamou

Frambo

N’guiémé

Eboué

Aby

Affiénou

Etuéboué

ABOISSO

Maféré

Ayamé

Kètesso

Appouasso

Attiékro

Diamarakro

Biéby

Bianouan

BETTIE

YAKASSE ATTOBROU

AgouAssikoi

Abongoua

Ebilassokro

Diasson

Lobo-Akoudzin

Biasso

Ananguié

Abié

Kossandji

Zaranou

Afféry

ADZOPE

AGBOVILLEBécédi-Brignan

Grand-Yapo

Attobrou

Grand-Morié

Offa

AnnoN’douci

SIKENSI

Anoumaba

Broubrou

Gbolouville

Bodo

Aboudé

Offoumpo

Ananguié

Céchi

Kondiébouma

AttiguéhiMorokro

N’zianouan

Sérébissou

Rubino

Kpouébo

TIASSALE

DIVO

Chiépo

Ogoudou

HermankonoGaro

Dairo-Didozo

Didoko Iroporia

Zégo

Goudi

Pacobo

Moronou

Gabia

Sokrogbo

Hiré

Nébo

Léléblé

Bonikro

Taabo

Djékanou

OUME

Diégonéfla

GUEYO

Ouragahio

GAGNOA

LAKOTA

Goudouko

Tiégba

Brihiri

Zikisso

Gnagbodougnoa

Grobiakoko

Niakoblognoa

Niambézaria

Gnakouboué 1

Mabouo

Dougroupalégnoa

Zokolilié

Doukouyo

Sérihio

Gnatroa

OkrouyoOttawa

Guimeyo

Yacolidabouo

Kpada

Yabayo

MayoKosséhoa

Galébouo

Toutoubré

Méagui

Gnanmagui

SOUBRETiéoulé-Oula

Taï

Kéibly

Zagné

Dapéoua

Petigoa

Nizahon

Zro

Buyo

Gbazoa

Gbapleu

Petit Guiglo

GuiamapleuKé-Bouébo

Diai

Diangobo

Aniansué Affalikro

Appoisso

Niablé

Abronamoué

Amélékia

Yakassé-Feyassé

SankadiokroManzanouan

ABENGOUROU

Satikran

TahakroAkoboissué

Brou-Attakro

Erobo

AssaléKouassikro

Agbossou

Andé

N’guinou

Kotobi

Assié-Koumassi

Bouadikro

Assika-Kayabo

BONGOUANOU

N’guessankro

AgniaN’gohinou

Adouakouakro

Tiémélékro

Loukou-Yaokro

Tomidanou

Assahara

Bocabo

Abigui

TOUMODI

KonanKokorékro

Angonda

Kokumbo

Kononfla

Kouaméfla

Zambakro

Doukouya

Tonla

Yopohué

Bayota

Téhiri

Guépahouo

Lahouda

Djidji

Guibéroua

Dignago

Gadago

Tézié

Zakéoua

Grand-Zatry

Bonahouin

Bécouéfin

N’zuékokoré

Assaouffoué

AGNIBILEKRO

Damé

Tanguélan

Yobouakro

Duffrébo

Tienkouakro

Kokomian

N’guessanBrindoukroAmoriakro

Konien Kouamékro

Ettrokro

Krégbé

DAOUKROAmoroki

Lékikro

N’zécrézessou

Agni-Assikasso

Dida Moessou

Katchiré-Essékro

Boli

BoniankroKondrokroDjassanou

N’gangro Attoutou

Lomokankro

NofouPranoi

Angan-Konankro

Potossou

AnandaN’guyakro

Mékro

BOCANDAN’do Kouassikro

Lolobo

Sakiaré

Molonou

Kossou

Mahounou-Akoué

Zatta

YAMOUSSOUKRO

Duonfla

Bozi

Bégbessou

Koudougou

Blanfla

Garango

Nangrékro

N’douffoukankro

Huafla

SINFRA

Bannonfla

Zaguiéta

Kouétinfla

GadouanZagoréta

Zaliohouan

Nahio

SaïouaBroma

GabiaTapéguia

ISSIA

Iboguhé

Boguédia

Zoukpangbeu

KéiblaBelleville

Gnamanou

Bla

Gogoguhé

DigbapiaKibouo

Gboguhé

Dédégbeu

BononGonaté

DALOA

Zaïbo

ZOUKOUGBEU

Guessabo

Dibobly

BagohouoGuéhiébly

DUEKOUEGuézon

Diahouin

Zou

KahinZarabaon

Diourouzon

Blotilé

Glangleu

ZoutouoDarra

Zéalé

Yelleu

Ouyatouo

Bin-Houyé

Tiobly

Bakoubly

TOULEPLEUDoké

Tinhou

Zéaglo

BLOLEQUIN

Bédi-Goazon GUIGLO

Banneu

Seileu

Téapleu

Ganleu

ZonneuSohoupleu

Zérégbo

Yapleu

Podiagouiné

Ziogouiné

Logoualé

BANGOLO

Zéo

Diapléan

Gloplou

Gohouo-Zagna

DiéouzonBléniméouin

GuézonTahouaké

Dania

Pélézi

Zoukouboué

DédiaflaBahoulifla

Kétro-Bassam

Bonoufla

Zokoguhé

Bédiala

Zorofla

Luénoufla

Bandiahi

Danangoro

TibéitaPakouabo

BOUAFLE

N’gattadolikro

Assandré

TIEBISSOU

Molonou-Blé

Raviart

Assouakro

Kanzra

Minfla

VAVOUA

Yorédoula

Séitifla

Pombly

TaoblyGuézon

Zouata

Touandrou-Béoué

Guinglo-Gbéan

Diourouzon

Totrodrou

Facobly

NidrouTiény-Séably

Douélé

Bogouiné

MANGotongouiné

Gbangbégouiné-Yati

Gouotro

Glan-Houyé

Gopoupleu

Kouan-HouléDéhzra

Manfla

Zanzra

Paoufla

Binzra

Vouéboufla

Maminigui

Zraluo Diéviéssou

Ayaou-Sran

Abolikro

Saoundi

N’gban-Kassé

Manmini

Saminikro

Bounda

Totodougou

Akpassanou

Sahébo

Konandikro

Kongoti

Babakro

Attokro

Zanzansou

Nafana

Anianou

Kotronou

Djoro-Djoro

Boahia

Samanza

KatimassouN’dakro

Adoukro

KotoGanda

Namassi

Priti 1

Assuakro

Kouassi-Séranou

IguélaPala

Dadiassé

Kouassia Niaguiné

Takikro

Hérébo

Guiendé

Tchiédio

DinaoudiDingbi

Dimandougou

Bandakani-Sokoura

Pinda-Boroko

Soko

Appimadoum

Tambi

Kamala

Laoudi-Ba

Bondo

Torossanguéhi

Kpana

Sominassé

Lissolo Sobara

Yaossédougou

Kpana-Kalo

Finessiguédougou

Kokoumba

N’dènou

Bamoro

Krofoinsou

Lougbonou

Plibo

Marabadiassa

Takra-AdiékroKouatta

Kondrobo

Bodokro

Ouédallah

Korokopla

Soukourougban

Kongasso

MANKONO

SEGUELAMassala

Téguéla

Siana

Gbalo

Bobi

Dualla

TiémassobaSoba-Banandjé

Gbétogo

Kamalo

Koulikoro

Sifié

Foungbèsso

Bakandesso-Sogbèni

Dioman

Silakoro

Fouénan

Gouékan

GbéloTiahoué

Sipilou

Santa

Guéoulé

Yorodougou

GbablassoGlanlé

ZoupleuGaoté

Blapleu

BIANKOUMA

Danipleu

DANANE

Mahapleu

Kiélé

Gbatongouin

Sandougou-Soba

Zagoué

Gbangbégouiné

Gourané

Gbonné

Sémien

Gouiné

Gouané

Bazra-Nattis Dananon

Trafla-Gottron

ZUENOULA

Zirifla

ZougounéflaToubalo

Gohitafla

Trafesso

Iriéfla

Ando-Kékrénou

Toumodi-Sakassou

AffotoboBEOUMI Languibonou

SAKASSOU Djébonoua

BOUAKEBrobo

Tié Ndiékro

Diabo

DantogoGbogolo

Tienko

Koonan

Saboudougou

Santa

Timbé

M’borla -Dioulasso

SokalaSobaraBokala Niampondougou

Niéméné

DABAKALA

KanangononKamoro

Sononzo

Marandallah

Bouandougou

Tiéningboué

Faraba

Boron

Sarhala

Diarabana

Manabri

Fadiadougou

Worofla

KatoBorotou-Koro

Doh

Guintéguéla

Sokourala-Mahou

Niokosso

TOUBA

Borotou

Sokorodougou

Moambasso

Booko

Djibrosso

Dioulatiédougou

Gbongaha

Morondo

Banandjé

Sissédougou

YérétiéléKanoroba

Dianra-Village

Dianra Pleuro

SiolokahaKadioha

Ténindiéri

Kiémou

Tortiya

DIKODOUGOUTafiré

Sapli-SépingoSorobango

Tabagne

Kotouba

Kakpin

Taoudi

NASSIAN

Bassawa

Tindéné-Bambarasso

Foumbolo

Boniérédougou

KATIOLA

Fronan

Sépikaha

Niédiékaha

Arikokaha

Kanawolo

Gbéléban

Seydougou

Sirana

BougoussoKahanso

Séguélon

Tiémé

Lingoho

Kokoun

Siansoba

Koroumba

N’goloblasso

Monongo

BOUNDIALI

Kolia

KébiGanaoni

Pononkaha

Landiougou

TENGRELA

Kanakono

Diamankani

Ouélli

Bolona

Mahalé

Baya

Tiogo

Mahandiana-Sokourani

Sianhala

N’déou

Blésségué

Zaguinasso

FengoloTounvré

Débété

Papara

Gbon

Goulia

Tienko

Kouban

Kimbirila-Nord

Sokoro

Dabadougou-Mafélé

SamangoKimbirila Sud

Sirasso

Kasséré

Siempurgo

Pitiengomon

Nafoun

Katiali

Poungbé

N’ganon

M’bengué-Bougou

Kombolokoura

Dassoungboho

Kalaha

Niofoin

Dagba

Sédiogo

Taouara

BodononKoni

Lataha

Badikaha

Lamékaha

Kagbolodougou

TogoniéréKORHOGO

TioroniaradougouKarakoro

Komborodougou

SINEMATIALI

Napié

Guiembé

FERKESSEDOUGOUKoumbala

Lafokpokaha

Sikolo

Nafana

Kong

Bilimono

Ondéfidouo

Bouko

Varalé

Danoa

BOUNA

Niamoué

Kounzié

Kalamon

Angayé

GogoDOROPO

Tougbo

Nambingué

Kaouara

OUANGOLODOUGOU

Diawala

Niellé

Toumoukoro

Bougou

Katogo

Kaloa

M’bengué

Satama-Sokoro

Satama-Sokoura

Kouassi-Datékro

Gouméré

TANDA

Assuéfry

Tankéssé

Ouéllé

Koffi Amonkro

PRIKROBonguéra

M’BAHIAKRO

Sangouiné

DIMBOKRO

Bengassou

Brou-Aoussoukro

Ousrou ABIDJAN

ALEPE

GRAND-LAHOU

Soungassou

Kouassi-Kouassikro

Fodiolokaha

N’guessankro

Kouadioblékro

AndouM’batto

Oghlwapo

M’brou

Ottopé

Ligrohoin

Koréahinou

Domangbeu

Kpampleu-Sin-Houyé

SUD-COMOE

N’ZI

BendiéKoménankro

KafoudougouBambarasso

Pogréagui

Walébo

Takoréagui

Lobogba

Roa

TahibliPéhé

Kokialo

Dadéguhé

Gbadjié

Bazré

Yaakro

Diamba

Amanvi

Diangokro

Ziki-Dies

Goulaleu Yokoréa

Kouafo-Akidom

ODIENNE

BONDOUKOU

Yorobodi

MADINANI

MINIGNAN

Dapo-Ibobé

Podoué

Mahino

Iboké

Ouéoulo

Waté

Doba

Touih

Gligbéuadji

Grobonou-Dan

Kpoté

Djapadji

Grihiri

Dabouyo

Wonséaly

Liliyo

LessiriGnogboyo

Mabéhiri 1

Ipouadji

Sakré

KaadéNézobly

Bohobli

Diboké

Gbon-Houyé

Guinglo-Taouaké

Namané

Dahiépa-Kéhi

Gogné

Néko

Satroko

Kadéko

Koyékro

Nigui-Saff

Irobo

Monga

Bacon

Moapé

AKOUPE

MiadzinGrand-

Akoudzin

Annépé

Boudépé

Ehuasso

Apprompronou

Etuéssika

Adjouan

N’zi-N’ziblékro

Kpèbo

Yakpabo-Sakassou

DIDIEVI

Ahougnassou-Allahou

Ouffoué-Diékro

Morokinkro

Subiakro

Lengbrè

Lolobo

Gouenzou

Férémandougou

Mahandougou

Massala-Barala

Booro-Borotou

Ferentela

Mandougou

Béréni-Dialla

Dialakoro

Dandougou

Somokoro

Tomono

Néguépié

Tangafla

Ouattaradougou

Sohouo

Ouréguékaha

Gbambélédougou

Tiékpé

Korokara

Pogo

Flatchèdougou

KOUIBLY

ZOUAN-HOUNIEN

Méo

Gbofesso-Sama

Dibri-Assirikro

Nafana-Sienso

KOUNAHIRI

KOUN-FAO

KOUTO

Lamékaha

Peguékaha

Diéméressedougou

Kawolo-Sobara

Nadjélet-Segberé

SandalaMongbara

BOTRO

Pambasso-Diédou

TIAPOUM

KORO

Attoutou A

Kpata

Ouyably-Gnondrou

Famienkro

Adaou

Agbaou-Ahéoua

Ahouabo-Bouapé

Taabo-Village

Desséné

Ganhoué

Bobo-Tiénigbé

Sirihio

Bambalouma

Sobedoufla

Vaou

Mignoré

Yala

Vaafla

Monoko-Zohi 2

Idibouo-Zépréguhé

Grégbeu

Détroya

Bodo

Labokro

N’doukahakro

Bériaboukro

Bandakagni-Tomora

Tagadi

Ahouakro

Bakanou A

Ellibou-Badasso

Mackey-Liboli

Adessé

Taboth

Atchékoi

M’possa

SonganDousséba

Niazaroko

Tabléguikou

Dribouo

Maguéhio

Gbliglo

Boutoubré

Tagbayo

Niorouhio

Balokuya

Arokpa

Gagny

Béoué-Zibiao

Grand-Pin

Dah

Klan

Dobré

Médon

Tofla

Bogofa

Koziayo

Bricolo

Bangoua

Zédé-Dianhoun

Péhékan-Houebly

Bokpaki-Diollé

Kondossou

Moussobadougou

N’gbribo-Takikro

Amian-Kouassikro

Apprompron-Afèwa

Abradinou

Yrozon

NiouldéBéoué

Guékpé

Soakpé-Douédy

Koua

Biakalé

Koulalé

Kouadiokro

Abongoua

Sokrogbo-Carrefour

Momirasso

Gnagboya

Niamana

Soundo

Mohoua

KANI

TRANSUA

GUITRY

SANDEGUE

M’BATTO

FRESCO

ARRAH

ATTIEGOUAKRO

OUANINOU

Bako

Zébouo-Nord

Zahia Zébra

Fizanlouma

Kpapékou

Moussadougou

N’gattakro

Brou-Akpaoussoukro

Diangobo

Yézimala

Kouassi-N’dawa

Gragba

SAN-PEDRO

NAWA

GBOKLE

TONKPI

GUEMON

CAVALLY

FOLON

KABADOUGOU

PORO

BAGOUE

TCHOLOGO

HAMBOL

GBEKE

BEREBAFING WORODOUGOU

BOUNKANI

GONTOUGO

HAUT-SASSANDRA

MARAHOUE

GRANDS-PONTS

AGNEBY-TIASSA

TEHINI

INDENIE-DJUABLIN

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LangbaDISTRICTAUTONOME

DE YAMOUSSOUKRO

DISTRICTAUTONOMED’ABIDJAN

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Landué

Grand-Zia

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Gozi

Aman-Salèkro

Ahitou-Kongonou

M’pody

Gnénaholoké

Tiédrou-Koléa

Koukourandoumi

Assouindé

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Abiaty

Kacoukro-Lagune

Bourébo

Kogodjan

Koubébo-Dan

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Nogotaha

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Gloalé

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Gbloaleu

Tagnakro

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AkanangboDonguikro Ahouan-Bonvoinsou

Konandi-N’dakro

Djidjidou

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C A R TE A D MI N I S TR A TI V EREPUBLIQUE DE COTE D’IVOIRE

20 10 5 0 20 50 80 kms

ECHELLE : 1 / 1 000 000 Sources : - Ministère d’Etat, Ministère de l’Intérieur- Décret n˚2010-233 du 25 août 2010 fixant le ressort territorialdes Régions, Départements, Sous-Préfectures et Communes de Côte d’Ivoire

- Décret n˚2011-263 du 28 septembre 2011, portant organisationdu territoire natioonal en Districts et Régions

Bogoboua

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Gouékengouine

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Angovia

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Mohame

Yaou

Samo

Saykro

Malamalakro

Edjambo

NakaraNiangouralatiene

Kabadallah

Samina

Linguebo

Kongobo

Tikakro

Agbakro

Delakro

Sessekro

Nassoulo

Kogbera

Noholo Sobara

Nikolo

Koko-Kiénou

Fononvogo

Nangakaha

Odia

Seguétiélé

Wora

Tindara

Tinasso

Mougnini

Nafoungolo

N’zikro

Amanikro

Akréssi

Aboulié

Kotoka

San

Zanasso

TiongofolokahaNakouroubelekaha

Dohiriguekaha

Banvayo

Kondorodougou

Bouko

Lomo

Bavé

Yao Nango

Foto-Kouamékro

Koboko-Nassan

Tchefrodouo

Yérékaye

Kanguelé

Sapia

Wakiala

Bandole

Vargbo

Kokpingue

Piaye

Akroidokikro

Ouangui

Koffi-Badoukro

Presso

Missoumihian

Yabrasso

Dokanou

Assindi

Lambira

Toungbo-Yaga

Parhadi

Talahini

Latokaha

Petionnara

Nangounkaha

Karafigué

Kabakouma

Zouzousso

Gbeunta

Fiempleu

Klangbolably

Pangalakaha

Kouassikro

Tiékou

Gloazra

Tiema

Kangana

Gbemazo

Tuambly

Bahé Sebon

Tobly-Bangolo

Kambli

Toyébli

Assouba

Troya

Djidoubaye

Gozon

Koaho

Sahibli

Vahedjinou

Dabakaha

Nazinékaha

Ouamelhoro

Talléré

Lobogrou

Blita

Biélé

Glégouiné

Pinhou

Léasso

Boyaokro

Dakouritrohouin

Gragbalilié

Latiénékaha

Djoko

L E G E N D E

CAPITALE D’ETAT

CHEF-LIEU DE DISTRICT

CHEF-LIEU DE REGION

CHEF-LIEU DE DEPARTEMENT

CHEF-LIEU DE SOUS-PREFECTURE

COMMUNE

LIMITE D’ETAT

LIMITE DE DISTRICT

LIMITE DE REGION

LIMITE DE DEPARTEMENT

PLAN D’EAU

Edition 2012

BUREAU NATIONAL D’ETUDES TECHNIQUES ET DEVELOPPEMENT

Centre de Cartographie et de Télédetection

YAMOUSSOUKROABIDJAN

GUIGLO

AKOUPE

Songon

BaconAngle Avenue Jacques-Aka et la Rue Sainte Marie, Cocody

01 B.P. 3862 Abidjan 01 - Tél: (225) 22 44 64 10 / Fax: (225) 22 44 28 86

7

Executive summary

1 Context in Côte d’Ivoire and PBF interventions

SE01. Since the end of the 1990s, Côte d’Ivoire has faced a series of political and security

crises, including the division of its territory into two separate zones for almost a decade,

spells of social protest and violence with a detrimental effect on the performance of the

national economy and the sovereign functions of State and administrative capacities,

leading to large-scale violations of human rights, notably sexual violence, and in particular

against girls and women. Political competition and manipulation remain major concerns

among the key drivers of violence, particularly in light of upcoming elections in 2020 and

the fact that underlying factors of tensions and conflicts remain, or, in some cases, have

worsened.

SE02. The land ownership system has been generating tensions and conflicts within and across

communities, destroying the social fabric and eroding social cohesion, as well as causing

conflicts across borders and against the State. In addition, issues including illegal

exploitation of mining resources, conflicts between farmers and herders, poverty affecting

nearly half of the population despite positive macroeconomic indicators, and the question

of identity (the concept of “ivoirity”) in a context of strong demographic and migratory

pressure (internal and regional) constitute additional sources of conflict. The crisis of

chiefdoms weakens local conflict management systems. It should also be noted that most

of the population is under 25 and that youth and women are most often marginalized from

the benefits of economic growth and decision-making processes. Despite an improved

security situation and the political will demonstrated by the Government to address conflict

drivers and the divide among the population and toward the State, the sense of impunity and

lack of trust in the Ivoirian justice system remains present, as are contestations of the State

authority in some regions, particularly in the west.

SE03. Côte d’Ivoire is a priority country for the UN Peacebuilding Commission (PBC). At the

end of November 2019, the PBF had invested over USD 55 million since 2008 to support

the stabilization and peacebuilding processes in the country. Côte d’Ivoire is also a pilot

case for the UN Agenda on peacebuilding and sustaining peace and is often mentioned as

an example of a successful transition from peacekeeping to peacebuilding.

Table SE1 : Evaluated projects and implementing partners

Project title Organizations

Priority plan for peacebuilding in Côte d’Ivoire – Phase II (2013-2015, extended until 2018)

PBF/PRF/B-3 (Programme 1): “Support to strengthen trust, coexistence and security stabilization for

peaceful elections in Côte d’Ivoire”

UNDP, UN-Women,

UNESCO

PBF/PRF/A-3 (Programme 2): “Support to prevention and peaceful management of conflicts in Côte

d’Ivoire”

UNFPA, UNDP, FAO, UN-

Women

PBF/PRF/E-2 (Civil Code project): :“Support to timely registration of the births and deaths and reforming

the Civil Code”

UNICEF, UNHCR, UNFPA

PBF/CIV/H-2 (PBF Secretariat Project): “Support to planning, coordination, monitoring and evaluation of

the implementation of the Peacebuilding Priority Plan in Côte d’Ivoire”

UNDP, Coordination Unit

Priority plan for peacebuilding in Côte d’Ivoire – Phase II (2013-2015, extended until 2018)

PBF/IRF/168 (Women mediators project): Support to women and girls contributing to conflict prevention

through early warning and information networks

UN-Women, UNICEF

PBF/IRF/156 (Project SWEEP): Support to women’s sustained engagement in peacebuilding and

security in the West

CARE International

PBF/IRF/162 (Cross-border project): Cross-border cooperation between Côte d’Ivoire and Liberia for

sustainable peace and social cohesion

UNDP, IOM

PBF/IRF/199:Support to sustainability of conflict prevention and management tools UNFPA, UNDP

8

PBF/IRF/200 (Community Security Project): Support to DDR ex-combatants and SSR in Côte d’Ivoire UNDP

PBF/IRF/196 (Youth project): Strengthen youth participation to peacebuilding in the South, Center and

Center-West of Côte d’Ivoire

UNICEF, UNDP, UNESCO,

UNFPA

SE04. The evaluation of the PBF portfolio in Côte d’Ivoire took place from September to

December 2019. The scope of the evaluation includes 10 projects listed in Table SE1 out of

a total of the 16 projects funded by the PBF up until now as part of the Peacebuilding

Priority Plan in Côte d’Ivoire (PP2 2013-2015, extended until 2018) and of the

Peacebuilding Support Plan 2017-2019 (PACoP), which aimed at supporting the country

through the transition phase from peacekeeping to peacebuilding. These projects are aligned

with previous PBF interventions and with the transition of the UN peacekeeping mission in

Côte d’Ivoire (ONUCI), which closed in June 2017, with a view to building on peace

dividends in the country. The PACoP projects in particular address the outstanding

challenges jointly identified by ONUCI, the Government, UNCT and donors.

2 Evaluation objectives

SE05. The main objective of this evaluation is to provide a global and independent assessment

of the added value, results and impacts of the PBF portfolio in Côte d’Ivoire from 2015

to 2019, including catalytic effects and contribution of the PBF to the transition. These

interventions are also analyzed in the light of the evaluation criteria: relevance, efficiency,

effectiveness and sustainability, as well as the governance, coordination and monitoring

structures in the country, and including an analysis of the integration of gender

considerations. This evaluation also intends to identify outstanding peacebuilding gaps and

challenges in the country, as well as good practices and lessons learned. The goal is to

formulate recommendations and contribute to informed decision making in relation to

potential support and future PBF interventions in Côte d’Ivoire and possibly elsewhere.

3 Methodology

SE06. The data collection process mainly focused on gathering testimonials and qualitative

evidence of change, in addition to the (quantitative and qualitative) data provided by the

document review (project and strategic documents, situation analyses, evaluations,

perception studies) and the semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Two field missions

(2-16 October; 18-22 November 2019) were conducted in Abidjan, the west, center and

north of the country. Sites were selected based on: i) the number and duration of PBF

interventions in the region; ii) the relevance of the context in terms of peacebuilding

interventions; and iii) partners’ availability to accommodate and support the mission.

SE07. The team collected and triangulated the perspectives and experiences of a large selection

of national and international stakeholders, implementing partners (at the central, regional

and local/community levels), institutional and civil society stakeholders, as well as

beneficiaries and external actors. The “most significative change” dimension was integrated

into the interviews and focus group discussions. The principles of “do no harm” and

“conflict sensitivity” fed into the evaluation team’s approach and conduct.

SE08. The main tools driving the data collection process included an evaluation matrix and

some analytic modules focusing on the three main areas of PBF engagement in Côte

d’Ivoire: restoring confidence between the State and the population, strengthen social

cohesion, and develop a transition framework. In addition, a coherence analysis between

theories of change (ToC) of the portfolio and those of the corresponding projects and case

studies, focusing on the synergies between PBF interventions and project profiles, were

completing these tools.

9

4 Main observations by criteria and evaluation components

4.1 Relevance

QE1. How relevant was the PBF portfolio (2015-2019) to key conflict drivers and

peacebuilding needs in Côte d’Ivoire, considering the evolution of the context since 2015?

SE09. PBF projects are deeply ingrained in knowledge of the context, and target the

geographic areas that are the most affected by the conflict, without necessarily directly

addressing key conflict drivers in Côte d’Ivoire – which would require in-depth and longer-

term action. The projects address needs and challenges that have been jointly identified by

the Government and the UN toward peacebuilding, and are also shared with other donors.

They are therefore aligned with UN objectives in the country and with national policies and

priorities. The subjects and approaches are clearly relevant to the context and in their

underlying intervention logic since they essentially aim to enhance the populations’

resiliency to conflict drivers. The interventions focus mainly on capacity building for the

different national stakeholders (at institutional and community levels) and dialogue and

early warning mechanisms to prevent and manage tensions (between and within

communities and/or with the State), and reinforce social cohesion and the populations’ trust

in State institutions and administration. The beneficiaries and stakeholders who were

interviewed continue to consider these interventions relevant.

SE10. PBF funding ensured (and reassured) continuity of some peacebuilding-related UN

interventions after closing down ONUCI, while remaining within the UNCT mandate. PBF

support proved to be realistic considering the resources and capacities of the UN system in

the country.

4.2 Efficiency

QE2. To what extent was the implementation of PBF funding from 2015 to 2019 flexible, timely and cost effective?

SE11. The PBF is well valued as a complementary funding source, especially as it brings UN

agencies to work together. The flexibility of the PBF is also an asset, particularly to adapt

project development to an evolving context and emerging needs, even if its procedures are

considered heavy for an instrument that wishes to be flexible.

SE12. The interventions have often faced some delays (80% overall). In 20% of cases, projects

had to be reformulated to address emerging needs; 20% of projects received no-cost

extensions, and in 40% of cases project start up was delayed by three months. Some

activities were not completed due to insufficient funding (or unrealistic plans) or because

the prerequisites of such activities were not fulfilled (such as delayed publications or the

institutional structures to be supported by the projects were established too late).

SE13. As indicated in the PBF Guidelines, partnerships with national stakeholders

(institutional, local administrations and civil society) play a key role in PBF interventions

and constitute an added value of the PBF. However, frequent changes in political leadership

in sectorial ministries can sometimes generate delays, therefore compelling agencies to

reinitiate institutional commitment.

10

4.3 Effectiveness and Impact

QE3. Have PBF projects since 2015 delivered the expected results and what was their impact on peacebuilding in Côte d’Ivoire?

SE14. In general, the findings regarding the results and effects of PBF interventions are

positive. The achievements are for the most part consistent with the targeted result

indicators and their impact can be measured at different levels in the projects’ intervention

areas. PBF interventions notably contributed to a decrease in the intensity of conflict in

areas where there are active dialogue framework between populations, local administration

and security forces, with effects as well on the level of trust of the populations toward law

enforcement authorities, as per the 2019 PBF perception study conducted in the projects

areas of intervention (from 52% in 2016 to 72% in 2019).

SE15. The findings are similar regarding PBF contributions to enhancing social cohesion and

the increase in conflict resolution through administrative channels. Despite persisting

tensions, the collected data indicates improvements in the coexistence of different ethnic

groups in areas where social and community dialogues and institutional and civil society

capacity were strengthened, where monitoring and early warning systems were set up and

where awareness-raising (civics, dialogue, solidarity) measures were taken. The

complementarity of the different PBF interventions also contributed to peaceful elections

(in 2015, 2016 and 2018) and to the development of policies and action plans to build upon

these gains (National strategy of early warning and rapid response; National strategy of

reconciliation and social cohesion 2016-2020; review of the National plan for social

cohesion 2016-2020; law on defense and internal security programming).

SE16. The evaluation team collected several testimonials indicating behavioral changes among

the beneficiaries, especially ex-combatants, and the way youth and women are perceived in

their communities, as well as institutional actors. Several PBF projects invested in inclusive

dialogue, peacebuilding and women and youth empowerment initiatives, which have

contributed to these changes.

SE17. The mission also noted significant improvements in conflict prevention capacities and

social cohesion among local actors who received ongoing support (at least since the PP2)

as well as for those in more recent PBF (and others) interventions (Guiglo vs. Korhogo).

The cumulative effects of PBF (and others) interventions are evident. Internal coherence

and geographical convergence of the PBF projects have allowed to build on already existing

structures and mechanisms to lead complementary activities, connect various local actors,

and develop and build on local capacities, therefore multiplying or at least reinforcing the

impact of each individual project intervention.

SE18. However, the results of the PBF are rather mixed, not very visible, or the assessments

are divergent regarding disarmament, which is still a source of insecurity (in particular

Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration/DDR, and Security Sector Reform/SSR),

transitional justice and reparations. The overall sense of impunity remains dominant.

11

4.4 Sustainability

QE4. To what extent is there effective national ownership of peacebuilding policies and

approaches in Côte d’Ivoire, including conditions, capacities and structures or mechanisms,

in order to ensure PBF benefits are sustainable?

SE19. The anchoring of PBF interventions in State institutions (at both central and

decentralized levels) and capacity building activities, contributed to State ownership of

some of the policies and initiatives it supported (Civil-Military Committees/CCM, socio-

community dialogues, Gender desks integrated into security forces). By financially

contributing USD1.5 Million to the PP2 and taking charge of some transition components

(including DDR/SSR), the State of Côte d’Ivoire has demonstrated ownership and

expressed its commitment toward the Peacebuilding Support Plan (PACoP). This last

commitment had not yet concretized at the time of the evaluation missions. The

empowerment and sustainability of some initiatives rely however on the mobilization of

national and external financial resources (not yet guaranteed as of today), on the State

technical and support capacities, as well as on political commitment and on the beneficiaries

of the projects.

SE20. Capacity building of State and civil society stakeholders, income-generating activities

(IGAs) and awareness campaigns all contributed to promoting engagement, ownership, and,

in some cases, the empowerment of the beneficiaries or initiatives. Some examples include

integrating training modules on conflict prevention and management and social cohesion

into the National Civil Service School curricula; or women groups and demobilized IGA

beneficiaries who became financially independent and are considered as models and peace

relays within their group or community. According to the perception study conducted in

2019 in PBF project zones, the local administration, chiefdoms, Defense and Security

Forces (FDS) and women have solid capacities and play a role in conflict prevention and

resolution. It is fair to consider that the PBF contributed to these benefits.

4.5 Gender

QE5. Have gender considerations been duly included in the PP2 and PACoP/PBF portfolios

throughout the different phases from conception to monitoring and evaluation?

SE21. Gender principles are overall well integrated across PBF projects in Côte d’Ivoire. The

main challenge remains the participation of as many girls as boys in project activities,

notably due to social barriers and the lack of women/girls’ empowerment. In several cases,

women are called by the authorities and chiefdoms to intervene to defuse tensions or

conflicts within families or communities and to raise awareness in communities about

holding peaceful elections, conflict prevention and social cohesion. Women are also

represented in the framework of local dialogues, including the CCM. Through their

engagement, especially in the reconciliation process within and across communities,

women have become key actors in other processes or initiatives (in relation to maternal

health, recording births and deaths in the civil registry, support to GBV victims, etc.).

However, women and youth engagement in politics remains low and faces some challenges

(including cultural and socioeconomic challenges as well as patronage).

SE22. Despite awareness campaigns on gender, human rights, children protection, GBV

prevention and a clear improvement in the collaboration between civil society and

authorities to that effect, there is not a significant reduction in the amount of GBV cases

12

which are rarely brought before a court for reasons such as customs and the lack of trust in

the justice system, among others..

4.6 PBF coordination and monitoring

QE6. How did PBF mechanisms efficiently allow PBSO and partners to deliver a relevant and

timely response?

SE23. The PBF Secretariat brought an added value in terms of communications on the PBF

(including outside the UN system), supporting agencies with PBF processes and

regulations, and of project monitoring. Despite a participative prioritization process of PBF

interventions and criteria defined in the PBF Guidelines, the selection, allocation of funds

and budget definition processes for PBF projects remain very competitive and is often

criticized for their lack of transparency. For that reason, many agencies are in favor of the

separation between the Resident Coordination function and UNDP.

SE24. The PBF computerized monitoring and evaluation system in Côte d’Ivoire (recently set

up by the Secretariat in 2019) should allow better analyses of the impact of the

interconnections and synergies between projects once they become operational. However,

the data collection process in order to assess the individual or cumulative effects or changes

generated by PBF projects will most likely remain a challenge. The visibility of the PBF

funding seems also quite low compared to that of implementing agencies.

EQ7. How efficient were the PBF governance structures in the country to reach expected results?

SE25. The composition of the Joint Steering Committee (JSC) is suitable and inclusive,

bringing together State institutions and civil society representatives from Côte d’Ivoire,

donors, the UN system and PBF implementing partners representatives. Its role is mainly

to validate the discussions and proposals from the Technical Experts Committee (TEC), and

to ensure the information reaches political stakeholders to encourage coordination and

synergies among various funding initiatives (national, PBF and others). The TEC ensures

information sharing and contributes to reinforcing institutional anchoring of the projects

without however addressing entirely coordination needs, according to some of the

interviewed implementing partners.

EQ8. How did the interaction and coordination between UN agencies, external partners and

UNCT contribute to the coherence, efficiency and sustainability of the UN peacebuilding

engagements in Côte d'Ivoire?

SE26. Despite shared analysis in a few areas, the international community does not have a

common peacebuilding strategy in Côte d’Ivoire, nor a shared vision in terms of priorities.

There are however some synergies between PBF interventions and those of other donors,

therefore building on certain achievements and ensuring the sustainability of impacts

generated by others. PACoP did not play the expected role of a unifying framework for

mobilizing funding for the transition – it however initiated some coordination among UN

and donor engagements.

13

5 Catalytic effects, good practices and lessons learned

SE27. PBF interventions in Côte d'Ivoire had catalytic effects, especially in terms of: i) the

mobilization of additional financing from other donors, including through their

demonstrative effect and positive results, hence ensuring continuity and development for

some interventions (i.e. Civil Code, support to inter-community dialogue activities, legal

clinics or police and cross-border positions); ii) State ownership to institutionalize and

spread out similar approaches to new areas which were not targeted by the PBF (i.e. socio-

community and socio-security dialogues, and watch platforms); iii) piloting innovative

approaches (Civil Code, cross-border cooperation, dialogues, community grievances); and

iv) empowerment and sustainability of PBF supported initiatives/civil society actors.

SE28. PBF good practices include: i) a focus on prevention and populations’ resiliency to key

conflict drivers, especially since the root causes of conflict in Côte d’Ivoire are far from

being under control and continue to evolve; ii) the capitalization, continuity and cumulative

effects of a series of interventions that are contributing to ownership and capacity building

and potentially leading to the empowerment of beneficiaries; iii) the complementarities and

synergies within the PBF and the UN system, supported by the same structures and/or

mechanisms and working with stakeholders at all levels (national, local, community) on a

larger part of the territory to convey similar messages; iv) being anchored within national

partners and with a participative approach, therefore contributing to ownership and

sustainable newly formed capacities; and v) providing local support (mentoring) to

stakeholders.

SE29. Côte d’Ivoire generated good practices and lessons on transition at several levels. Even

with the PBF, the gap between UNOCI and UNCT remained too important to prevent a

certain “void” in terms of mandate, scope of intervention, human and financial resources,

field presence and consequently political weight. The transition did not benefit from a

significant enhancement of UNCT’s human and financial capacities. In addition, a joint

reflection on the ways to lessen the transition impact has compelled the UNCT (and GoCI)

to come up with alternatives to fill the unavoidable gaps left by ONUCI’s departure.

SE30. The focus of the projects on the role played by women and youth in peacebuilding and

social cohesion has allowed them to play a role and have a voice. Despite challenges, this

aspect remains one of the most significant for many beneficiaries.

6 Conclusions and recommendations

Conclusions Recommendations

a) PBF political and strategic added value

C1. Despite its limited financial and political

weight, the PBF stabilized the transition shock

and above all contributed to keep the focus on

peacebuilding.

REC 1. Spread the transition over 3 or 4 years

and proceed with a more progressive drawdown

of peacekeeping missions, with substantial

capacity development for UNCT and gradual

transfer to the GoCI and civil society, according

to their respective roles and responsibilities.

C2. The PBF promoted a common

peacebuilding vision in Côte d’Ivoire within the

UNCT and synergies within the UN system,

building on agencies’ expertise by having them

work together.

REC 2. Maintain the focus on preserving PBF’s

unique prerogative of bringing together UN

agencies. Approximatively two thirds of the PBF

projects should be implemented by agencies and

14

Conclusions Recommendations

the rest by international NGOs, depending on their

added value.

b) Restoring trust between State and populations and reinforcing social cohesion

C3. The PBF had a positive impact on the

reconciliation between the State and populations

and on promoting social cohesion, however its

impact is mainly limited to the targeted zones

and stakeholders who received ongoing support.

REC 3. Support,for at least another 2 to 3 years

the deployment and extension of dialogue

frameworks to villages and other non-targeted

zones, building on more experienced

structures/groups to form and support new

structures.

C4. The situation remains fragile. The pressure

from the key conflict drivers did not decrease

(on the contrary), including the risks of political

instrumentalization. Most outstanding

challenges identified during the ONUCI

transition still remain.

REC 4. The widespread fear of relapsing into

violence during the 2020 election is a unique

opportunity to refocus on peacebuilding priorities

with donors and authorities. A Resident

Coordinator with a more political role is also an

opportunity to strengthen the political dialogue at

both local and national levels.

c) Implementation, coordination and monitoring of PBF projects in Côte d'Ivoire

C5. For the most part, the PBF produced the

expected results relying on available resources,

political will and national capacities to take

ownership of the approaches, mechanisms and

delivered products. The sustainability of the

results generated by the interventions remains

however an important challenge.

REC 5. Given the peacebuilding needs, PBSO

should foster the continuity of its support before

and beyond the 2020 election for another 2 to 3

years, with a special focus on capacity

development for national ownership, on phasing

out and transferring roles and capacities for

institutional actors and civil society, and on

consolidating the existing institutions, structures

and mechanisms which have proven relevant and

effective.

C6. The computerized PBF monitoring and

evaluation system is too new to appreciate its

added value. If its potential is reached (for

example, cross-data analysis and synergies

between PBF projects and others) it could

provide evidence of what works or not, and why.

REC6. Finalize the incorporation of all the data

into the monitoring system and test its potential,

according to each agency and partner’s priorities

to analyze past results and future planning. Draw

a first assessment of the system at the end of

2020.