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International Journal of Pharmaceutical
Biological and Chemical Sciences
e-ISSN: 2278-5191
International Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences (IJPBCS)
e-ISSN: 2278-5191 | OCT-DEC 2013 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 4| 38-46 www.ijpbcs.net or www.ijpbcs.com
Research Article
Pag
e38
EVALUATION OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES AS A POTENTIAL CHEMOPREVENTIVE
AGENT AGAINST LUNG CARCINOMA
Ali E N1, El-Sonbaty S M
2 and Salem F M
3
1 Department of Radiation biology, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology,
Atomic Energy Authority. 2 Radiation Microbiology, Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology,
Atomic Energy Authority.
3 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Helwan University.
*Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Worldwide, lung cancer remains the leading cause of
cancer death. Decades of smoking and other
environmental and occupational risk factor in older
adults will continue to produce millions of new cases of
lung cancer worldwide. Several studies have reported
reduced risks of lung cancer in people in the higher
categories of selenium intake, although other studies
have failed to confirm this association, [1, 2, 3].
There is an increasing evidence that cancer and other
mutation-related diseases can be prevented not only by
avoiding exposures to recognized risk factors but also by
favoring the intake of protective factors and by
modification of defense and DNA repair mechanisms of
the host organism. Selenium, an essential trace element,
belongs to the most extensively studied
chemoprevention compounds. Some human ecological
studies have reported associations between low selenium
intake and increased cancer mortality. Selenium
deficiency is related to the occurrence of specific
chronic diseases, including cancer in humans, while
adequate selenium intake is associated with the lower
incidence of certain cancers in humans, [4].
Selenium is a necessary trace element in mammalian
and human. It is well supported that selenium has
chemopreventive effects, and emerging evidences
suggest that selenium has chemotherapeutic potential by
inducing cancer cell apoptosis with minimal side effects
to normal cells within a proper dose range. Selenium
induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in
colorectal cancer cells via mitochondrial pathway, [5].
The mechanisms of apoptosis for selenium compounds
ABSTRACT:
Selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) have garnered a great deal of attention as potential cancer therapy. The use of
microorganisms in the synthesis of nanoparticles emerges as an eco-friendly and exciting approach. This study was
designed to assess Se-NPs synthesized by Bacillus Licheniformis as chemotherapeutic agent against lung cancer induced by
ferric-nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA).
Se-NPs were synthesized through the reduction of aqueous selenium ion using the growth culture supernatants. This
method is capable of producing Se-NPs in a size range of about 50-80 nm and characterized by transmission electron
microscopy. Thirty sex male rats were divided into four groups as follows: Group 1: control, Group 2: oral administrated
with Se-NPs 0.2 mg Se/kg body weight, Group 3: intraperitoneal injected with Fe-NTA, Group 4: pretreatment with Se-
NPs then injected with Fe-NTA with contentious administration with Se-NPs. Treatment with Fe-NTA caused significant
reduction in glutathione level, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities with marked elevation
in lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, C-reactive protein and TNF-α level. Lung tissue histological analysis of Fe-NTA treated
rats showed islands of hyperplasia cells. Pretreatment with Se-NPs significantly restored glutathione level, glutathione
peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and ameliorated oxidative damage parameters of lipid
peroxidation, nitric oxide, and inflammation parameters C-reactive protein and TNF-α level with noticed improvement in
the pulmonary tissue histological analysis and disappearance of hyperplasia cells.
Microbial synthesized Se-NPs shows promising era in the management of lung cancer as Se-NPs was able to: restore
antioxidant state; reduce oxidative stress, inflammation accompanied with disappearance of hyperplasia in lung tissue.
KEYWORDS: Lung, cancer, selenium nanoparticles, ferric-nitrilotriacetate.
El-Sonbaty S M * et al; EVALUATION OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES AS A POTENTIAL CHEMOPREVENTIVE AGENT AGAINST LUNG CARCINOMA
International Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences | e-ISSN: 2278-5191 | OCT-DEC 2013 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 4 | 38-46| www.ijpbcs.net
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mainly involves a mitochondrial pathway, protein
kinases, tumor necrosis factor, activation of caspases
and reactive oxygen species, [6].
Nanotechnology plays a very important role in many
key technologies of the new millennium. The
application of nanoscale and nanostructure materials
within the range of 1 to 100 nm is an emerging area of
nanoscience and nanotechnology. Nanomaterials may
provide solutions to technological and environmental
challenges in the areas of solar energy conversion,
catalysis, medicine, and water treatment, [7].
The prospect of natural resources for metal
nanoparticles synthesis has become to be a competent in
the perspective of cost effective and eco-friendly points.
Researchers prefer a biological synthesis because the
distribution control of particles obtained from this
method is better than other methods, [8]. Nanoparticles
may be synthesized either intracellularly or
extracellularly employing yeast, fungi bacteria or plant
materials. The biological synthesis of nanoparticles is
highly eco-friendly and possesses distinct advantages
such as enhanced stability, better control over the size,
shape, and monodispersity of the nanoparticles, when
compared with the more traditional physical and
chemical methods which often involves the use of
hazardous chemicals creating environmental concern.
Metal nanoparticles have received significant attention
in recent years owing to their unique properties and
practical applications,[9]. Nanoparticles are
biosynthesized when the microorganisms grab target
ions from their environment and then turn the metal ions
into the element metal through enzymes. The
intracellular method consists of transporting ions into
the microbial cell to form nanoparticles in the presence
of enzymes. The extracellular synthesis of nanoparticles
involves trapping the metal ions on the surface of the
cells and reducing ions in the presence of enzymes, [10].
Aim of the work was to evaluate the efficacy of Se-NPs
with further insight into the possible mechanisms by
which selenium may impact lung cancer risks. We
employed an animal model of lung carcinoma that is
induced by oxidative damage via Fe-NTA to examine
Se-NPs synthesized by bacteria as cancer protective
agent.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Preparation of Fe-NTA solution
The Fe-NTA solution was prepared according to, [11].
In brief, disodium salt of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA)
(0.64 mmol/kg body weight) and ferric nitrate
enneahydrate (0.16 mmol/kg body weight) were
dissolved in distilled water, and the pH was adjusted to
7.0 using sodium bicarbonate. The molar ratio of Fe to
NTA was 1:4. Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) is used as
polyphosphate substitute in detergents in various
countries; it forms water-soluble chelate complexes with
metal cations at neutral pH.
Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles
Bacillus licheniformis strain (B. licheniformis) ATCC
10716, was obtained from Microbiological Resources
Centre (Cairo MIRCEN). 2g of wet B. licheniformis
biomass was taken in an Erlenmeyer's flask. 1mM SeO2
solution was prepared using deionized water and 100
mL of the solution mixture was added to the biomass,
and kept in a shaker at 37°C (200 rpm) for 24 h for the
synthesis of nanoparticles. Finally, the resulting solution
was filtered through a 0.22 µm filter (Millipore), [12].
Transmission electron microscopy analysis
Synthesized Se-NPs by B. licheniformis were analyzed
by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Samples of
Se-NPs were prepared by placing a drop of the
suspension of Se-NPs on carbon-coated copper grids
and allowing water to evaporate. The shape and size of
nanoparticles were determined from TEM micrographs.
The software (Advanced Microscopy Techniques,
Danvers, MA) for the digital TEM camera was
calibrated for size measurements of the nanoparticles.
TEM measurements were performed on a JEOL model
1200EX, [13]. For ultrastructural studies, 24 h old
culture grown in the presence of 2 mM selenium dioxide
and from control were centrifuged at 1844 × g for 15
min, [14].
Animals and experimental design
Male Wister rats weighing about 120-150 g were
provided by the Animal House of the Nile Company for
Drugs, Cairo, Egypt. Rats were housed in plastic cages
and maintained under standard laboratory conditions
(temperature 25 ± 2°C; photoperiod of 12 h) on a
commercial pellet diet and water ad libitum.
Toxicological studies of Se-NPs: A 30-day toxicity
study of Se-NPs was conducted in male rats by studying
serum biological markers, survival and decrease in body
weights. Sixty male rats were divided into sex groups of
ten animals each. Five groups were given Se-NPs of 50,
100, 200, 400 and 500 µg Se/kg, once daily for 30 days.
One group was served as control and given sterile
physiological saline.
After a week of acclamization, thirty four male rats were
randomly divided into four groups of eight animals
each, group 1: control, group 2: orally administrated
with Se-NPs, 3 times a week (each alternate day) in a
dose of 200 µg Se/kg body weight, group 3: injected i.p.
with Fe–NTA twice weekly (9 mg/kg body weight),
group 4: pretreated with Se-NPs for 15 days prior to Fe-
NTA injection, the animals were sacrificed after 6
months.
El-Sonbaty S M * et al; EVALUATION OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES AS A POTENTIAL CHEMOPREVENTIVE AGENT AGAINST LUNG CARCINOMA
International Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences | e-ISSN: 2278-5191 | OCT-DEC 2013 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 4 | 38-46| www.ijpbcs.net
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Biochemical analysis
Antioxidant parameters were measured in the liver
homogenate (10 % in 0.9 % saline). Glutathione (GSH)
content was measured calorimetrically according to the
method described by, [15]. Glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) activity was measured calorimetrically according
to the method described by, [16]. Superoxide dismutase
(SOD) activity was measured according to the method described by, [17] and catalase activity (CAT) was
measured calorimetrically according to the method
described by, [18]. Lipid peroxides content was
determined according to the method of , [19] using
1,1,3,3‐ tetra ethoxypropane as a standard. Nitric oxide
was determined according to, [20]
Evaluation of tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α) in
the plasma was carried out according to, [21], using the
"Assay Max Rat TNF-alpha ELISA kit of murine
monoclonal antibody" (ASSAYPRO, 41 Triad South
Drive St. Charles, MO 63394, USA). Data was analyzed
using 990win6 software for DV990BV4 microplate
reader, GIO DE VITA, Roma, Italy. Determination of
C-reactive protein was carried out by
immunoturbidometry method according to, [22].
Histological analysis
Sections of mammary glands were stained with
hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) and examined by light
microscope, [23].
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was carried out using Excel and
Results were represented as mean ± SD. SPSS version
15. P value ≤ 0.05 was considered to be statistically
significant.
RESULTS
Studying transmission electron microscope (TEM)
photos of B. licheniformis showed morphological
changes in bacterial cells caused by exposure to
selenium dioxide. Non-treated B. licheniformis cells
showed rod shape while treated cells with selenium
dioxide showed spherical shape Fig. 2. Photos showed
accumulation of selenium inside and on bacterial cells as
precipitations inside and on the bacterial cell.
Characterization of the synthesized Se-NPs was carried
out. The UV-Visible absorption spectra of selenium
nanospheres recovered from the culture broth gave
characteristic peak at 590 nm.
The morphology and size of the biologically synthesized
Se-NPs was determined using TEM Fig.3. The size of
Se-NPs was analyzed by TEM imaging which
demonstrate that the prepared Se-NPs aggregated easily
and their size was not uniform, ranging from 50 to 80
nm diameter. The morphological characterization of Se-
NPs by TEM showed that Se-NPs is of spherical shape,
depicts that they are relatively uniform in diameter and
spherical in shape.
In vivo nanoparticles toxicity studies are focused mainly
on examining changes in blood serum chemistry, animal
population count and behavior. Thus the rats groups
injected with Se-NPs at a dosage of 50, 100, 200, 400
and 500 µg Se/kg did not show any symptoms of
toxicity such as fatigue, loss of appetite, change in fur
color, weight loss, behavior change and serum chemical
analysis of alanine amino trasferase, aspartate amino
transferase, urea and creatinie. All the rats survived
throughout the experimental period without exhibiting
any abnormalities.
The effects of Se-NPs (200 µg Se/kg body weight)
pretreatment on antioxidant state of Fe-NTA treated rat
lung tissue. As Fe-NTA treatment significantly reduced
measured antioxidant parameters of GSH level, GPx,
CAT and SOD activities compared to the control.
Pretreatment with Se-NPs caused significant elevation in
GSH level, GPx, CAT and SOD activities compared to
Fe-NTA, Table.1.
Examining the effect of Se-NPs pretreatment on Fe-
NTA treated rats oxidative stress parameters lipid
peroxidation (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) results
showed that Fe-NTA significantly increased MDA and
NO levels, while pretreatment with Se-NPs markedly
ameliorated MDA with non-significant reduction in NO
level Fig.3,4.
Inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) Fig.5
and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) Fig.6 results
revealed significant increase in CRP in Fe-NTA treated
rats while pretreatment with Se-NPs significantly
ameliorated this elevation in the plasma. CRP level
significantly increased in Fe-NTA treated subjects as
compared to the control. Pretreatment with Se-NPs
markedly ameliorated CRC and increase compared to
control.
The pathological effect of the Se-NPs and Fe-NTA over
the morphological characteristics of the organs was
examined through the histological observations using
light microscope. Histological studies of control lung
tissue showed normal pulmonary architecture, well
formed air sacs or vesicles with normal and wide air
passage also normal bronchial feature (Fig.7a). The
examined reports obtained from the senior pathologist
confirmed that the Se-NPs treated rat lung did not show
any significant morphological changes in comparison to
control. (Fig.7b). Lung sections of Fe-NTA treated rats
clearly showed abnormal pulmonary architecture, a
noticed destruction occurred in the intrapulmonary
structure, very narrow and restricted alveolar ducts and
destroyed alveolar vesicles are present. A great area was
replaced by numerous islets of hyperplasia cells. These
cells have been made a great invasion to the outer
muscular layer of the bronchiole and surrounded
El-Sonbaty S M * et al; EVALUATION OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES AS A POTENTIAL CHEMOPREVENTIVE AGENT AGAINST LUNG CARCINOMA
International Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences | e-ISSN: 2278-5191 | OCT-DEC 2013 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 4 | 38-46| www.ijpbcs.net
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perialveolar and peribronchial areas (Fig.7c).
Pretreatment with Se-NPs of Fe-NTA treated rats
showed a noticed improvement in pulmonary tissue
structure, well alveolar sacs and ducts and well formed
bronchiole but still some little inflammatory cells
present peribronchiole, normal epithelial cells of the
bronchiole with goblet cells and clear circular muscle
layer around epithelium(Fig.7d).
Fig. (1): Transmission electron microscope of selenium nanoparticles (20000x).
Fig. (2): Transmission electron microscope of B. licheniformis cells, A: control, B: exposed to selenium dioxide
for 48 hr.
Fig.3. Effect of Se-NPs against Fe-NTA induced alteration on lipid peroxidation level of lung.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Control Se-NPs Fe-NTA Fe-NTA+Se-NPs
MD
A (
µM
/g)
A B
El-Sonbaty S M * et al; EVALUATION OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES AS A POTENTIAL CHEMOPREVENTIVE AGENT AGAINST LUNG CARCINOMA
International Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences | e-ISSN: 2278-5191 | OCT-DEC 2013 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 4 | 38-46| www.ijpbcs.net
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Fig.4. Effect of Se-NPs against Fe-NTA induced alteration on nitric oxide level of lung.
Fig. 5. Effect of Se-NPs against Fe-NTA induced alteration on CRP plasma level.
Fig. 6. Effect of Se-NPs against Fe-NTA induced alteration on TNF- α plasma level.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Control Se-NPs Fe-NTA Fe-NTA+Se-NPs
Nit
ric
oxid
e (
nM
Na n
itrit
e/g
)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Control Se-NPs Fe-NTA Fe-NTA+Se-NPs
C-r
ea
cti
ve p
rote
in m
g/L
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Control Se-NPs Fe-NTA Fe-NTA+Se-NPs
TN
F-α
(pg/m
l )
El-Sonbaty S M * et al; EVALUATION OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES AS A POTENTIAL CHEMOPREVENTIVE AGENT AGAINST LUNG CARCINOMA
International Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences | e-ISSN: 2278-5191 | OCT-DEC 2013 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 4 | 38-46| www.ijpbcs.net
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Fig. 7. Histopathological sections of lungs showing the effect of pretreatment of rats with Se and Nano-Se on
Fe-NTA promoted lung carcinogenesis. (a) Control (H&E, 100). (b) Nano-Se treated (H&E, 100). (c) Fe-NTA
treated (H&E, 100). (d) Se+Fe-NTA treated (H&E, 100).
Table (1): Effect of Se-NPs and Fe-NTA on glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide
dismutase.
a: Significantly different from control, b: Significantly different from Fe -NTA group.
DISCUSSION
In the present study, Se-NPs synthesis by the strain B.
licheniformis formed reddish cell suspension which
indicated its ability to reduce the toxic, colorless, soluble
selenium ions to nontoxic, red elemental insoluble form
of selenium (Se0). Under the stressful condition of toxic
selenium ions the morphology of the cells was altered
resulting in decrease in cell size. The organisms reduce
their cell size and increase their relative surface area for
better uptake of the nutrients for survival under
environmental stress conditions. Analyzing B.
licheniformis cells exposed to selenium by TEM
confirmed the spherical intracellular and extracellular
deposits of SNPs. However, our data showed formation
of intracellular and extracellular nanometer-sized
particles of elemental selenium (Se0). Intracellular Se-
NPs accumulation was inside the cytoplasm or
periplasmic space of the bacterial cell as in TEM images
and confirmed by other research groups, [24]. TEM
confirmed the spherical shape and size range of 50-80
(a)
(b)
( c)
(d)
Group
GSH (mg /g) GPx (µmol oxidized
GSH/ min/g)
CAT(μM H2O2/g) SOD (µg/g)
Control 21.0± 2.2 171.0± 5.8 97.6± 4.6 12.1± 0.4
Se-NPs 27.1± 1.4a 169.7± 5.5 102.8± 6.1 11.8± 0.4
Fe-NTA 14.6± 0.8a 117.6± 6.8a 43.0± 3.9a 9.4± 0.3a
Fe-NTA+Se-NPs 19.0± 2.1ab 139.8± 8.4ab 95.9± 4.5ab 11.8± 0.5ab
El-Sonbaty S M * et al; EVALUATION OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES AS A POTENTIAL CHEMOPREVENTIVE AGENT AGAINST LUNG CARCINOMA
International Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences | e-ISSN: 2278-5191 | OCT-DEC 2013 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 4 | 38-46| www.ijpbcs.net
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nm. Nanoparticles having dimensions of the order of
less than 100 nm have attracted great attention due to
their unusual and fascinating properties, and
applications advantageous over their bulk counterparts,
[25].
In the present study, iron administration markedly
reduced antioxidant markers GSH, GPx, CAT and SOD
activities and inflammation markers CRP and TNF-α in
the lung followed by tumor promotion. This is possibly
due to generation of free radicals in the tissue forming
FeCl3 and •OH by a reaction of Fe-NTA with H2O2 in
vivo might be involved in carcinogenesis, [26, 27].
Oxidative stress and inflammation are closely associated
with tumor promotion, [28]. Iron deposition within
tissue is often related to generation of reactive oxygen
species, leading to oxidative damage, lipid peroxidation
and concomitant increase in serum toxicity markers and
depletion of renal GSH content, [29].
This is a unique experimental model, useful in search of
antioxidant compounds by the pretreatment for 2 weeks
and of chemopreventive compounds by oral
administration for several months. We observed that oral
pretreatment of Se-NPs protected lung tissue from iron
ions induced damage. We demonstrated that Se-NPs
inhibited elevation of oxidative injury markers of MDA
and NO and maintained the levels of reduced GSH,
GPx, CAT and SOD activities and ameliorated
inflammation markers CRP and TNF-α in lung.
Selenium pretreatment may play roles to protect the
living organism from iron ions-induced oxidative stress.
Selenium remarkable biological effect in eukaryotes is
related to a unique function of various selenoproteins by
being incorporated into as selenocysteine and included
such as glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase,
manganese superoxide dismutase, cytosolic glutathione
peroxidase and selenoprotein P which have antioxidant
and detoxification functions. selenoproteins family play
critical role in cellular protection from oxidative damage
and infection, male fertility, thyroid hormone
metabolism and DNA synthesis [1,2,30,31].
Supra-nutritional levels of selenium have benefits in
preventing several types of cancer, including lung
cancer, colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer. It is well
supported that selenium has chemopreventive effects,
and chemotherapeutic potential by inducing cancer cell
apoptosis with minimal side effects to normal cells
within a proper dose range, [31,32,33,34,35]. However,
the precise mechanisms by which selenium activates the
apoptotic machinery remain poorly understood, [36].
In the present work, the cytokine TNF-α was highly
elevated in Fe-NTA treated rats and markedly reduced
by Se-NPs pretreatment. The cytokine TNF-α is highly
expressed in tumors and has powerful and toxic
systemic side effects, it is also a potent anti-vascular
cytokine at higher doses and can be used clinically to
destroy tumor vasculature. TNF-α is able to initiate
cellular apoptosis and it is possible that these apoptotic
pathways are deactivated in tumor cells, [37]. In the
present work Se-NPs pretreatment significantly
normalized CRP level. This liver synthesis protein, a
marker of inflammation, can amplify the anti-
inflammatory response through complement activation,
tissue damage, and activation of endothelial cells and
play a key role in the innate immune response, [38, 39].
Elevated plasma level of CRP is associated with
increased risk of lung cancer, and possibly colorectal
cancer and is associated with greater risk of cancer
patient early death, but do not cause cancer, [40].
Plasma CRP levels decreased in the presence of
antioxidant as Pycnogenol and vitamin C was reported,
[41], and significantly associated with the biomarkers
of oxidative stress malondialdehyde, [42]. The impact of
antioxidants on plasma CRP may be mediated by effects
on upstream cytokines, in particular interleukin-1 (IL-1),
TNF-α, and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which are the main
inducers of the acute phase response. In this study, Se-
NPs inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced TNFα
production, as well as CRP production, suggesting
oxidative potential mechanism. Oxidative damage leads
to an inappropriate activation of the transcription factor
nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and subsequently to an
overexpression of inflammatory proteins. This potential
oxidative mechanisms consistent with our observation in
the present dataset that plasma TNF-α, and biomarker of
oxidative stress MDA in lung tissue was significantly
reduced by Se-NPs treatment accompanied with
activation of antioxidant parameters GSH,SOD,CAT
and GPx , [41].
In our study, histological/histopathological assays
provide evidences over the morphological changes
confirming biochemical studies, evidencing that toxicity
correlate with changes in tissue and cell morphology.
The histopathological findings of the non-toxic effect of
the Se-NPs over lung were observed. Significant
morphological changes induced by Fe-NTA implicated
to iron ions oxidative stress damaging effects which
probably cause changes in cellular DNA inducing
hyperplasia cells appeared in TEM images. Pretreatment
with Se-NPs ameliorated FE-NTA histological changes
with disappearance of cancer cells as a result of
protective effect of selenium on DNA, [43].
Supplementation of selenium compounds reduced cell
proliferation in vitro, as well as a decreased incidence
and severity of cancer in vivo , [44]. Selenium was
reported to induce apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway
El-Sonbaty S M * et al; EVALUATION OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES AS A POTENTIAL CHEMOPREVENTIVE AGENT AGAINST LUNG CARCINOMA
International Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences | e-ISSN: 2278-5191 | OCT-DEC 2013 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 4 | 38-46| www.ijpbcs.net
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dependent on caspase-3 activation regardless of P53,
[45].
CONCLUSIONS
Based on these findings, we conclude that the
aerobically produced Se-NPs by the microbe B.
licheniformis, ATCC 10716 induces chemoprevention
against lung cancer induced by iron ions via induction of
antioxidant state and reduction of oxidative stress and
inflammation markers of CRP and TNF-α. This study
provides useful information for the use of Se-NPs to
treat lung cancer.
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*Corresponding author address:
Dr Sawsan M. El-sonbaty
Radiation Microbiology Department,
National Center for Radiation Research
andTechnology,
Atomic Energy Authority.