Evaluation of Acute Ischemic Stroke Using Quantitative EEG a Comparison With Conventional EEG and CT...

Neurophysiol Clin 1998 Jun;28(3):249-257

Evaluation of acute ischemic stroke using quantitative EEG: a comparison with conventional EEG and CT scan.

Murri L, Gori S, Massetani R, Bonanni E, Marcella F, Milani S Department of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Italy.

The sensitivity of quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG) was compared with that of conventional EEG in patients with acute ischaemic stroke. In addition, a correlation between quantitative EEG data and computerized tomography (CT) scan findings was carried out for all the areas of lesion in order to reassess the actual role of EEG in the evaluation of stroke. Sixty-five patients were tested with conventional and quantitative EEG within 24 h from the onset of neurological symptoms, whereas CT scan was performed within 4 days from the onset of stroke. EEG was recorded from 19 electrodes placed upon the scalp according to the International 10-20 System. Spectral analysis was carried out on 30 artefact-free 4-sec epochs. For each channel absolute and relative power were calculated for the delta, theta, alpha and beta frequency bands and such data were successively represented in colour-coded maps. Ten patients with extensive lesions documented by CT scan were excluded. The results indicated that conventional EEG revealed abnormalities in 40 of 55 cases, while EEG mapping showed abnormalities in 46 of 55 cases: it showed focal abnormalities in five cases and nonfocal abnormalities in one of six cases which had appeared to be normal according to visual inspection of EEG. In a further 11 cases, where the conventional EEG revealed abnormalities in one hemisphere, the quantitative EEG and maps allowed to further localize abnormal activity in a more localized way. The sensitivity of both methods was higher for frontocentral, temporal and parieto-occipital cortical-subcortical infarctions than for basal ganglia and internal capsule lesions; however, quantitative EEG was more efficient for all areas of lesion in detecting cases that had appeared normal by visual inspection and was clearly superior in revealing focal abnormalities. When we considered the electrode related to which the maximum power of the delta frequency band is recorded, a fairly close correlation was found between the localization of the maximum delta power and the position of lesions documented by CT scan for all areas of lesion excepting those located in the striatocapsular area.

Publication Types:

Clinical trial

PMID: 9686400, UI: 98351017

EEG EMG Z Elektroenzephalogr Elektromyogr Verwandte Geb 1990 Sep;21(3):161-162

[The place of EEG mapping in cerebral ischemia].

[Article in German]

Logar C Neurologische Universitatsklinik Graz.

70 patients with Completed stroke were studied and the findings of routine EEG, EEG mapping and CT were compared. It could be shown, that the EEG mapping revealed significantly more often focal changes corresponding with the clinical signs (83%) than the routine EEG (57%). Hypodense lesions in CT were seen in 54 patients. Identical results of EEG mapping and CT were found in 50 patients, EEG mapping and routine EEG were identical in 46 patients. The EEG mapping provided additional lateralisation in 12 patients with negative CT findings and in 21 patients with negative routine EEG. In patients with hypodense lesions in CT the EEG mapping revealed significantly more often focal changes (85%) than the routine EEG (59)%).

PMID: 2123436, UI: 91065200

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J Neurol Sci 1993 Oct;119(1):8-17

Transient ischemic attacks: electrophysiological (conventional and topographic EEG) and radiological (CCT) evaluation.

Madkour O, Elwan O, Hamdy H, Elwan H, Abbas A, Taher M, Abdel-Kader A

Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.

The value of electrophysiological tests: conventional electroencephalography (EEG), topographic EEG analysis as well as computerized tomography (CT) in the diagnosis and evaluation of 25 patients with manifestations of transient ischemic attacks (TIA) in the domain of the carotid system was assessed. Normal CT was the rule in TIA patients except in 8% of the cases, where nonspecific changes of brain atrophy were described. Conventional EEG, topographic EEG and spectral analysis could detect abnormalities in 48%, 80% and 64% of TIA cases respectively. None of the abnormal EEG records could be missed by topographic EEG analysis. 32% of the records were diagnosed as abnormal by topographic EEG, while conventional EEG failed to detect abnormalities. Spectral analysis of the EEG results revealed a significant decrease regarding mean high limit alpha percent power, and a significant increase regarding mean low and high limit theta percent power, as well as a significant increase of the

mean high limit of the slow activities (delta + theta)/fast activities (alpha + beta) percent power ratio in the TIA group as compared to the normal control group.

PMID: 8246015, UI: 94065854

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Neurosurg Rev 1980;3(1):31-36

EEG frequency analysis in the course of acute ischemic stroke.

Hossmann KA, Heiss WD, Bewermeyer H, Mies G

In 18 patients with acute cerebrovascular disease (17 ischemic, 1 hemorrhagic stroke) neurological symptoms were scored repeatedly using a rating scale for disturbance of consciousness, motor dysfunctions, disturbance of higher cortical functions, abnormalities of cranial nerves, and impairment of sensations, and related to EEG-abnormalities quantified by frequency analysis. A correspondence between location of neurologic lesion and EEG focus was found in 87%, but correlation between neurologic score and the degree of EEG-abnormality was low. Changes of clinical defects were not significantly related to various quantified EEG parameters. These results suggest that computerized EEG analysis has to be used with caution for quantifying the clinical course of stroke patients.

PMID: 7453961, UI: 81099296



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Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1983 Aug;56(2):117-124

Visual and spectral EEG analysis in the evaluation of the outcome in patients with ischemic brain infarction.

Sainio K, Stenberg D, Keskimaki I, Muuronen A, Kaste M

Serial EEGs were recorded in 15 patients with acute cerebral infarctions in order to study clinical and prognostic correlations. The EEG was recorded within 48 h from the first symptoms and thereafter weekly for 4 weeks. The EEGs were analyzed both visually and with a computerized spectral analysis. Eight of the patients recovered fully and seven had permanent neurological deficits. On admission, 87% of the patients had an abnormal EEG by visual analysis. The spectral parameters correlated well with visual findings, especially the delta and alpha bands. The spectral analysis was superior to visual in predicting the correct laterality of the lesion. It showed the correct side of the lesion in 87%, while the visual did it in only 54% of the cases. The first EEG records reliably predicted the outcome of the patients. The degree of background abnormality was most important in visual EEG analysis. In spectral analysis, parameters from single derivations were superior to the average of all derivations. A high proportion of delta or low proportion of alpha power were reliable indicators of poor outcome.

PMID: 6191943, UI: 83261500



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Neuropsychobiology 1985;13(3):152-156

Quantitative EEG study in patients with cerebral ischemia during nimodipine treatment.

Pfurtscheller G, Auer LM, Kopruner V, Schneider G In a group of 15 patients with chronic unilateral cerebral ischemia, a quantitative EEG study was performed before, during and after nimodipine (Bay e 9736) infusion (1 microgram/kg/min). The EEG was recorded bipolarly from the rolandic region. After computerized EEG analysis, a multiparametric asymmetry score (MAS) was calculated; this MAS provides a sensitive indicator for discrimination between neurologically normal subjects and patients with unilateral ischemia. A positive MAS is characteristic for healthy subjects, a negative one for ischemia patients. During nimodipine treatment, the MAS became more negative (increased EEG asymmetry) in 7 and less negative (decreased EEG asymmetry) in 8 patients. A correlation was found between the direction of the EEG asymmetry changes and the localization of the infarcted area as seen in the CT scan.

PMID: 4047378, UI: 86014819



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J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1992 Jun;6(3):292-294

EEG power changes are more sensitive than spectral edge frequency variation for detection of cerebral ischemia during carotid artery surgery: a prospective assessment of processed EEG monitoring.

Hanowell LH, Soriano S, Bennett HL

Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento.

To investigate the basis of ambiguous reports of the validity and utility of processed electroencephalogram (EEG) detection of cerebral ischemia, 19 patients monitored during surgical procedures requiring clamping of the carotid artery were studied. The EEG was recorded and observed for detection of alteration of spectral edge frequency versus EEG power. Electrodes were positioned at the P3-C3' locations over the left hemisphere and P4-C4' areas over the right hemisphere (10-20 system of electrode placement). Maximum sensitivity was used for recordings of the processed EEG. Twelve of 19 patients had bilateral carotid vascular stenosis. Nine of 19 patients studied with EEG monitoring had EEG changes suggestive of cerebral ischemia during interruption of carotid artery blood flow by surgical manipulation, defined as a decline in EEG power of greater than 40% or a decline in spectral edge frequency of at least 3 Hz. Eight of these episodes occurred at the time of carotid vascular clamp placement. These changes were confirmed by the raw EEG. Whereas power band monitoring detected 9 episodes of suspected ischemia, alteration of spectral edge frequency was sufficient to detect only 2 of these episodes. One patient sustained a right hemispheric stroke detected intraoperatively by a 47% decline in EEG power; however, these changes were unaccompanied by intraoperative alteration of spectral edge frequency. It is concluded that monitoring of EEG power with processed EEG devices is a more sensitive indicator of cerebral ischemia than monitoring only the spectral edge frequency of the EEG.

PMID: 1610993, UI: 92305183

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Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1984 Oct;58(4):291-301

Topographic electroencephalographic study of transient ischemic attacks.

Nagata K, Yunoki K, Araki G, Mizukami M

Twenty-five patients with TIAs in the carotid artery distribution were studied by means of computed mapping of EEG (CME) and conventional EEG. In addition, CT scan and cerebral angiography, and in 10 patients rCBF measurements were performed. The CME provided topographic maps of the average power spectra for each of 6 frequency bands from 2.0 to 29.5 Hz which were displayed two-dimensionally in a color-coded isopower format. EEG abnormalities were analyzed and the results of the two different methods of EEG interpretation were compared. Sixty-eight percent of the patients showed unilateral abnormalities on CME appropriately lateralized to the clinical symptoms even after these symptoms had cleared completely. Furthermore, 88% of those who were examined within 2 weeks of last TIA showed corresponding CME abnormalities. Only 3 out of 10 TIA patients who had rCBF studies showed reduction of blood flow on the appropriate hemisphere, whereas 7 of the 10 patients had corresponding CME abnormalities. Comparing the results of the CME and of conventional EEG reading revealed the CME to be slightly more sensitive in detecting asymmetrical voltage depression of background activity than the conventional reading of the EEG, while the latter detected low amplitude sporadic activities which were missed by CME. Both methods were equally sensitive in detecting slow wave foci and non-transient symmetrical changes. The two most significant points of this report are the following: first, 68% of the TIA patients studied had residual unilateral abnormalities in CME in their symptom-free period. In the subset of patients subjected to rCBF studies only 30% showed residual flow aberrations, whereas 70% of the same subset demonstrated unilateral abnormalities in CME. Second, though conventional EEG reading by an experienced electroencephalographer can nearly match the performance of CME the CME format makes subtle but useful EEG findings readily available to the uninitiated. The CME also quantifies the data making objective comparisons more amenable to software manipulations for further studies.

PMID: 6206996, UI: 85003389



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Neurol Neurochir Pol 1988 Jan;22(1):5-10

[Clinical, electroencephalographic and cerebral computerized-tomographic findings in patients with ischemic stroke].

[Article in Polish]

Lysakowska-Sernicka K, Joachimowicz-Jaskowiak E, Krolikiewicz H, Frankiewicz E

Kliniki Neurologicznej II Wydzialu Lekarskiego AM w Warszawie.

The clinical findings, EEG and CT examinations of the brain were compared at three time intervals in patients with ischaemic stroke. No evident correlation wasfound between the intensity of clinical signs, the intensity of EEG changes and the size of the ischaemic focus in the CT. It was observed that with increasing timeinterval after the onset of the disease the clinical state and EEG changes improved while the CT image was not changed or even became worse. In the observations agreater tendency clinical for improvement was found in the group of cases of lesions in the left parietal lobe than in those with lesions in the right parietal lobe. Anotherobservation was that patients with ischaemic focus developing in brain with evidence of atrophy in CT had a much lower tendency for clinical improvement than thosewithout brain atrophy.

PMID: 3380266, UI: 88246759



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Int J Neurosci 1992 Oct;66(3-4):251-261

Parenchymal "damage" in transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and prolonged reversible ischemicneurologic deficits (PRINDs):--the role of cranial CT and EEG.

Taghavy A, Hamer H

Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen, Germany.

Over a period of 6 years (1985-1990) we reviewed records of patients with one or more TIAs or PRINDs (196 TIAs, 63 PRINDs). 111 patients (42.9%) sufferedfrom TIAs/PRINDs of the anterior circulation. In all cranial CT scanning (CCT) was performed, whereas only in 79 EEG was recorded after recovery from thesymptoms. 25 patients (22.5%) out of the 111 showed low density areas of recent onset in CCT made responsible for the attack. Among the EEGs of the 79

patients 35 (44.3%) revealed corresponding electrical abnormalities. Out of the 79 patients investigated by both methods in 14 (17.7%) a lesion was demonstrated inCCT and focal abnormality in EEG. In 11 (13.9%) EEG was normal despite a lesion manifested in CCT. Vice versa 21 patients (26.6%) showed normal CCTs butfocal abnormalities in EEG. By far most cases (43%) had normal CCTs and EEGs. These results may contribute to a redefinition of TIA and PRIND as clinicallydefined syndromes in prae-CT-area.

PMID: 1305622, UI: 93293422



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J Neurol Sci 1995 Sep;132(1):57-60

EEG, CT and neurosonographic findings in patients with postischemic seizures.

Horner S, Ni XS, Duft M, Niederkorn K, Lechner H

Department of Neurology, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria.

Seventy-two patients with postischemic seizures were evaluated with electroencephalography (EEG), computerized tomography (CT) and neurosonography. Therewere 24% early-onset and 76% late-onset initial seizures. Early-onset seizure was more likely to be simple partial (53%), whereas late-onset seizure was more likelyto be primarily generalized (56%). 76% early-onset and 80% late-onset seizures were single. Status epilepticus was more frequent in early-onset that late-onsetseizures (p = 0.023). The possibility of recurrence was greater in late-onset than early-onset seizures (p < 0.001). 88% patients had EEG abnormalities, and the mostcommon finding was focal slowing. 75% patients had cerebral infarctions on CT scan, and the majority of them involved cortex. 89% postischemic seizures hadcarotid lesions which mostly were carotid plaques < 50%. We failed to find these data to be useful in predicting the time of onset of initial seizures after acuteischemic stroke and recurrence.

PMID: 8523031, UI: 96048427

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Acta Neurol Scand 1994 Oct;90(4):263-265

EEG as predictor of dementia following first ischemic stroke.

Gur AY, Neufeld MY, Treves TA, Aronovich BD, Bornstein NM, Korczyn AD

Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel.

INTRODUCTION--Predictive factors for occurrence of vascular dementia may help identify patients at increased risk of developing this condition. Our purposewas to evaluate the prognostic value of early EEG findings in patients after first ischemic cerebral stroke on the development of dementia. MATERIAL ANDMETHODS--We performed routine EEG recordings in 199 consecutive non-demented patients with first-ever ischemic stroke, within 48 h of the event. The patientswere subsequently followed for their mental state for 2 years. Survival analysis, wherein onset of dementia was the end-point, was performed on the total samplepopulation and conducted separately on those who had normal EEG at time of the event and on those who had abnormal EEG findings (focal or diffuse slowing).RESULTS--Patients with abnormal EEG at baseline had 2.6 times the risk of developing dementia than those who had normal EEG; this odds ratio was statisticalsignificant (CL: 1.3-5.1, p = 0.003). Development of dementia was not related to any specific EEG abnormal pattern. CONCLUSIONS--Abnormal EEGperformed close to the first ischemic stroke appears to be an indicator of subsequent cognitive decline, probably because it indicates cortical involvement by thestroke or an underlying indolent cerebral degeneration.

PMID: 7839812, UI: 95141770



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No To Shinkei 1982 Jun;34(6):585-589

[Correlation between local cerebral blood flow and EEG in experimental cerebral ischemia].

[Article in Japanese]

Mabe H, Umemura S, Yoshida T, Iwayama K, Iwama M, Nagai H

Varying degrees of cerebral ischemia were produced in adult Wistar rats by clipping of bilateral common carotid arteries with or without induced hypotension. Localcerebral blood flow was measured from bilateral caudate nuclei and parietal cortices using the hydrogen clearance method. EEG was recorded from the sameelectrode as used for the hydrogen clearance method. The delta power of EEG increased along with decreasing local cerebral blood flow. There was an inversecorrelation between the delta power of EEG and local CBF values, ranging from normal to extremely low (10 ml/100 g/min). When local CBF was reduced below6-8 ml/100 g/min, EEG became isoelectric. Continuous EEG recording might contribute to predict rCBF value in the ischemic lesion.

PMID: 7115595, UI: 83000084



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Rev Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin 1987 Jul;17(2):193-199

[EEG spectral analysis in sylvian ischemia with normal value tracings].

[Article in French]

de Toffol B, Autret A, Degiovanni E, Laffont F, Lucas B, Paivet F, Roux S

Clinique neurologique, CHU Bretonneau, Tours, France.

The EEG power spectral analysis of 8 patients with a definite sylvian ischemia, the standard EEG of which was normal, was determined in comparison with the date

of a control group (N = 14). We calculated the right-left power spectral differences in 4 symmetrical bipolar leads for 5 rhythms (delta: 1.2-3.1 Hz, theta: 3.5-7 Hz,alpha: 7.4-12.3 Hz, beta 1: 12.9-14.1 Hz and beta 2: 15.2-17.2 Hz). For each patient, the spectral difference is measured in comparison with the normal range ofthe control group with an alpha risk of 5%. There are 54 asymmetries favouring the lesioned side (mostly in 5 patients) and 6 the opposite, without predominance ofa particular rhythm with the exception of the beta 2 rhythm which presents no asymmetries.

PMID: 3423385, UI: 88098581



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Brain Topogr 1990;3(1):167-174

Clinical application of EEG topography in cerebral ischemia: detection of functionalreversibility and hemodynamics.

Suzuki A, Yoshioka K, Yasui N

Department of Surgical Neurology, Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels, Akita, Japan.

To detect the functional reversibility and hemodynamic process in cerebral ischemia, the EEG topography cased on % time and amplitude was applied. % time andamplitude were obtained by the wave-form recognition method/EEGs were recorded under the resting state and during drug-induced conditions in 18 patients withsteno-occlusion of main cerebral artery. The type of ischemic attack was TIA in 2 patients, RIND in 4, minor stroke in 7 and major stroke in 5. Six of 11 patientsshowed the improvement of EEG under induced hypertension. Four of those 6 patients were operated on ECIC bypass surgery, and all of them showed theimprovement of clinical and EEG findings postoperatively. Twelve patients showed the deterioration of EEG under induced hypotension. Eight of them were operatedon ECIC bypass surgery, and none of them suffered from reattack of cerebral ischemia postoperatively. Those preoperative EEG changes were observed mainly onthe EEG topography of % time. And, the analysis of the EEG topography of % time under drug-induced conditions was available to study the pathophysiology ofcerebral ischemia for selecting the suitable treatment.

PMID: 2094304, UI: 91242242



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EEG EMG Z Elektroenzephalogr Verwandte Geb 1979 Sep;10(3):161-166

[The value of EEG and computertomography in ischemic stroke].

[Article in German]

Logar C, Martischnig R, Enge S, Sager WD, Ladurner G

35 patients with ischaemic cerebrovascular disease were investigated using EEG and computertomography on the same day and the results from both investigationswere compared. The EEG was pathological in 27 cases of which 26 showed focal changes and one case generalised changes. In 8 patients the EEG was normal.The CT-results showed a hypodense lesion in 17 patients and multiple hypodense lesions in 3 patients. 13 cases had atrophy and a normal CT was present in 2cases. In 26 patients the EEG and CT results were both pathological and in one case both normal. In the diagnosis of ischaemic cerebrovascular disease both ofthese noninvasive investigative techniques complement each other; CT demonstrating the morphology of a lesion whilst EEG shows more functional changes in thebrain.

PMID: 118872, UI: 80112639



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Neurol Neurochir Pol 1989 Mar;23(2):105-110

[Relation between the EEG pattern and the site of ischemic focus in computerized tomography].

[Article in Polish]

Baranska-Gieruszczak M, Ryglewicz D, Kryst T, Kozlowski P

Kliniki Chorob Naczyniowych Ukladu Nerwowego.

EEG records and CT findings were analysed in 50 patients with ischaemic stroke. EEG changes were generalized in cases of deeply situated ischaemic focus. Inpatients with superficially located focus EEG changes were focal and episodic.

PMID: 2615882, UI: 90137102



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Brain Topogr 1996;8(3):275-278

New display methods of combined topographic EEG and cerebral blood flow images in theevaluation of cerebral ischemia.

Suzuki A, Nishimura H, Yoshioka K, Iwase M, Yasui N, Hatazawa J, Kanno I

Department of Surgical Neurology, Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels, Akita, Japan.

To evaluate complicated changes in the EEG and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in cerebral infarction, EEG was recorded under various blood pressure levels, duringCBF measurement with positron emission tomography, in patients with chronic cerebral infarction. Newly developed display methods which combine topographicEEG and its significance probability mapping with CBF, clearly provided objective measures of changes in EEG parameters and CBF, during induced hypo- andhypertension.

PMID: 8728418, UI: 96291531



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EEG EMG Z Elektroenzephalogr Verwandte Geb 1987 Jun;18(2):88-91

[EEG changes in cerebrovascular ischemia as affected by cardiac arrhythmias].

[Article in German]

Logar C, Radl B, Lechner H

124 patients with cerebrovascular ischemic disease were studied, 67 of them with irreversible neurological deficits, and the EEG-findings of patients with (50) orwithout cardiac arrhythmia (74) were compared. Moreover, the EEG-diagnoses of these patients were compared with 40 controls without cerebrovascular ischemicdisease. Patients with irreversible neurological deficit had significantly more often cardiac dysrhythmia (51%) than patients with reversible neurological symptoms(28%). In patients with reversible neurological symptoms and in the control group no difference between patients with or without disturbance of the heart rhythmcould be found. But in patients with irreversible neurological deficit in presence of cardiac dysrhythmia significantly more pathological EEG-findings could be foundwith significantly more pronounced EEG changes especially in presence of atrial fibrillation.

PMID: 3111833, UI: 87275671



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Brain Topogr 1988;1(2):97-106

Topographic EEG in brain ischemia--correlation with blood flow and metabolism.

Nagata K

Department of Neurology, Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels, Akita, Japan.

A review is made of topographic EEG analyses in patients with brain ischemia. Features correlating EEG measures and vascular and metabolic studies are presentedand discussed within the content of the stage of ischemia. Quantitative EEG data was found to provide useful information regarding the effects of brain ischemia.

Publication Types:

Review Review, tutorial

PMID: 3079309, UI: 90359468



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Brain Topogr 1988;1(2):97-106

Topographic EEG in brain ischemia--correlation with blood flow and metabolism.

Nagata K

Department of Neurology, Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels, Akita, Japan.

A review is made of topographic EEG analyses in patients with brain ischemia. Features correlating EEG measures and vascular and metabolic studies are presentedand discussed within the content of the stage of ischemia. Quantitative EEG data was found to provide useful information regarding the effects of brain ischemia.

Publication Types:

Review Review, tutorial

PMID: 3079309, UI: 90359468



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Biomed Sci Instrum 1997;34:104-106

Multiresolution EEG comparison of rat ischemia models.

Park HK, Caragine LP, Diaz FG

Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.

Fourier transform of Electroencephalography (EEG) restricts EEG analysis due to its stationary properties with time change. It makes analysis difficult to ascertain theglobal effects of transient change in EEG signals. This study tested that multi-resolution analysis distinguishes different depths of ischemic insult related to the degree ofresidual blood flow in animal models. The results suggest that multi-resolution analysis demonstrate that little blood flowing to the brain has more detrimental effect tothe EEG properties than no blood flowing, which is contrary to the common sense.

PMID: 9603021, UI: 98265731



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Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1991 Jan;67(1):71-75

EEG changes and platelet aggregation in experimental cerebral focal ischemia in rabbits.

Bo P, Cosi V, Taccola A, Romani A, Savoldi F

Istituto Neurologico C. Mondino, Universita di Pavia, Italy.

Nine white New Zealand rabbits were submitted to internal carotid embolization with microspheres which caused a histologically verified focal cerebral ischemia. Sixanimals were sham-operated. EEG, QEEG, ECG, blood pressure, rectal temperature and platelet aggregation were monitored in basal conditions and one hour afterischemia. Embolized animals showed an increase in power density spectrum (PDS) and delta activity (0.15-3.70 Hz) and the appearance of platelet aggregation. TheQEEG changes were correlated to the degree of platelet aggregation after ischemia.

PMID: 1888474, UI: 91362884



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Biull Eksp Biol Med 1992 Mar;113(3):245-247

[Changes in EEG and higher nervous activity of rats during cerebral anti-ischemic protection byacelysin].

[Article in Russian]

Tel'pukhov VI, Bilenko MV, Khokhlov AV, Komarov PG

The water-soluble aspirin (acelysin) has been used as an anti-ischaemic protector when injected in the dose of 150 mg/kg 30 min before ischaemia. The EEG hasbeen registered during the whole period of experiment and the total EEG power index has been calculated. The higher nervous activity has been evaluated duringanalysis of rat's abilities for elaboration of conditional reflex of an active escape reaction in Y-labyrinth. The results have demonstrated the complete rehabilitation and

restoration of brain functional activity 8 days after endurance of brain ischaemia under protection of acelisin.

PMID: 1421215, UI: 93043120



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Neurophysiol Clin 1991 Oct;21(4):293-299

[EEG periodic lateralized activities associated with ischemic cerebro-vascular strokes:physiopathologic significance and localizing value].

[Article in French]

Gras P, Grosmaire N, Soichot P, Giroud M, Dumas R

Service de neurologie, hopital general, Dijon.

Eleven cases of periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLED) with stroke (9 cases) or transient ischemic attacks are reported. PLEDs are often associated withdepression of conscience (81%) or partial pure motor epileptic seizures (90%). PLEDs and seizures seem independent on EEG. Ischemic strokes associated withPLEDs have some characteristic features: old age, vascular risk factors, parieto-occipital areas infarcts and frequent association with TIAs. PLEDs seem to be oftenassociated with watershed infarcts. The relations between PLEDs and cerebral ischemia are discussed.

PMID: 1795695, UI: 92178173



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J Neuroimaging 1994 Apr;4(2):82-84

A comparison of quantitative electroencephalography, computed tomography, and behavioralevaluations to localize impairment in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attacks.

Nuwer MR, Arnadottir G, Martin NA, Ahn SS, Carlson LG

Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine 90024-6987.

Brain computed tomography and a structured behavioral assessment provided a better correlation than did quantitative electroencephalography to the presence ofmild stroke or transient ischemic attacks in 21 patients. When electroencephalography did not correlate well, it tended to localize too laterally or miss deep lesions.Computed tomography did not identify 2 lesions when done early after disease onset. No test was uniformly more sensitive or accurate than others. They maycomplement each other.

PMID: 8186534, UI: 94243111



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Riv Patol Nerv Ment 1981 May;101(3):131-138

[EEG in transient ischemic attacks].

[Article in Italian]

Meneghetti G, De Zanche L, Saia A, Manzoni S, Zanotto L

60 patients under 65 years of age with one or more episodes of reversible ischemic attacks lasting less or more than 24 hours (T.I.A. or R.I.N.D.) were studied.Each patient had a complete clinical assessment and an EEG, followed by an arteriogram. 35 patients had an EEG activation with digital carotid compression. EEGabnormalities were present in 26 cases while 34 patients had normal records. No correlation was found between EEG abnormalities and arteriographic alterations.

EEG activation by digital carotid compression is a valuable hemodynamic test but cannot necessarily indicate a controlateral carotid artery occlusion.

PMID: 7256111, UI: 81248870



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Minerva Cardioangiol 1993 Sep;41(9):371-375

[Dynamic ECG in cerebral ischemic vasculopathies].

[Article in Italian]

Martini A, Masi MC, Manetti M, Bianchi F, Gherarducci G, Caravelli P, Giraldi C

Istituto di Clinica Neurologica, Universita degli Studi di Pisa.

Fifty-four subjects suffering from TIA or Stroke underwent normal ECG and Holter ECG ten days after ischemic cerebral event in order to point out cardiacdysrhythmias as possible causes of TIA or Stroke. Holter ECG proved positive in 70.3% of subjects versus 38.8% of normal ECG (p < 0.001). We underline theutility of cardiological valuation in patients suffering from TIA or Stroke in order to search for cardiac causes of ischemic cerebral events and to prevent relapses.

PMID: 8259232, UI: 94081975



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J Pharmacol 1982 Oct;13(4):553-563

Cerebral energy metabolism and computerized EEG. Analysis following transient ischemia in therat.

Barzaghi F, Dragonetti M, Formento ML, Boissier JR

1. Cerebral energy metabolism and electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectra were evaluated before, during and after 1 minute of global compression ischemiainduced in N2O anesthetized rats. 2. Before ischemia, the EEG of rats was characterized by theta and delta frequencies. During ischemia, the EEG flattened after 14+/- 1 sec and the electrical activity reappeared 55 +/- 4 s after recirculation and was characterized by high amplitude slow waves. After ischemia, the total powershowed a rapid rebound mainly due to a 10 fold increase of delta band. 10 minutes after recirculation, the EEG was normal. 3. The ischemia induced a decrease ofphosphocreatine, ATP and glucose, and an increase of ADP, AMP and lactate, while pyruvate remained normal. During recirculation phosphocreatine, ATP, glucoseand energy charge potential showed a rapid recovery. AMP normalized after 10 minutes, while ADP was slightly higher for up to 30 minutes. Lactate returned tonormal levels after 30 minutes and pyruvate showed a high peak at 3 minutes and returned to normal values after 30 minutes. 4. The results suggest that there is not acorrelation between EEG and the metabolic pattern of recovery after a short complete ischemia.

PMID: 7154667, UI: 83113569


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