Assessing Walkability in College Park: A Six Week GIS Internship Investigation
EVALUATING WALKABILITY THROUGH GIS IN SOUTH FLORIDA · 2020. 8. 29. · EVALUATING WALKABILITY...
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EVALUATING WALKABILITY THROUGH GIS IN SOUTH FLORIDA Transportation Research Board 97 th Annual Meeting – 2018 Walkability and Pedestrian Level of Service Dr. Junfeng Jiao Assistant Professor Director, Urban Information Lab University of Texas at Austin Nicole McGrath M.S.C.R.P. Candidate Urban Information Lab University of Texas at Austin
Transcript of EVALUATING WALKABILITY THROUGH GIS IN SOUTH FLORIDA · 2020. 8. 29. · EVALUATING WALKABILITY...
EVALUATING WALKABILITY THROUGH GIS IN SOUTH FLORIDATransportation Research Board 97th Annual Meeting ndash 2018
Walkability and Pedestrian Level of Service
Dr Junfeng Jiao
Assistant Professor
Director Urban Information Lab
University of Texas at Austin
Nicole McGrath
MSCRP Candidate
Urban Information Lab
University of Texas at Austin
Introductionbull The built environment and walkability
ndash Americans spend 70+ of their waking hours sitting
bull Different communities require different solutionsndash Climate
ndash Community type (ldquomodernrdquo vs ldquotraditionalrdquo)
ndash Geography
bull Most walkability literature from temperate climates in the Western world
Introductionbull Evaluation of walkability in a sub-tropical climate through
four perspectives
ndash Land use
ndash Built environment
ndash Transportation Infrastructure
ndash Urban Tree Canopy
bull ldquoWalkabilityrdquo determined based on WalkScore
Four South Florida
communities
selected
ldquoWalkablerdquo traditional communities
bull WynwoodEdgewater - 88
bull South Beach - 76
ldquoNot Walkablerdquo modern communities
bull Miami Lakes - 39
bull Doral - 42
(All located in Miami-Dade County)
Miami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Year Incorporated 2000 2003 1896 1915
Land Area (sq mi) 563 1388 401 763
Population (2010) 29361 45704 48319 87779
Population per sq mi 521140 329350 906548 1151050
Median HH Income $66601 $72933 $35796 $44342
Walking to Work 010 060 542 1160
Bicycling to Work 000 000 217 500
Public Transit to Work 080 090 1388 1060
City of Miami
Study Area Information
Land Use and Built EnvironmentLand Use bull Population density
bull Housing mix
bull Land use mix
bull Proximity of destinations
bull Presence of green space amp water bodies
Built Environmentbull Access to recreational activities
bull Building density Miami Beach
Transportation Infrastructurebull Road infrastructure
ndash Intersection Density
ndash Block Length
ndash Grid System
ndash Street Density
bull Pedestrian Infrastructure
bull Public transitndash ldquoPedestrian extenderrdquo Wynwood-Edgewater
Geography and Development Typebull Urban Development
Boundary (UDB) ndash Intention to protect
environmentally sensitive areas
ndash Boundary shifts have led to incremental growthsprawl
bull Walking Purposendash Walking for transportation (older
communities) vs recreational walking (newer communities)
Climate Mitigation - Shadebull Tropical climate affect on
pedestrians
ndash heat humidity glare heavy rain
bull Limited literature
bull Thermal comfort plays an important role in walkability
ndash Shorter block lengths than typically recommended
ndash Shade is vital
bull Urban Tree Canopy as indicator Wynwood-Edgewater
Databull GIS Data sources
ndash Miami Dade County
ndash Florida International University GIS Center
ndash Million Trees Miami
bull Data standardized by using 1-mile buffers around neighborhood centers ndash Geographic center
ndash Local seat of government
ndash Major Arterials
Results ndash Land Use
Non-walkable Communitiesbull Doral highest land use
ldquoIndustrialrdquo (1757)
bull Increased agricultural land and water bodies
bull ldquoCommercialrdquo land use isolated
Walkable Communitiesbull Higher of ldquoResidential ndash
Multi Familyrdquo
bull Greater mixes of uses
bull ldquoCommercialrdquo land use more spread out
Results ndash Built Environment
Miami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Total Area
(million sq ft)
2838 5174 1272 2575
Total Building Footprint
(million sq ft)
996 833 1012 1338
Building Density 035 016 080 051
Results ndash Built Environment
Large setbacks amp low building density
(Miami Lakes)
Small setbacks and high building density
(Miami Beach)
Results ndash Transportation Infrastructure bull Walkable Communities had
ndash Higher total street length
ndash Smaller average block length
ndash Higher of intersections per sq mi
ndash Higher sidewalk and crosswalk density
ndash Increased transit access
bull Non-Walkable Communities had increased presence of cul-de-sacs and gated communities
bull Non-walkable communitiesrsquo average block lengths fell under recommended guidelines (400-500 ft)
ndash Even shorter block lengths needed in hotter climates
Pedestrian Infrastructure Transit Infrastructure
Results ndash Climate Mitigation
Urban Tree CanopyMiami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Existing UTC () 188 141 151 116
Possible UTC - Pervious () 213 215 171 216
Possible UTC - Impervious () 226 266 317 288
Not Suitable 373 378 361 379
bull No association found between UTC and walkability
bull Average UTC actually lower in walkable communities
bull UTC likely not best measurement for measuring urban shade
Site observation of walkable communities showed that both natural shade from
urban trees and man-made shade from buildings and awnings were very much
present Pedestrians opted to stay in shady areas when possible
Conclusionbull Walkability indicators in sub-tropical communities similar to those in temperate ones
bull Greatest effect on walkability in South Florida
ndash Land use mix
ndash Building density
ndash Short block lengths in grid-like network
ndash Transit access
bull Block lengths should be shorter than current recommended guidelines
ndash (le~300 ft in tropical climates)
bull Urban tree canopy theorized to affect walkability but no strong association found
ndash Walkable communities had less UTC
ndash UTC likely not best measurement for urban pedestrian shade
Discussionbull Urban Development Boundary
ndash County to gain 700000 residents by 2030
ndash Current development restrictions 5-acre min lot size
ndash Continued development along line associated with less walkability
bull Climatic effects on pedestriansndash New measures needed to for
urban shade
bull Possible role of public artWynwood-Edgewater
Referencesbull Owen N G N Healy C E Matthews and D W Dunstan Too much sitting the population-health science of sedentary behavior Exercise and Sport Sciences
Reviews Vol 38 No 3 2010 pp 105-113 httpsdxdoiorg101097JES0b013e3181e373a2
bull Saelens B E and SL Handy Built environment correlates of walking a review Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol 40 No7 Suppl 2008 pp S550-S566 httpsdxdoiorg101249MSS0b013e31817c67a4
bull Shriver K Influence of environmental design on pedestrian travel behavior in four Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1997 httpsdoiorg1031411578-09
bull Friedman B SP Gordon and JB Peers Effect of neotraditional neighborhood design on travel characteristics Transportation Research Board Washington DC1997 Retrieved from httponlinepubstrborgOnlinepubstrr199414661466-009pdf
bull OrsquoHare D Urban walkability in the subtropical city Some intemperate considerations from SEQ Proceedings of Subtropical Cities 2006 Retrieved from httpswwwresearchgatenetpublication27482758_Urban_Walkability_in_the_Subtropical_City_Some_Intemperate_Considerations_from_SEQ
bull Carr L J S I Dunsiger and B H Marcus Walk scoretrade as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability American Journal Of Preventive Medicine Vol 39 No 5 2010 pp 460-463 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre201007007
bull Duncan D T J Aldstadt J Whalen and S J Melly Validation of Walk Scores and Transit Scores for estimating neighborhood walkability and transit availability a small-area analysis GeoJournal Vol 78 No 2 2013 pp 407-416 httpsdoiorg101007s10708-011-9444-4
bull Nelson K A Doll S Basu B Fulton T Chapin Growing for a Sustainable Future Miami-Dade County Boundary Assessment Office of Sustainable Communities US Environmental Protection Agency 2012 Retrieved from httpswwwepagovsmartgrowthgrowing-sustainable-future-miami-dade-county-urban-development-boundary-assessment
bull Brown S C J Lombard M Toro S Huang T Perrino G Perez-Gomez E Plater-Zyberk H Pantin O Affuso N Kumar and K Wang Walking and Proximity to the Urban Growth Boundary and Central Business District American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 4 2014 pp 481ndash486 httpsdxdoiorg101016jamepre201405008
bull Smart Growth America Dangerous By Design National Complete Streets Coalition 2014 Retrieved from httpssmartgrowthamericaorgresourcesdangerous-by-design-2014
bull Moudon A V C Lee A D Cheadle C Garvin D Johnson T L Schmid T L R Weathers L Lin Operational definitions of walkable neighborhood theoretical and empirical insights Journal Of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No Suppl 1 2006 S99-S117 httpsdoiorg101123jpah3s1s99
bull Saelens B E J F Sallis J B Black and D Chen Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity an environment scale evaluation American Journal Of Public Health Vol 93 No 9 2003 pp 1552-1558 Retrieved from httpwwwminorityuncedusphminconf2004materialssaelensetalpdf
bull Duncan M J E Winkler T Sugiyama E Cerin E Leslie and N Owen Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport do land uses and geographical scale matter Journal of Urban Health Vol 87 No 5 2010 pp 782-795 httpdxdoiorg1010072Fs11524-010-9488-7
bull Frank L D J Kerr J F Sallis R Miles and J Chapman A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 2 2008 pp 172-178 httpsdoiorg101016jypmed200804004
Referencesbull Frank L D M A Andresen and T L Schmid Obesity relationships with community design physical activity and time spent in cars American Journal of Preventive
Medicine Vol 27 No 2 2004 pp 87-96 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200404011
bull Rodriacuteguez D A K R Evenson A V D Roux and S J Brines Land use residential density and walking the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 5 2009 pp 397-404 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200907008
bull Frank L D J F Sallis T L Conway J E Chapman B E Saelens and W Bachman Many pathways from land use to health associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation body mass index and air quality Journal of The American Planning Association Vol 72 No 1 2006 pp 75-87 httpdxdoiorg10108001944360608976725
bull Hirsch J A K A Moore P J Clarke D A Rodriguez K R Evenson S J Brines Zagorski MA and A V D Roux Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Epidemiology Vol 180 No 8 2014 pp 799-809 httpsdoiorg101093ajekwu218
bull Lee I M R Ewing and H D Sesso The built environment and physical activity levels the Harvard Alumni Health Study American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 4 2009 pp 293-298 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200906007
bull Giles-Corti B and R J Donovan The relative influence of individual social and physical environment determinants of physical activity Social Science amp Medicine Vol 54 No 12 2002 pp 1793-1812 httpsdoiorg101016S0277-9536(01)00150-2
bull Davis A Y B C Pijanowski K Robinson and B Engel The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States Land Use Policy Vol 27 No 2 2010 pp 255-261 httpdoiorg101016jlandusepol200903002
bull Purciel M Neckerman K M Lovasi G S Quinn J W Weiss C Bader M D M hellip Rundle A Creating and validating GIS measures of urban design for health research Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol 29 No 4 2009 pp 457ndash466 httpdoiorg101016jjenvp200903004
bull Ewing R S Handy R C Brownson O Clemente and E Winston Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No s1 2006 S223-S240 Retrieved from httpactivelivingresearchorgsitesdefaultfilesJPAH_15_Ewingpdf
bull Dill J Measuring network connectivity for bicycling and walking Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004 pp 11-15 Retrieved from httpreconnectingamericaorgassetsUploadsTRB2004-001550pdf
bull Leslie E B Saelens L Frank N Owen A Bauman N Coffee and G Hugo Residentsrsquo perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods a pilot study Health amp Place Vol 11 No 3 2005 pp 227-236 httpsdoiorg101016jhealthplace200405005
bull Schlossberg M and N Brown Comparing transit-oriented development sites by walkability indicators Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004httpdxdoiorg1031411887-05
bull Handy S Urban form and pedestrian choices Study of Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1996 httpsdoiorg1031411552-19
bull Mately M L M Goldman and B J Fineman Pedestrian Travel Potential in Northern New Jersey Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2001 httpsdoiorg1031411705-01
Referencesbull Freemark Y Transit mode share trends looking steady rail appears to encourage non-automobile commutes The Transport Politic 2010 Retrieved from
httpwwwthetransportpoliticcom20101013transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-to-encourage-non-automobile-commutes
bull Hendricks S J E S Fleury J Flynn and J Goodwill Impacts of transit oriented development on Public Transportation Ridership (No BD549-05) National Center for Transit Research University of South Florida 2005 Retrieved from httpntlbtsgovlib250002500025007576-10pdf
bull Southworth M Designing the walkable city Journal of Urban Planning and Development Vol 131 No 4 2005 pp 246-257 Retrieved from httpworldcatorgissn07339488
bull Ramos-Santiago LE J R Brown and H Nixon The Streetcar Resurgence in the United States Transit Strategy Growth-Machine Tactic or Some of Both Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2015 httpsdoiorg1031412540-04
bull Wilson D A (2006) ldquoMaking Streetcars Happen A Guide to the Implementation of Community Streetcar Systemsrdquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) University of Illinois at Chicago 2006 Retrieved from httpwwwacademiaedudownload31700920Making_Streetcars_Happenpdf
bull Eliasson I The Use of Climate Knowledge In Urban Planning Landscape and Urban Planning Vol 48 No1 2000 pp 31-44 httpsdoiorg101016S0169-2046(00)00034-7
bull DeVeau M ldquoStrategies to address the climatic barriers to walkable transit-oriented communities in Floridardquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 Retrieved from httpssmartechgatecheduhandle185340779show=full
bull Zhou Xiaolu and Jinki Kim Social disparities in tree canopy and park accessibility A case study of six cities in Illinois using GIS and remote sensing Urban Forestry amp Urban Greening Vol 12 No 1 2013 pp 88-97 httpsdoiorg101016jufug201211004
bull Hillsdon M J Panter C Foster and A Jones The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity Public Health Vol 120 No 12 2006 pp 1127-1132 httpsdoiorg101016jpuhe200610007
bull Ewing R and S Handy Measuring the unmeasurable Urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Urban Design Vol 14 No 1 2009 pp 65-84 httpdxdoiorg10108013574800802451155
bull Ewing R Pedestrian-and Transit-Friendly Design A Primer for Smart Growth Smart Growth Network Manual Based on a manual prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation 1999 Retrieved from httpwwwftadotgovdocumentsptfd_primerpdf
bull Burke M and C Sebaly Locking in the pedestrian The privatised streets of gated communities World Transport Policy amp Practice Vol 7 No4 2001 pp 67-74 Retrieved from httpwwweco-logicacoukworldtransporthtml22
Introductionbull The built environment and walkability
ndash Americans spend 70+ of their waking hours sitting
bull Different communities require different solutionsndash Climate
ndash Community type (ldquomodernrdquo vs ldquotraditionalrdquo)
ndash Geography
bull Most walkability literature from temperate climates in the Western world
Introductionbull Evaluation of walkability in a sub-tropical climate through
four perspectives
ndash Land use
ndash Built environment
ndash Transportation Infrastructure
ndash Urban Tree Canopy
bull ldquoWalkabilityrdquo determined based on WalkScore
Four South Florida
communities
selected
ldquoWalkablerdquo traditional communities
bull WynwoodEdgewater - 88
bull South Beach - 76
ldquoNot Walkablerdquo modern communities
bull Miami Lakes - 39
bull Doral - 42
(All located in Miami-Dade County)
Miami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Year Incorporated 2000 2003 1896 1915
Land Area (sq mi) 563 1388 401 763
Population (2010) 29361 45704 48319 87779
Population per sq mi 521140 329350 906548 1151050
Median HH Income $66601 $72933 $35796 $44342
Walking to Work 010 060 542 1160
Bicycling to Work 000 000 217 500
Public Transit to Work 080 090 1388 1060
City of Miami
Study Area Information
Land Use and Built EnvironmentLand Use bull Population density
bull Housing mix
bull Land use mix
bull Proximity of destinations
bull Presence of green space amp water bodies
Built Environmentbull Access to recreational activities
bull Building density Miami Beach
Transportation Infrastructurebull Road infrastructure
ndash Intersection Density
ndash Block Length
ndash Grid System
ndash Street Density
bull Pedestrian Infrastructure
bull Public transitndash ldquoPedestrian extenderrdquo Wynwood-Edgewater
Geography and Development Typebull Urban Development
Boundary (UDB) ndash Intention to protect
environmentally sensitive areas
ndash Boundary shifts have led to incremental growthsprawl
bull Walking Purposendash Walking for transportation (older
communities) vs recreational walking (newer communities)
Climate Mitigation - Shadebull Tropical climate affect on
pedestrians
ndash heat humidity glare heavy rain
bull Limited literature
bull Thermal comfort plays an important role in walkability
ndash Shorter block lengths than typically recommended
ndash Shade is vital
bull Urban Tree Canopy as indicator Wynwood-Edgewater
Databull GIS Data sources
ndash Miami Dade County
ndash Florida International University GIS Center
ndash Million Trees Miami
bull Data standardized by using 1-mile buffers around neighborhood centers ndash Geographic center
ndash Local seat of government
ndash Major Arterials
Results ndash Land Use
Non-walkable Communitiesbull Doral highest land use
ldquoIndustrialrdquo (1757)
bull Increased agricultural land and water bodies
bull ldquoCommercialrdquo land use isolated
Walkable Communitiesbull Higher of ldquoResidential ndash
Multi Familyrdquo
bull Greater mixes of uses
bull ldquoCommercialrdquo land use more spread out
Results ndash Built Environment
Miami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Total Area
(million sq ft)
2838 5174 1272 2575
Total Building Footprint
(million sq ft)
996 833 1012 1338
Building Density 035 016 080 051
Results ndash Built Environment
Large setbacks amp low building density
(Miami Lakes)
Small setbacks and high building density
(Miami Beach)
Results ndash Transportation Infrastructure bull Walkable Communities had
ndash Higher total street length
ndash Smaller average block length
ndash Higher of intersections per sq mi
ndash Higher sidewalk and crosswalk density
ndash Increased transit access
bull Non-Walkable Communities had increased presence of cul-de-sacs and gated communities
bull Non-walkable communitiesrsquo average block lengths fell under recommended guidelines (400-500 ft)
ndash Even shorter block lengths needed in hotter climates
Pedestrian Infrastructure Transit Infrastructure
Results ndash Climate Mitigation
Urban Tree CanopyMiami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Existing UTC () 188 141 151 116
Possible UTC - Pervious () 213 215 171 216
Possible UTC - Impervious () 226 266 317 288
Not Suitable 373 378 361 379
bull No association found between UTC and walkability
bull Average UTC actually lower in walkable communities
bull UTC likely not best measurement for measuring urban shade
Site observation of walkable communities showed that both natural shade from
urban trees and man-made shade from buildings and awnings were very much
present Pedestrians opted to stay in shady areas when possible
Conclusionbull Walkability indicators in sub-tropical communities similar to those in temperate ones
bull Greatest effect on walkability in South Florida
ndash Land use mix
ndash Building density
ndash Short block lengths in grid-like network
ndash Transit access
bull Block lengths should be shorter than current recommended guidelines
ndash (le~300 ft in tropical climates)
bull Urban tree canopy theorized to affect walkability but no strong association found
ndash Walkable communities had less UTC
ndash UTC likely not best measurement for urban pedestrian shade
Discussionbull Urban Development Boundary
ndash County to gain 700000 residents by 2030
ndash Current development restrictions 5-acre min lot size
ndash Continued development along line associated with less walkability
bull Climatic effects on pedestriansndash New measures needed to for
urban shade
bull Possible role of public artWynwood-Edgewater
Referencesbull Owen N G N Healy C E Matthews and D W Dunstan Too much sitting the population-health science of sedentary behavior Exercise and Sport Sciences
Reviews Vol 38 No 3 2010 pp 105-113 httpsdxdoiorg101097JES0b013e3181e373a2
bull Saelens B E and SL Handy Built environment correlates of walking a review Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol 40 No7 Suppl 2008 pp S550-S566 httpsdxdoiorg101249MSS0b013e31817c67a4
bull Shriver K Influence of environmental design on pedestrian travel behavior in four Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1997 httpsdoiorg1031411578-09
bull Friedman B SP Gordon and JB Peers Effect of neotraditional neighborhood design on travel characteristics Transportation Research Board Washington DC1997 Retrieved from httponlinepubstrborgOnlinepubstrr199414661466-009pdf
bull OrsquoHare D Urban walkability in the subtropical city Some intemperate considerations from SEQ Proceedings of Subtropical Cities 2006 Retrieved from httpswwwresearchgatenetpublication27482758_Urban_Walkability_in_the_Subtropical_City_Some_Intemperate_Considerations_from_SEQ
bull Carr L J S I Dunsiger and B H Marcus Walk scoretrade as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability American Journal Of Preventive Medicine Vol 39 No 5 2010 pp 460-463 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre201007007
bull Duncan D T J Aldstadt J Whalen and S J Melly Validation of Walk Scores and Transit Scores for estimating neighborhood walkability and transit availability a small-area analysis GeoJournal Vol 78 No 2 2013 pp 407-416 httpsdoiorg101007s10708-011-9444-4
bull Nelson K A Doll S Basu B Fulton T Chapin Growing for a Sustainable Future Miami-Dade County Boundary Assessment Office of Sustainable Communities US Environmental Protection Agency 2012 Retrieved from httpswwwepagovsmartgrowthgrowing-sustainable-future-miami-dade-county-urban-development-boundary-assessment
bull Brown S C J Lombard M Toro S Huang T Perrino G Perez-Gomez E Plater-Zyberk H Pantin O Affuso N Kumar and K Wang Walking and Proximity to the Urban Growth Boundary and Central Business District American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 4 2014 pp 481ndash486 httpsdxdoiorg101016jamepre201405008
bull Smart Growth America Dangerous By Design National Complete Streets Coalition 2014 Retrieved from httpssmartgrowthamericaorgresourcesdangerous-by-design-2014
bull Moudon A V C Lee A D Cheadle C Garvin D Johnson T L Schmid T L R Weathers L Lin Operational definitions of walkable neighborhood theoretical and empirical insights Journal Of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No Suppl 1 2006 S99-S117 httpsdoiorg101123jpah3s1s99
bull Saelens B E J F Sallis J B Black and D Chen Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity an environment scale evaluation American Journal Of Public Health Vol 93 No 9 2003 pp 1552-1558 Retrieved from httpwwwminorityuncedusphminconf2004materialssaelensetalpdf
bull Duncan M J E Winkler T Sugiyama E Cerin E Leslie and N Owen Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport do land uses and geographical scale matter Journal of Urban Health Vol 87 No 5 2010 pp 782-795 httpdxdoiorg1010072Fs11524-010-9488-7
bull Frank L D J Kerr J F Sallis R Miles and J Chapman A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 2 2008 pp 172-178 httpsdoiorg101016jypmed200804004
Referencesbull Frank L D M A Andresen and T L Schmid Obesity relationships with community design physical activity and time spent in cars American Journal of Preventive
Medicine Vol 27 No 2 2004 pp 87-96 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200404011
bull Rodriacuteguez D A K R Evenson A V D Roux and S J Brines Land use residential density and walking the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 5 2009 pp 397-404 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200907008
bull Frank L D J F Sallis T L Conway J E Chapman B E Saelens and W Bachman Many pathways from land use to health associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation body mass index and air quality Journal of The American Planning Association Vol 72 No 1 2006 pp 75-87 httpdxdoiorg10108001944360608976725
bull Hirsch J A K A Moore P J Clarke D A Rodriguez K R Evenson S J Brines Zagorski MA and A V D Roux Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Epidemiology Vol 180 No 8 2014 pp 799-809 httpsdoiorg101093ajekwu218
bull Lee I M R Ewing and H D Sesso The built environment and physical activity levels the Harvard Alumni Health Study American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 4 2009 pp 293-298 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200906007
bull Giles-Corti B and R J Donovan The relative influence of individual social and physical environment determinants of physical activity Social Science amp Medicine Vol 54 No 12 2002 pp 1793-1812 httpsdoiorg101016S0277-9536(01)00150-2
bull Davis A Y B C Pijanowski K Robinson and B Engel The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States Land Use Policy Vol 27 No 2 2010 pp 255-261 httpdoiorg101016jlandusepol200903002
bull Purciel M Neckerman K M Lovasi G S Quinn J W Weiss C Bader M D M hellip Rundle A Creating and validating GIS measures of urban design for health research Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol 29 No 4 2009 pp 457ndash466 httpdoiorg101016jjenvp200903004
bull Ewing R S Handy R C Brownson O Clemente and E Winston Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No s1 2006 S223-S240 Retrieved from httpactivelivingresearchorgsitesdefaultfilesJPAH_15_Ewingpdf
bull Dill J Measuring network connectivity for bicycling and walking Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004 pp 11-15 Retrieved from httpreconnectingamericaorgassetsUploadsTRB2004-001550pdf
bull Leslie E B Saelens L Frank N Owen A Bauman N Coffee and G Hugo Residentsrsquo perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods a pilot study Health amp Place Vol 11 No 3 2005 pp 227-236 httpsdoiorg101016jhealthplace200405005
bull Schlossberg M and N Brown Comparing transit-oriented development sites by walkability indicators Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004httpdxdoiorg1031411887-05
bull Handy S Urban form and pedestrian choices Study of Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1996 httpsdoiorg1031411552-19
bull Mately M L M Goldman and B J Fineman Pedestrian Travel Potential in Northern New Jersey Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2001 httpsdoiorg1031411705-01
Referencesbull Freemark Y Transit mode share trends looking steady rail appears to encourage non-automobile commutes The Transport Politic 2010 Retrieved from
httpwwwthetransportpoliticcom20101013transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-to-encourage-non-automobile-commutes
bull Hendricks S J E S Fleury J Flynn and J Goodwill Impacts of transit oriented development on Public Transportation Ridership (No BD549-05) National Center for Transit Research University of South Florida 2005 Retrieved from httpntlbtsgovlib250002500025007576-10pdf
bull Southworth M Designing the walkable city Journal of Urban Planning and Development Vol 131 No 4 2005 pp 246-257 Retrieved from httpworldcatorgissn07339488
bull Ramos-Santiago LE J R Brown and H Nixon The Streetcar Resurgence in the United States Transit Strategy Growth-Machine Tactic or Some of Both Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2015 httpsdoiorg1031412540-04
bull Wilson D A (2006) ldquoMaking Streetcars Happen A Guide to the Implementation of Community Streetcar Systemsrdquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) University of Illinois at Chicago 2006 Retrieved from httpwwwacademiaedudownload31700920Making_Streetcars_Happenpdf
bull Eliasson I The Use of Climate Knowledge In Urban Planning Landscape and Urban Planning Vol 48 No1 2000 pp 31-44 httpsdoiorg101016S0169-2046(00)00034-7
bull DeVeau M ldquoStrategies to address the climatic barriers to walkable transit-oriented communities in Floridardquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 Retrieved from httpssmartechgatecheduhandle185340779show=full
bull Zhou Xiaolu and Jinki Kim Social disparities in tree canopy and park accessibility A case study of six cities in Illinois using GIS and remote sensing Urban Forestry amp Urban Greening Vol 12 No 1 2013 pp 88-97 httpsdoiorg101016jufug201211004
bull Hillsdon M J Panter C Foster and A Jones The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity Public Health Vol 120 No 12 2006 pp 1127-1132 httpsdoiorg101016jpuhe200610007
bull Ewing R and S Handy Measuring the unmeasurable Urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Urban Design Vol 14 No 1 2009 pp 65-84 httpdxdoiorg10108013574800802451155
bull Ewing R Pedestrian-and Transit-Friendly Design A Primer for Smart Growth Smart Growth Network Manual Based on a manual prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation 1999 Retrieved from httpwwwftadotgovdocumentsptfd_primerpdf
bull Burke M and C Sebaly Locking in the pedestrian The privatised streets of gated communities World Transport Policy amp Practice Vol 7 No4 2001 pp 67-74 Retrieved from httpwwweco-logicacoukworldtransporthtml22
Introductionbull Evaluation of walkability in a sub-tropical climate through
four perspectives
ndash Land use
ndash Built environment
ndash Transportation Infrastructure
ndash Urban Tree Canopy
bull ldquoWalkabilityrdquo determined based on WalkScore
Four South Florida
communities
selected
ldquoWalkablerdquo traditional communities
bull WynwoodEdgewater - 88
bull South Beach - 76
ldquoNot Walkablerdquo modern communities
bull Miami Lakes - 39
bull Doral - 42
(All located in Miami-Dade County)
Miami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Year Incorporated 2000 2003 1896 1915
Land Area (sq mi) 563 1388 401 763
Population (2010) 29361 45704 48319 87779
Population per sq mi 521140 329350 906548 1151050
Median HH Income $66601 $72933 $35796 $44342
Walking to Work 010 060 542 1160
Bicycling to Work 000 000 217 500
Public Transit to Work 080 090 1388 1060
City of Miami
Study Area Information
Land Use and Built EnvironmentLand Use bull Population density
bull Housing mix
bull Land use mix
bull Proximity of destinations
bull Presence of green space amp water bodies
Built Environmentbull Access to recreational activities
bull Building density Miami Beach
Transportation Infrastructurebull Road infrastructure
ndash Intersection Density
ndash Block Length
ndash Grid System
ndash Street Density
bull Pedestrian Infrastructure
bull Public transitndash ldquoPedestrian extenderrdquo Wynwood-Edgewater
Geography and Development Typebull Urban Development
Boundary (UDB) ndash Intention to protect
environmentally sensitive areas
ndash Boundary shifts have led to incremental growthsprawl
bull Walking Purposendash Walking for transportation (older
communities) vs recreational walking (newer communities)
Climate Mitigation - Shadebull Tropical climate affect on
pedestrians
ndash heat humidity glare heavy rain
bull Limited literature
bull Thermal comfort plays an important role in walkability
ndash Shorter block lengths than typically recommended
ndash Shade is vital
bull Urban Tree Canopy as indicator Wynwood-Edgewater
Databull GIS Data sources
ndash Miami Dade County
ndash Florida International University GIS Center
ndash Million Trees Miami
bull Data standardized by using 1-mile buffers around neighborhood centers ndash Geographic center
ndash Local seat of government
ndash Major Arterials
Results ndash Land Use
Non-walkable Communitiesbull Doral highest land use
ldquoIndustrialrdquo (1757)
bull Increased agricultural land and water bodies
bull ldquoCommercialrdquo land use isolated
Walkable Communitiesbull Higher of ldquoResidential ndash
Multi Familyrdquo
bull Greater mixes of uses
bull ldquoCommercialrdquo land use more spread out
Results ndash Built Environment
Miami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Total Area
(million sq ft)
2838 5174 1272 2575
Total Building Footprint
(million sq ft)
996 833 1012 1338
Building Density 035 016 080 051
Results ndash Built Environment
Large setbacks amp low building density
(Miami Lakes)
Small setbacks and high building density
(Miami Beach)
Results ndash Transportation Infrastructure bull Walkable Communities had
ndash Higher total street length
ndash Smaller average block length
ndash Higher of intersections per sq mi
ndash Higher sidewalk and crosswalk density
ndash Increased transit access
bull Non-Walkable Communities had increased presence of cul-de-sacs and gated communities
bull Non-walkable communitiesrsquo average block lengths fell under recommended guidelines (400-500 ft)
ndash Even shorter block lengths needed in hotter climates
Pedestrian Infrastructure Transit Infrastructure
Results ndash Climate Mitigation
Urban Tree CanopyMiami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Existing UTC () 188 141 151 116
Possible UTC - Pervious () 213 215 171 216
Possible UTC - Impervious () 226 266 317 288
Not Suitable 373 378 361 379
bull No association found between UTC and walkability
bull Average UTC actually lower in walkable communities
bull UTC likely not best measurement for measuring urban shade
Site observation of walkable communities showed that both natural shade from
urban trees and man-made shade from buildings and awnings were very much
present Pedestrians opted to stay in shady areas when possible
Conclusionbull Walkability indicators in sub-tropical communities similar to those in temperate ones
bull Greatest effect on walkability in South Florida
ndash Land use mix
ndash Building density
ndash Short block lengths in grid-like network
ndash Transit access
bull Block lengths should be shorter than current recommended guidelines
ndash (le~300 ft in tropical climates)
bull Urban tree canopy theorized to affect walkability but no strong association found
ndash Walkable communities had less UTC
ndash UTC likely not best measurement for urban pedestrian shade
Discussionbull Urban Development Boundary
ndash County to gain 700000 residents by 2030
ndash Current development restrictions 5-acre min lot size
ndash Continued development along line associated with less walkability
bull Climatic effects on pedestriansndash New measures needed to for
urban shade
bull Possible role of public artWynwood-Edgewater
Referencesbull Owen N G N Healy C E Matthews and D W Dunstan Too much sitting the population-health science of sedentary behavior Exercise and Sport Sciences
Reviews Vol 38 No 3 2010 pp 105-113 httpsdxdoiorg101097JES0b013e3181e373a2
bull Saelens B E and SL Handy Built environment correlates of walking a review Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol 40 No7 Suppl 2008 pp S550-S566 httpsdxdoiorg101249MSS0b013e31817c67a4
bull Shriver K Influence of environmental design on pedestrian travel behavior in four Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1997 httpsdoiorg1031411578-09
bull Friedman B SP Gordon and JB Peers Effect of neotraditional neighborhood design on travel characteristics Transportation Research Board Washington DC1997 Retrieved from httponlinepubstrborgOnlinepubstrr199414661466-009pdf
bull OrsquoHare D Urban walkability in the subtropical city Some intemperate considerations from SEQ Proceedings of Subtropical Cities 2006 Retrieved from httpswwwresearchgatenetpublication27482758_Urban_Walkability_in_the_Subtropical_City_Some_Intemperate_Considerations_from_SEQ
bull Carr L J S I Dunsiger and B H Marcus Walk scoretrade as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability American Journal Of Preventive Medicine Vol 39 No 5 2010 pp 460-463 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre201007007
bull Duncan D T J Aldstadt J Whalen and S J Melly Validation of Walk Scores and Transit Scores for estimating neighborhood walkability and transit availability a small-area analysis GeoJournal Vol 78 No 2 2013 pp 407-416 httpsdoiorg101007s10708-011-9444-4
bull Nelson K A Doll S Basu B Fulton T Chapin Growing for a Sustainable Future Miami-Dade County Boundary Assessment Office of Sustainable Communities US Environmental Protection Agency 2012 Retrieved from httpswwwepagovsmartgrowthgrowing-sustainable-future-miami-dade-county-urban-development-boundary-assessment
bull Brown S C J Lombard M Toro S Huang T Perrino G Perez-Gomez E Plater-Zyberk H Pantin O Affuso N Kumar and K Wang Walking and Proximity to the Urban Growth Boundary and Central Business District American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 4 2014 pp 481ndash486 httpsdxdoiorg101016jamepre201405008
bull Smart Growth America Dangerous By Design National Complete Streets Coalition 2014 Retrieved from httpssmartgrowthamericaorgresourcesdangerous-by-design-2014
bull Moudon A V C Lee A D Cheadle C Garvin D Johnson T L Schmid T L R Weathers L Lin Operational definitions of walkable neighborhood theoretical and empirical insights Journal Of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No Suppl 1 2006 S99-S117 httpsdoiorg101123jpah3s1s99
bull Saelens B E J F Sallis J B Black and D Chen Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity an environment scale evaluation American Journal Of Public Health Vol 93 No 9 2003 pp 1552-1558 Retrieved from httpwwwminorityuncedusphminconf2004materialssaelensetalpdf
bull Duncan M J E Winkler T Sugiyama E Cerin E Leslie and N Owen Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport do land uses and geographical scale matter Journal of Urban Health Vol 87 No 5 2010 pp 782-795 httpdxdoiorg1010072Fs11524-010-9488-7
bull Frank L D J Kerr J F Sallis R Miles and J Chapman A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 2 2008 pp 172-178 httpsdoiorg101016jypmed200804004
Referencesbull Frank L D M A Andresen and T L Schmid Obesity relationships with community design physical activity and time spent in cars American Journal of Preventive
Medicine Vol 27 No 2 2004 pp 87-96 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200404011
bull Rodriacuteguez D A K R Evenson A V D Roux and S J Brines Land use residential density and walking the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 5 2009 pp 397-404 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200907008
bull Frank L D J F Sallis T L Conway J E Chapman B E Saelens and W Bachman Many pathways from land use to health associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation body mass index and air quality Journal of The American Planning Association Vol 72 No 1 2006 pp 75-87 httpdxdoiorg10108001944360608976725
bull Hirsch J A K A Moore P J Clarke D A Rodriguez K R Evenson S J Brines Zagorski MA and A V D Roux Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Epidemiology Vol 180 No 8 2014 pp 799-809 httpsdoiorg101093ajekwu218
bull Lee I M R Ewing and H D Sesso The built environment and physical activity levels the Harvard Alumni Health Study American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 4 2009 pp 293-298 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200906007
bull Giles-Corti B and R J Donovan The relative influence of individual social and physical environment determinants of physical activity Social Science amp Medicine Vol 54 No 12 2002 pp 1793-1812 httpsdoiorg101016S0277-9536(01)00150-2
bull Davis A Y B C Pijanowski K Robinson and B Engel The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States Land Use Policy Vol 27 No 2 2010 pp 255-261 httpdoiorg101016jlandusepol200903002
bull Purciel M Neckerman K M Lovasi G S Quinn J W Weiss C Bader M D M hellip Rundle A Creating and validating GIS measures of urban design for health research Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol 29 No 4 2009 pp 457ndash466 httpdoiorg101016jjenvp200903004
bull Ewing R S Handy R C Brownson O Clemente and E Winston Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No s1 2006 S223-S240 Retrieved from httpactivelivingresearchorgsitesdefaultfilesJPAH_15_Ewingpdf
bull Dill J Measuring network connectivity for bicycling and walking Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004 pp 11-15 Retrieved from httpreconnectingamericaorgassetsUploadsTRB2004-001550pdf
bull Leslie E B Saelens L Frank N Owen A Bauman N Coffee and G Hugo Residentsrsquo perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods a pilot study Health amp Place Vol 11 No 3 2005 pp 227-236 httpsdoiorg101016jhealthplace200405005
bull Schlossberg M and N Brown Comparing transit-oriented development sites by walkability indicators Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004httpdxdoiorg1031411887-05
bull Handy S Urban form and pedestrian choices Study of Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1996 httpsdoiorg1031411552-19
bull Mately M L M Goldman and B J Fineman Pedestrian Travel Potential in Northern New Jersey Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2001 httpsdoiorg1031411705-01
Referencesbull Freemark Y Transit mode share trends looking steady rail appears to encourage non-automobile commutes The Transport Politic 2010 Retrieved from
httpwwwthetransportpoliticcom20101013transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-to-encourage-non-automobile-commutes
bull Hendricks S J E S Fleury J Flynn and J Goodwill Impacts of transit oriented development on Public Transportation Ridership (No BD549-05) National Center for Transit Research University of South Florida 2005 Retrieved from httpntlbtsgovlib250002500025007576-10pdf
bull Southworth M Designing the walkable city Journal of Urban Planning and Development Vol 131 No 4 2005 pp 246-257 Retrieved from httpworldcatorgissn07339488
bull Ramos-Santiago LE J R Brown and H Nixon The Streetcar Resurgence in the United States Transit Strategy Growth-Machine Tactic or Some of Both Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2015 httpsdoiorg1031412540-04
bull Wilson D A (2006) ldquoMaking Streetcars Happen A Guide to the Implementation of Community Streetcar Systemsrdquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) University of Illinois at Chicago 2006 Retrieved from httpwwwacademiaedudownload31700920Making_Streetcars_Happenpdf
bull Eliasson I The Use of Climate Knowledge In Urban Planning Landscape and Urban Planning Vol 48 No1 2000 pp 31-44 httpsdoiorg101016S0169-2046(00)00034-7
bull DeVeau M ldquoStrategies to address the climatic barriers to walkable transit-oriented communities in Floridardquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 Retrieved from httpssmartechgatecheduhandle185340779show=full
bull Zhou Xiaolu and Jinki Kim Social disparities in tree canopy and park accessibility A case study of six cities in Illinois using GIS and remote sensing Urban Forestry amp Urban Greening Vol 12 No 1 2013 pp 88-97 httpsdoiorg101016jufug201211004
bull Hillsdon M J Panter C Foster and A Jones The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity Public Health Vol 120 No 12 2006 pp 1127-1132 httpsdoiorg101016jpuhe200610007
bull Ewing R and S Handy Measuring the unmeasurable Urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Urban Design Vol 14 No 1 2009 pp 65-84 httpdxdoiorg10108013574800802451155
bull Ewing R Pedestrian-and Transit-Friendly Design A Primer for Smart Growth Smart Growth Network Manual Based on a manual prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation 1999 Retrieved from httpwwwftadotgovdocumentsptfd_primerpdf
bull Burke M and C Sebaly Locking in the pedestrian The privatised streets of gated communities World Transport Policy amp Practice Vol 7 No4 2001 pp 67-74 Retrieved from httpwwweco-logicacoukworldtransporthtml22
Four South Florida
communities
selected
ldquoWalkablerdquo traditional communities
bull WynwoodEdgewater - 88
bull South Beach - 76
ldquoNot Walkablerdquo modern communities
bull Miami Lakes - 39
bull Doral - 42
(All located in Miami-Dade County)
Miami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Year Incorporated 2000 2003 1896 1915
Land Area (sq mi) 563 1388 401 763
Population (2010) 29361 45704 48319 87779
Population per sq mi 521140 329350 906548 1151050
Median HH Income $66601 $72933 $35796 $44342
Walking to Work 010 060 542 1160
Bicycling to Work 000 000 217 500
Public Transit to Work 080 090 1388 1060
City of Miami
Study Area Information
Land Use and Built EnvironmentLand Use bull Population density
bull Housing mix
bull Land use mix
bull Proximity of destinations
bull Presence of green space amp water bodies
Built Environmentbull Access to recreational activities
bull Building density Miami Beach
Transportation Infrastructurebull Road infrastructure
ndash Intersection Density
ndash Block Length
ndash Grid System
ndash Street Density
bull Pedestrian Infrastructure
bull Public transitndash ldquoPedestrian extenderrdquo Wynwood-Edgewater
Geography and Development Typebull Urban Development
Boundary (UDB) ndash Intention to protect
environmentally sensitive areas
ndash Boundary shifts have led to incremental growthsprawl
bull Walking Purposendash Walking for transportation (older
communities) vs recreational walking (newer communities)
Climate Mitigation - Shadebull Tropical climate affect on
pedestrians
ndash heat humidity glare heavy rain
bull Limited literature
bull Thermal comfort plays an important role in walkability
ndash Shorter block lengths than typically recommended
ndash Shade is vital
bull Urban Tree Canopy as indicator Wynwood-Edgewater
Databull GIS Data sources
ndash Miami Dade County
ndash Florida International University GIS Center
ndash Million Trees Miami
bull Data standardized by using 1-mile buffers around neighborhood centers ndash Geographic center
ndash Local seat of government
ndash Major Arterials
Results ndash Land Use
Non-walkable Communitiesbull Doral highest land use
ldquoIndustrialrdquo (1757)
bull Increased agricultural land and water bodies
bull ldquoCommercialrdquo land use isolated
Walkable Communitiesbull Higher of ldquoResidential ndash
Multi Familyrdquo
bull Greater mixes of uses
bull ldquoCommercialrdquo land use more spread out
Results ndash Built Environment
Miami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Total Area
(million sq ft)
2838 5174 1272 2575
Total Building Footprint
(million sq ft)
996 833 1012 1338
Building Density 035 016 080 051
Results ndash Built Environment
Large setbacks amp low building density
(Miami Lakes)
Small setbacks and high building density
(Miami Beach)
Results ndash Transportation Infrastructure bull Walkable Communities had
ndash Higher total street length
ndash Smaller average block length
ndash Higher of intersections per sq mi
ndash Higher sidewalk and crosswalk density
ndash Increased transit access
bull Non-Walkable Communities had increased presence of cul-de-sacs and gated communities
bull Non-walkable communitiesrsquo average block lengths fell under recommended guidelines (400-500 ft)
ndash Even shorter block lengths needed in hotter climates
Pedestrian Infrastructure Transit Infrastructure
Results ndash Climate Mitigation
Urban Tree CanopyMiami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Existing UTC () 188 141 151 116
Possible UTC - Pervious () 213 215 171 216
Possible UTC - Impervious () 226 266 317 288
Not Suitable 373 378 361 379
bull No association found between UTC and walkability
bull Average UTC actually lower in walkable communities
bull UTC likely not best measurement for measuring urban shade
Site observation of walkable communities showed that both natural shade from
urban trees and man-made shade from buildings and awnings were very much
present Pedestrians opted to stay in shady areas when possible
Conclusionbull Walkability indicators in sub-tropical communities similar to those in temperate ones
bull Greatest effect on walkability in South Florida
ndash Land use mix
ndash Building density
ndash Short block lengths in grid-like network
ndash Transit access
bull Block lengths should be shorter than current recommended guidelines
ndash (le~300 ft in tropical climates)
bull Urban tree canopy theorized to affect walkability but no strong association found
ndash Walkable communities had less UTC
ndash UTC likely not best measurement for urban pedestrian shade
Discussionbull Urban Development Boundary
ndash County to gain 700000 residents by 2030
ndash Current development restrictions 5-acre min lot size
ndash Continued development along line associated with less walkability
bull Climatic effects on pedestriansndash New measures needed to for
urban shade
bull Possible role of public artWynwood-Edgewater
Referencesbull Owen N G N Healy C E Matthews and D W Dunstan Too much sitting the population-health science of sedentary behavior Exercise and Sport Sciences
Reviews Vol 38 No 3 2010 pp 105-113 httpsdxdoiorg101097JES0b013e3181e373a2
bull Saelens B E and SL Handy Built environment correlates of walking a review Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol 40 No7 Suppl 2008 pp S550-S566 httpsdxdoiorg101249MSS0b013e31817c67a4
bull Shriver K Influence of environmental design on pedestrian travel behavior in four Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1997 httpsdoiorg1031411578-09
bull Friedman B SP Gordon and JB Peers Effect of neotraditional neighborhood design on travel characteristics Transportation Research Board Washington DC1997 Retrieved from httponlinepubstrborgOnlinepubstrr199414661466-009pdf
bull OrsquoHare D Urban walkability in the subtropical city Some intemperate considerations from SEQ Proceedings of Subtropical Cities 2006 Retrieved from httpswwwresearchgatenetpublication27482758_Urban_Walkability_in_the_Subtropical_City_Some_Intemperate_Considerations_from_SEQ
bull Carr L J S I Dunsiger and B H Marcus Walk scoretrade as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability American Journal Of Preventive Medicine Vol 39 No 5 2010 pp 460-463 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre201007007
bull Duncan D T J Aldstadt J Whalen and S J Melly Validation of Walk Scores and Transit Scores for estimating neighborhood walkability and transit availability a small-area analysis GeoJournal Vol 78 No 2 2013 pp 407-416 httpsdoiorg101007s10708-011-9444-4
bull Nelson K A Doll S Basu B Fulton T Chapin Growing for a Sustainable Future Miami-Dade County Boundary Assessment Office of Sustainable Communities US Environmental Protection Agency 2012 Retrieved from httpswwwepagovsmartgrowthgrowing-sustainable-future-miami-dade-county-urban-development-boundary-assessment
bull Brown S C J Lombard M Toro S Huang T Perrino G Perez-Gomez E Plater-Zyberk H Pantin O Affuso N Kumar and K Wang Walking and Proximity to the Urban Growth Boundary and Central Business District American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 4 2014 pp 481ndash486 httpsdxdoiorg101016jamepre201405008
bull Smart Growth America Dangerous By Design National Complete Streets Coalition 2014 Retrieved from httpssmartgrowthamericaorgresourcesdangerous-by-design-2014
bull Moudon A V C Lee A D Cheadle C Garvin D Johnson T L Schmid T L R Weathers L Lin Operational definitions of walkable neighborhood theoretical and empirical insights Journal Of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No Suppl 1 2006 S99-S117 httpsdoiorg101123jpah3s1s99
bull Saelens B E J F Sallis J B Black and D Chen Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity an environment scale evaluation American Journal Of Public Health Vol 93 No 9 2003 pp 1552-1558 Retrieved from httpwwwminorityuncedusphminconf2004materialssaelensetalpdf
bull Duncan M J E Winkler T Sugiyama E Cerin E Leslie and N Owen Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport do land uses and geographical scale matter Journal of Urban Health Vol 87 No 5 2010 pp 782-795 httpdxdoiorg1010072Fs11524-010-9488-7
bull Frank L D J Kerr J F Sallis R Miles and J Chapman A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 2 2008 pp 172-178 httpsdoiorg101016jypmed200804004
Referencesbull Frank L D M A Andresen and T L Schmid Obesity relationships with community design physical activity and time spent in cars American Journal of Preventive
Medicine Vol 27 No 2 2004 pp 87-96 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200404011
bull Rodriacuteguez D A K R Evenson A V D Roux and S J Brines Land use residential density and walking the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 5 2009 pp 397-404 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200907008
bull Frank L D J F Sallis T L Conway J E Chapman B E Saelens and W Bachman Many pathways from land use to health associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation body mass index and air quality Journal of The American Planning Association Vol 72 No 1 2006 pp 75-87 httpdxdoiorg10108001944360608976725
bull Hirsch J A K A Moore P J Clarke D A Rodriguez K R Evenson S J Brines Zagorski MA and A V D Roux Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Epidemiology Vol 180 No 8 2014 pp 799-809 httpsdoiorg101093ajekwu218
bull Lee I M R Ewing and H D Sesso The built environment and physical activity levels the Harvard Alumni Health Study American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 4 2009 pp 293-298 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200906007
bull Giles-Corti B and R J Donovan The relative influence of individual social and physical environment determinants of physical activity Social Science amp Medicine Vol 54 No 12 2002 pp 1793-1812 httpsdoiorg101016S0277-9536(01)00150-2
bull Davis A Y B C Pijanowski K Robinson and B Engel The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States Land Use Policy Vol 27 No 2 2010 pp 255-261 httpdoiorg101016jlandusepol200903002
bull Purciel M Neckerman K M Lovasi G S Quinn J W Weiss C Bader M D M hellip Rundle A Creating and validating GIS measures of urban design for health research Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol 29 No 4 2009 pp 457ndash466 httpdoiorg101016jjenvp200903004
bull Ewing R S Handy R C Brownson O Clemente and E Winston Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No s1 2006 S223-S240 Retrieved from httpactivelivingresearchorgsitesdefaultfilesJPAH_15_Ewingpdf
bull Dill J Measuring network connectivity for bicycling and walking Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004 pp 11-15 Retrieved from httpreconnectingamericaorgassetsUploadsTRB2004-001550pdf
bull Leslie E B Saelens L Frank N Owen A Bauman N Coffee and G Hugo Residentsrsquo perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods a pilot study Health amp Place Vol 11 No 3 2005 pp 227-236 httpsdoiorg101016jhealthplace200405005
bull Schlossberg M and N Brown Comparing transit-oriented development sites by walkability indicators Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004httpdxdoiorg1031411887-05
bull Handy S Urban form and pedestrian choices Study of Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1996 httpsdoiorg1031411552-19
bull Mately M L M Goldman and B J Fineman Pedestrian Travel Potential in Northern New Jersey Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2001 httpsdoiorg1031411705-01
Referencesbull Freemark Y Transit mode share trends looking steady rail appears to encourage non-automobile commutes The Transport Politic 2010 Retrieved from
httpwwwthetransportpoliticcom20101013transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-to-encourage-non-automobile-commutes
bull Hendricks S J E S Fleury J Flynn and J Goodwill Impacts of transit oriented development on Public Transportation Ridership (No BD549-05) National Center for Transit Research University of South Florida 2005 Retrieved from httpntlbtsgovlib250002500025007576-10pdf
bull Southworth M Designing the walkable city Journal of Urban Planning and Development Vol 131 No 4 2005 pp 246-257 Retrieved from httpworldcatorgissn07339488
bull Ramos-Santiago LE J R Brown and H Nixon The Streetcar Resurgence in the United States Transit Strategy Growth-Machine Tactic or Some of Both Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2015 httpsdoiorg1031412540-04
bull Wilson D A (2006) ldquoMaking Streetcars Happen A Guide to the Implementation of Community Streetcar Systemsrdquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) University of Illinois at Chicago 2006 Retrieved from httpwwwacademiaedudownload31700920Making_Streetcars_Happenpdf
bull Eliasson I The Use of Climate Knowledge In Urban Planning Landscape and Urban Planning Vol 48 No1 2000 pp 31-44 httpsdoiorg101016S0169-2046(00)00034-7
bull DeVeau M ldquoStrategies to address the climatic barriers to walkable transit-oriented communities in Floridardquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 Retrieved from httpssmartechgatecheduhandle185340779show=full
bull Zhou Xiaolu and Jinki Kim Social disparities in tree canopy and park accessibility A case study of six cities in Illinois using GIS and remote sensing Urban Forestry amp Urban Greening Vol 12 No 1 2013 pp 88-97 httpsdoiorg101016jufug201211004
bull Hillsdon M J Panter C Foster and A Jones The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity Public Health Vol 120 No 12 2006 pp 1127-1132 httpsdoiorg101016jpuhe200610007
bull Ewing R and S Handy Measuring the unmeasurable Urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Urban Design Vol 14 No 1 2009 pp 65-84 httpdxdoiorg10108013574800802451155
bull Ewing R Pedestrian-and Transit-Friendly Design A Primer for Smart Growth Smart Growth Network Manual Based on a manual prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation 1999 Retrieved from httpwwwftadotgovdocumentsptfd_primerpdf
bull Burke M and C Sebaly Locking in the pedestrian The privatised streets of gated communities World Transport Policy amp Practice Vol 7 No4 2001 pp 67-74 Retrieved from httpwwweco-logicacoukworldtransporthtml22
Miami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Year Incorporated 2000 2003 1896 1915
Land Area (sq mi) 563 1388 401 763
Population (2010) 29361 45704 48319 87779
Population per sq mi 521140 329350 906548 1151050
Median HH Income $66601 $72933 $35796 $44342
Walking to Work 010 060 542 1160
Bicycling to Work 000 000 217 500
Public Transit to Work 080 090 1388 1060
City of Miami
Study Area Information
Land Use and Built EnvironmentLand Use bull Population density
bull Housing mix
bull Land use mix
bull Proximity of destinations
bull Presence of green space amp water bodies
Built Environmentbull Access to recreational activities
bull Building density Miami Beach
Transportation Infrastructurebull Road infrastructure
ndash Intersection Density
ndash Block Length
ndash Grid System
ndash Street Density
bull Pedestrian Infrastructure
bull Public transitndash ldquoPedestrian extenderrdquo Wynwood-Edgewater
Geography and Development Typebull Urban Development
Boundary (UDB) ndash Intention to protect
environmentally sensitive areas
ndash Boundary shifts have led to incremental growthsprawl
bull Walking Purposendash Walking for transportation (older
communities) vs recreational walking (newer communities)
Climate Mitigation - Shadebull Tropical climate affect on
pedestrians
ndash heat humidity glare heavy rain
bull Limited literature
bull Thermal comfort plays an important role in walkability
ndash Shorter block lengths than typically recommended
ndash Shade is vital
bull Urban Tree Canopy as indicator Wynwood-Edgewater
Databull GIS Data sources
ndash Miami Dade County
ndash Florida International University GIS Center
ndash Million Trees Miami
bull Data standardized by using 1-mile buffers around neighborhood centers ndash Geographic center
ndash Local seat of government
ndash Major Arterials
Results ndash Land Use
Non-walkable Communitiesbull Doral highest land use
ldquoIndustrialrdquo (1757)
bull Increased agricultural land and water bodies
bull ldquoCommercialrdquo land use isolated
Walkable Communitiesbull Higher of ldquoResidential ndash
Multi Familyrdquo
bull Greater mixes of uses
bull ldquoCommercialrdquo land use more spread out
Results ndash Built Environment
Miami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Total Area
(million sq ft)
2838 5174 1272 2575
Total Building Footprint
(million sq ft)
996 833 1012 1338
Building Density 035 016 080 051
Results ndash Built Environment
Large setbacks amp low building density
(Miami Lakes)
Small setbacks and high building density
(Miami Beach)
Results ndash Transportation Infrastructure bull Walkable Communities had
ndash Higher total street length
ndash Smaller average block length
ndash Higher of intersections per sq mi
ndash Higher sidewalk and crosswalk density
ndash Increased transit access
bull Non-Walkable Communities had increased presence of cul-de-sacs and gated communities
bull Non-walkable communitiesrsquo average block lengths fell under recommended guidelines (400-500 ft)
ndash Even shorter block lengths needed in hotter climates
Pedestrian Infrastructure Transit Infrastructure
Results ndash Climate Mitigation
Urban Tree CanopyMiami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Existing UTC () 188 141 151 116
Possible UTC - Pervious () 213 215 171 216
Possible UTC - Impervious () 226 266 317 288
Not Suitable 373 378 361 379
bull No association found between UTC and walkability
bull Average UTC actually lower in walkable communities
bull UTC likely not best measurement for measuring urban shade
Site observation of walkable communities showed that both natural shade from
urban trees and man-made shade from buildings and awnings were very much
present Pedestrians opted to stay in shady areas when possible
Conclusionbull Walkability indicators in sub-tropical communities similar to those in temperate ones
bull Greatest effect on walkability in South Florida
ndash Land use mix
ndash Building density
ndash Short block lengths in grid-like network
ndash Transit access
bull Block lengths should be shorter than current recommended guidelines
ndash (le~300 ft in tropical climates)
bull Urban tree canopy theorized to affect walkability but no strong association found
ndash Walkable communities had less UTC
ndash UTC likely not best measurement for urban pedestrian shade
Discussionbull Urban Development Boundary
ndash County to gain 700000 residents by 2030
ndash Current development restrictions 5-acre min lot size
ndash Continued development along line associated with less walkability
bull Climatic effects on pedestriansndash New measures needed to for
urban shade
bull Possible role of public artWynwood-Edgewater
Referencesbull Owen N G N Healy C E Matthews and D W Dunstan Too much sitting the population-health science of sedentary behavior Exercise and Sport Sciences
Reviews Vol 38 No 3 2010 pp 105-113 httpsdxdoiorg101097JES0b013e3181e373a2
bull Saelens B E and SL Handy Built environment correlates of walking a review Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol 40 No7 Suppl 2008 pp S550-S566 httpsdxdoiorg101249MSS0b013e31817c67a4
bull Shriver K Influence of environmental design on pedestrian travel behavior in four Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1997 httpsdoiorg1031411578-09
bull Friedman B SP Gordon and JB Peers Effect of neotraditional neighborhood design on travel characteristics Transportation Research Board Washington DC1997 Retrieved from httponlinepubstrborgOnlinepubstrr199414661466-009pdf
bull OrsquoHare D Urban walkability in the subtropical city Some intemperate considerations from SEQ Proceedings of Subtropical Cities 2006 Retrieved from httpswwwresearchgatenetpublication27482758_Urban_Walkability_in_the_Subtropical_City_Some_Intemperate_Considerations_from_SEQ
bull Carr L J S I Dunsiger and B H Marcus Walk scoretrade as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability American Journal Of Preventive Medicine Vol 39 No 5 2010 pp 460-463 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre201007007
bull Duncan D T J Aldstadt J Whalen and S J Melly Validation of Walk Scores and Transit Scores for estimating neighborhood walkability and transit availability a small-area analysis GeoJournal Vol 78 No 2 2013 pp 407-416 httpsdoiorg101007s10708-011-9444-4
bull Nelson K A Doll S Basu B Fulton T Chapin Growing for a Sustainable Future Miami-Dade County Boundary Assessment Office of Sustainable Communities US Environmental Protection Agency 2012 Retrieved from httpswwwepagovsmartgrowthgrowing-sustainable-future-miami-dade-county-urban-development-boundary-assessment
bull Brown S C J Lombard M Toro S Huang T Perrino G Perez-Gomez E Plater-Zyberk H Pantin O Affuso N Kumar and K Wang Walking and Proximity to the Urban Growth Boundary and Central Business District American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 4 2014 pp 481ndash486 httpsdxdoiorg101016jamepre201405008
bull Smart Growth America Dangerous By Design National Complete Streets Coalition 2014 Retrieved from httpssmartgrowthamericaorgresourcesdangerous-by-design-2014
bull Moudon A V C Lee A D Cheadle C Garvin D Johnson T L Schmid T L R Weathers L Lin Operational definitions of walkable neighborhood theoretical and empirical insights Journal Of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No Suppl 1 2006 S99-S117 httpsdoiorg101123jpah3s1s99
bull Saelens B E J F Sallis J B Black and D Chen Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity an environment scale evaluation American Journal Of Public Health Vol 93 No 9 2003 pp 1552-1558 Retrieved from httpwwwminorityuncedusphminconf2004materialssaelensetalpdf
bull Duncan M J E Winkler T Sugiyama E Cerin E Leslie and N Owen Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport do land uses and geographical scale matter Journal of Urban Health Vol 87 No 5 2010 pp 782-795 httpdxdoiorg1010072Fs11524-010-9488-7
bull Frank L D J Kerr J F Sallis R Miles and J Chapman A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 2 2008 pp 172-178 httpsdoiorg101016jypmed200804004
Referencesbull Frank L D M A Andresen and T L Schmid Obesity relationships with community design physical activity and time spent in cars American Journal of Preventive
Medicine Vol 27 No 2 2004 pp 87-96 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200404011
bull Rodriacuteguez D A K R Evenson A V D Roux and S J Brines Land use residential density and walking the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 5 2009 pp 397-404 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200907008
bull Frank L D J F Sallis T L Conway J E Chapman B E Saelens and W Bachman Many pathways from land use to health associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation body mass index and air quality Journal of The American Planning Association Vol 72 No 1 2006 pp 75-87 httpdxdoiorg10108001944360608976725
bull Hirsch J A K A Moore P J Clarke D A Rodriguez K R Evenson S J Brines Zagorski MA and A V D Roux Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Epidemiology Vol 180 No 8 2014 pp 799-809 httpsdoiorg101093ajekwu218
bull Lee I M R Ewing and H D Sesso The built environment and physical activity levels the Harvard Alumni Health Study American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 4 2009 pp 293-298 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200906007
bull Giles-Corti B and R J Donovan The relative influence of individual social and physical environment determinants of physical activity Social Science amp Medicine Vol 54 No 12 2002 pp 1793-1812 httpsdoiorg101016S0277-9536(01)00150-2
bull Davis A Y B C Pijanowski K Robinson and B Engel The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States Land Use Policy Vol 27 No 2 2010 pp 255-261 httpdoiorg101016jlandusepol200903002
bull Purciel M Neckerman K M Lovasi G S Quinn J W Weiss C Bader M D M hellip Rundle A Creating and validating GIS measures of urban design for health research Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol 29 No 4 2009 pp 457ndash466 httpdoiorg101016jjenvp200903004
bull Ewing R S Handy R C Brownson O Clemente and E Winston Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No s1 2006 S223-S240 Retrieved from httpactivelivingresearchorgsitesdefaultfilesJPAH_15_Ewingpdf
bull Dill J Measuring network connectivity for bicycling and walking Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004 pp 11-15 Retrieved from httpreconnectingamericaorgassetsUploadsTRB2004-001550pdf
bull Leslie E B Saelens L Frank N Owen A Bauman N Coffee and G Hugo Residentsrsquo perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods a pilot study Health amp Place Vol 11 No 3 2005 pp 227-236 httpsdoiorg101016jhealthplace200405005
bull Schlossberg M and N Brown Comparing transit-oriented development sites by walkability indicators Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004httpdxdoiorg1031411887-05
bull Handy S Urban form and pedestrian choices Study of Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1996 httpsdoiorg1031411552-19
bull Mately M L M Goldman and B J Fineman Pedestrian Travel Potential in Northern New Jersey Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2001 httpsdoiorg1031411705-01
Referencesbull Freemark Y Transit mode share trends looking steady rail appears to encourage non-automobile commutes The Transport Politic 2010 Retrieved from
httpwwwthetransportpoliticcom20101013transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-to-encourage-non-automobile-commutes
bull Hendricks S J E S Fleury J Flynn and J Goodwill Impacts of transit oriented development on Public Transportation Ridership (No BD549-05) National Center for Transit Research University of South Florida 2005 Retrieved from httpntlbtsgovlib250002500025007576-10pdf
bull Southworth M Designing the walkable city Journal of Urban Planning and Development Vol 131 No 4 2005 pp 246-257 Retrieved from httpworldcatorgissn07339488
bull Ramos-Santiago LE J R Brown and H Nixon The Streetcar Resurgence in the United States Transit Strategy Growth-Machine Tactic or Some of Both Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2015 httpsdoiorg1031412540-04
bull Wilson D A (2006) ldquoMaking Streetcars Happen A Guide to the Implementation of Community Streetcar Systemsrdquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) University of Illinois at Chicago 2006 Retrieved from httpwwwacademiaedudownload31700920Making_Streetcars_Happenpdf
bull Eliasson I The Use of Climate Knowledge In Urban Planning Landscape and Urban Planning Vol 48 No1 2000 pp 31-44 httpsdoiorg101016S0169-2046(00)00034-7
bull DeVeau M ldquoStrategies to address the climatic barriers to walkable transit-oriented communities in Floridardquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 Retrieved from httpssmartechgatecheduhandle185340779show=full
bull Zhou Xiaolu and Jinki Kim Social disparities in tree canopy and park accessibility A case study of six cities in Illinois using GIS and remote sensing Urban Forestry amp Urban Greening Vol 12 No 1 2013 pp 88-97 httpsdoiorg101016jufug201211004
bull Hillsdon M J Panter C Foster and A Jones The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity Public Health Vol 120 No 12 2006 pp 1127-1132 httpsdoiorg101016jpuhe200610007
bull Ewing R and S Handy Measuring the unmeasurable Urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Urban Design Vol 14 No 1 2009 pp 65-84 httpdxdoiorg10108013574800802451155
bull Ewing R Pedestrian-and Transit-Friendly Design A Primer for Smart Growth Smart Growth Network Manual Based on a manual prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation 1999 Retrieved from httpwwwftadotgovdocumentsptfd_primerpdf
bull Burke M and C Sebaly Locking in the pedestrian The privatised streets of gated communities World Transport Policy amp Practice Vol 7 No4 2001 pp 67-74 Retrieved from httpwwweco-logicacoukworldtransporthtml22
Land Use and Built EnvironmentLand Use bull Population density
bull Housing mix
bull Land use mix
bull Proximity of destinations
bull Presence of green space amp water bodies
Built Environmentbull Access to recreational activities
bull Building density Miami Beach
Transportation Infrastructurebull Road infrastructure
ndash Intersection Density
ndash Block Length
ndash Grid System
ndash Street Density
bull Pedestrian Infrastructure
bull Public transitndash ldquoPedestrian extenderrdquo Wynwood-Edgewater
Geography and Development Typebull Urban Development
Boundary (UDB) ndash Intention to protect
environmentally sensitive areas
ndash Boundary shifts have led to incremental growthsprawl
bull Walking Purposendash Walking for transportation (older
communities) vs recreational walking (newer communities)
Climate Mitigation - Shadebull Tropical climate affect on
pedestrians
ndash heat humidity glare heavy rain
bull Limited literature
bull Thermal comfort plays an important role in walkability
ndash Shorter block lengths than typically recommended
ndash Shade is vital
bull Urban Tree Canopy as indicator Wynwood-Edgewater
Databull GIS Data sources
ndash Miami Dade County
ndash Florida International University GIS Center
ndash Million Trees Miami
bull Data standardized by using 1-mile buffers around neighborhood centers ndash Geographic center
ndash Local seat of government
ndash Major Arterials
Results ndash Land Use
Non-walkable Communitiesbull Doral highest land use
ldquoIndustrialrdquo (1757)
bull Increased agricultural land and water bodies
bull ldquoCommercialrdquo land use isolated
Walkable Communitiesbull Higher of ldquoResidential ndash
Multi Familyrdquo
bull Greater mixes of uses
bull ldquoCommercialrdquo land use more spread out
Results ndash Built Environment
Miami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Total Area
(million sq ft)
2838 5174 1272 2575
Total Building Footprint
(million sq ft)
996 833 1012 1338
Building Density 035 016 080 051
Results ndash Built Environment
Large setbacks amp low building density
(Miami Lakes)
Small setbacks and high building density
(Miami Beach)
Results ndash Transportation Infrastructure bull Walkable Communities had
ndash Higher total street length
ndash Smaller average block length
ndash Higher of intersections per sq mi
ndash Higher sidewalk and crosswalk density
ndash Increased transit access
bull Non-Walkable Communities had increased presence of cul-de-sacs and gated communities
bull Non-walkable communitiesrsquo average block lengths fell under recommended guidelines (400-500 ft)
ndash Even shorter block lengths needed in hotter climates
Pedestrian Infrastructure Transit Infrastructure
Results ndash Climate Mitigation
Urban Tree CanopyMiami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Existing UTC () 188 141 151 116
Possible UTC - Pervious () 213 215 171 216
Possible UTC - Impervious () 226 266 317 288
Not Suitable 373 378 361 379
bull No association found between UTC and walkability
bull Average UTC actually lower in walkable communities
bull UTC likely not best measurement for measuring urban shade
Site observation of walkable communities showed that both natural shade from
urban trees and man-made shade from buildings and awnings were very much
present Pedestrians opted to stay in shady areas when possible
Conclusionbull Walkability indicators in sub-tropical communities similar to those in temperate ones
bull Greatest effect on walkability in South Florida
ndash Land use mix
ndash Building density
ndash Short block lengths in grid-like network
ndash Transit access
bull Block lengths should be shorter than current recommended guidelines
ndash (le~300 ft in tropical climates)
bull Urban tree canopy theorized to affect walkability but no strong association found
ndash Walkable communities had less UTC
ndash UTC likely not best measurement for urban pedestrian shade
Discussionbull Urban Development Boundary
ndash County to gain 700000 residents by 2030
ndash Current development restrictions 5-acre min lot size
ndash Continued development along line associated with less walkability
bull Climatic effects on pedestriansndash New measures needed to for
urban shade
bull Possible role of public artWynwood-Edgewater
Referencesbull Owen N G N Healy C E Matthews and D W Dunstan Too much sitting the population-health science of sedentary behavior Exercise and Sport Sciences
Reviews Vol 38 No 3 2010 pp 105-113 httpsdxdoiorg101097JES0b013e3181e373a2
bull Saelens B E and SL Handy Built environment correlates of walking a review Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol 40 No7 Suppl 2008 pp S550-S566 httpsdxdoiorg101249MSS0b013e31817c67a4
bull Shriver K Influence of environmental design on pedestrian travel behavior in four Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1997 httpsdoiorg1031411578-09
bull Friedman B SP Gordon and JB Peers Effect of neotraditional neighborhood design on travel characteristics Transportation Research Board Washington DC1997 Retrieved from httponlinepubstrborgOnlinepubstrr199414661466-009pdf
bull OrsquoHare D Urban walkability in the subtropical city Some intemperate considerations from SEQ Proceedings of Subtropical Cities 2006 Retrieved from httpswwwresearchgatenetpublication27482758_Urban_Walkability_in_the_Subtropical_City_Some_Intemperate_Considerations_from_SEQ
bull Carr L J S I Dunsiger and B H Marcus Walk scoretrade as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability American Journal Of Preventive Medicine Vol 39 No 5 2010 pp 460-463 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre201007007
bull Duncan D T J Aldstadt J Whalen and S J Melly Validation of Walk Scores and Transit Scores for estimating neighborhood walkability and transit availability a small-area analysis GeoJournal Vol 78 No 2 2013 pp 407-416 httpsdoiorg101007s10708-011-9444-4
bull Nelson K A Doll S Basu B Fulton T Chapin Growing for a Sustainable Future Miami-Dade County Boundary Assessment Office of Sustainable Communities US Environmental Protection Agency 2012 Retrieved from httpswwwepagovsmartgrowthgrowing-sustainable-future-miami-dade-county-urban-development-boundary-assessment
bull Brown S C J Lombard M Toro S Huang T Perrino G Perez-Gomez E Plater-Zyberk H Pantin O Affuso N Kumar and K Wang Walking and Proximity to the Urban Growth Boundary and Central Business District American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 4 2014 pp 481ndash486 httpsdxdoiorg101016jamepre201405008
bull Smart Growth America Dangerous By Design National Complete Streets Coalition 2014 Retrieved from httpssmartgrowthamericaorgresourcesdangerous-by-design-2014
bull Moudon A V C Lee A D Cheadle C Garvin D Johnson T L Schmid T L R Weathers L Lin Operational definitions of walkable neighborhood theoretical and empirical insights Journal Of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No Suppl 1 2006 S99-S117 httpsdoiorg101123jpah3s1s99
bull Saelens B E J F Sallis J B Black and D Chen Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity an environment scale evaluation American Journal Of Public Health Vol 93 No 9 2003 pp 1552-1558 Retrieved from httpwwwminorityuncedusphminconf2004materialssaelensetalpdf
bull Duncan M J E Winkler T Sugiyama E Cerin E Leslie and N Owen Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport do land uses and geographical scale matter Journal of Urban Health Vol 87 No 5 2010 pp 782-795 httpdxdoiorg1010072Fs11524-010-9488-7
bull Frank L D J Kerr J F Sallis R Miles and J Chapman A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 2 2008 pp 172-178 httpsdoiorg101016jypmed200804004
Referencesbull Frank L D M A Andresen and T L Schmid Obesity relationships with community design physical activity and time spent in cars American Journal of Preventive
Medicine Vol 27 No 2 2004 pp 87-96 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200404011
bull Rodriacuteguez D A K R Evenson A V D Roux and S J Brines Land use residential density and walking the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 5 2009 pp 397-404 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200907008
bull Frank L D J F Sallis T L Conway J E Chapman B E Saelens and W Bachman Many pathways from land use to health associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation body mass index and air quality Journal of The American Planning Association Vol 72 No 1 2006 pp 75-87 httpdxdoiorg10108001944360608976725
bull Hirsch J A K A Moore P J Clarke D A Rodriguez K R Evenson S J Brines Zagorski MA and A V D Roux Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Epidemiology Vol 180 No 8 2014 pp 799-809 httpsdoiorg101093ajekwu218
bull Lee I M R Ewing and H D Sesso The built environment and physical activity levels the Harvard Alumni Health Study American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 4 2009 pp 293-298 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200906007
bull Giles-Corti B and R J Donovan The relative influence of individual social and physical environment determinants of physical activity Social Science amp Medicine Vol 54 No 12 2002 pp 1793-1812 httpsdoiorg101016S0277-9536(01)00150-2
bull Davis A Y B C Pijanowski K Robinson and B Engel The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States Land Use Policy Vol 27 No 2 2010 pp 255-261 httpdoiorg101016jlandusepol200903002
bull Purciel M Neckerman K M Lovasi G S Quinn J W Weiss C Bader M D M hellip Rundle A Creating and validating GIS measures of urban design for health research Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol 29 No 4 2009 pp 457ndash466 httpdoiorg101016jjenvp200903004
bull Ewing R S Handy R C Brownson O Clemente and E Winston Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No s1 2006 S223-S240 Retrieved from httpactivelivingresearchorgsitesdefaultfilesJPAH_15_Ewingpdf
bull Dill J Measuring network connectivity for bicycling and walking Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004 pp 11-15 Retrieved from httpreconnectingamericaorgassetsUploadsTRB2004-001550pdf
bull Leslie E B Saelens L Frank N Owen A Bauman N Coffee and G Hugo Residentsrsquo perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods a pilot study Health amp Place Vol 11 No 3 2005 pp 227-236 httpsdoiorg101016jhealthplace200405005
bull Schlossberg M and N Brown Comparing transit-oriented development sites by walkability indicators Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004httpdxdoiorg1031411887-05
bull Handy S Urban form and pedestrian choices Study of Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1996 httpsdoiorg1031411552-19
bull Mately M L M Goldman and B J Fineman Pedestrian Travel Potential in Northern New Jersey Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2001 httpsdoiorg1031411705-01
Referencesbull Freemark Y Transit mode share trends looking steady rail appears to encourage non-automobile commutes The Transport Politic 2010 Retrieved from
httpwwwthetransportpoliticcom20101013transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-to-encourage-non-automobile-commutes
bull Hendricks S J E S Fleury J Flynn and J Goodwill Impacts of transit oriented development on Public Transportation Ridership (No BD549-05) National Center for Transit Research University of South Florida 2005 Retrieved from httpntlbtsgovlib250002500025007576-10pdf
bull Southworth M Designing the walkable city Journal of Urban Planning and Development Vol 131 No 4 2005 pp 246-257 Retrieved from httpworldcatorgissn07339488
bull Ramos-Santiago LE J R Brown and H Nixon The Streetcar Resurgence in the United States Transit Strategy Growth-Machine Tactic or Some of Both Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2015 httpsdoiorg1031412540-04
bull Wilson D A (2006) ldquoMaking Streetcars Happen A Guide to the Implementation of Community Streetcar Systemsrdquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) University of Illinois at Chicago 2006 Retrieved from httpwwwacademiaedudownload31700920Making_Streetcars_Happenpdf
bull Eliasson I The Use of Climate Knowledge In Urban Planning Landscape and Urban Planning Vol 48 No1 2000 pp 31-44 httpsdoiorg101016S0169-2046(00)00034-7
bull DeVeau M ldquoStrategies to address the climatic barriers to walkable transit-oriented communities in Floridardquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 Retrieved from httpssmartechgatecheduhandle185340779show=full
bull Zhou Xiaolu and Jinki Kim Social disparities in tree canopy and park accessibility A case study of six cities in Illinois using GIS and remote sensing Urban Forestry amp Urban Greening Vol 12 No 1 2013 pp 88-97 httpsdoiorg101016jufug201211004
bull Hillsdon M J Panter C Foster and A Jones The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity Public Health Vol 120 No 12 2006 pp 1127-1132 httpsdoiorg101016jpuhe200610007
bull Ewing R and S Handy Measuring the unmeasurable Urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Urban Design Vol 14 No 1 2009 pp 65-84 httpdxdoiorg10108013574800802451155
bull Ewing R Pedestrian-and Transit-Friendly Design A Primer for Smart Growth Smart Growth Network Manual Based on a manual prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation 1999 Retrieved from httpwwwftadotgovdocumentsptfd_primerpdf
bull Burke M and C Sebaly Locking in the pedestrian The privatised streets of gated communities World Transport Policy amp Practice Vol 7 No4 2001 pp 67-74 Retrieved from httpwwweco-logicacoukworldtransporthtml22
Transportation Infrastructurebull Road infrastructure
ndash Intersection Density
ndash Block Length
ndash Grid System
ndash Street Density
bull Pedestrian Infrastructure
bull Public transitndash ldquoPedestrian extenderrdquo Wynwood-Edgewater
Geography and Development Typebull Urban Development
Boundary (UDB) ndash Intention to protect
environmentally sensitive areas
ndash Boundary shifts have led to incremental growthsprawl
bull Walking Purposendash Walking for transportation (older
communities) vs recreational walking (newer communities)
Climate Mitigation - Shadebull Tropical climate affect on
pedestrians
ndash heat humidity glare heavy rain
bull Limited literature
bull Thermal comfort plays an important role in walkability
ndash Shorter block lengths than typically recommended
ndash Shade is vital
bull Urban Tree Canopy as indicator Wynwood-Edgewater
Databull GIS Data sources
ndash Miami Dade County
ndash Florida International University GIS Center
ndash Million Trees Miami
bull Data standardized by using 1-mile buffers around neighborhood centers ndash Geographic center
ndash Local seat of government
ndash Major Arterials
Results ndash Land Use
Non-walkable Communitiesbull Doral highest land use
ldquoIndustrialrdquo (1757)
bull Increased agricultural land and water bodies
bull ldquoCommercialrdquo land use isolated
Walkable Communitiesbull Higher of ldquoResidential ndash
Multi Familyrdquo
bull Greater mixes of uses
bull ldquoCommercialrdquo land use more spread out
Results ndash Built Environment
Miami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Total Area
(million sq ft)
2838 5174 1272 2575
Total Building Footprint
(million sq ft)
996 833 1012 1338
Building Density 035 016 080 051
Results ndash Built Environment
Large setbacks amp low building density
(Miami Lakes)
Small setbacks and high building density
(Miami Beach)
Results ndash Transportation Infrastructure bull Walkable Communities had
ndash Higher total street length
ndash Smaller average block length
ndash Higher of intersections per sq mi
ndash Higher sidewalk and crosswalk density
ndash Increased transit access
bull Non-Walkable Communities had increased presence of cul-de-sacs and gated communities
bull Non-walkable communitiesrsquo average block lengths fell under recommended guidelines (400-500 ft)
ndash Even shorter block lengths needed in hotter climates
Pedestrian Infrastructure Transit Infrastructure
Results ndash Climate Mitigation
Urban Tree CanopyMiami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Existing UTC () 188 141 151 116
Possible UTC - Pervious () 213 215 171 216
Possible UTC - Impervious () 226 266 317 288
Not Suitable 373 378 361 379
bull No association found between UTC and walkability
bull Average UTC actually lower in walkable communities
bull UTC likely not best measurement for measuring urban shade
Site observation of walkable communities showed that both natural shade from
urban trees and man-made shade from buildings and awnings were very much
present Pedestrians opted to stay in shady areas when possible
Conclusionbull Walkability indicators in sub-tropical communities similar to those in temperate ones
bull Greatest effect on walkability in South Florida
ndash Land use mix
ndash Building density
ndash Short block lengths in grid-like network
ndash Transit access
bull Block lengths should be shorter than current recommended guidelines
ndash (le~300 ft in tropical climates)
bull Urban tree canopy theorized to affect walkability but no strong association found
ndash Walkable communities had less UTC
ndash UTC likely not best measurement for urban pedestrian shade
Discussionbull Urban Development Boundary
ndash County to gain 700000 residents by 2030
ndash Current development restrictions 5-acre min lot size
ndash Continued development along line associated with less walkability
bull Climatic effects on pedestriansndash New measures needed to for
urban shade
bull Possible role of public artWynwood-Edgewater
Referencesbull Owen N G N Healy C E Matthews and D W Dunstan Too much sitting the population-health science of sedentary behavior Exercise and Sport Sciences
Reviews Vol 38 No 3 2010 pp 105-113 httpsdxdoiorg101097JES0b013e3181e373a2
bull Saelens B E and SL Handy Built environment correlates of walking a review Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol 40 No7 Suppl 2008 pp S550-S566 httpsdxdoiorg101249MSS0b013e31817c67a4
bull Shriver K Influence of environmental design on pedestrian travel behavior in four Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1997 httpsdoiorg1031411578-09
bull Friedman B SP Gordon and JB Peers Effect of neotraditional neighborhood design on travel characteristics Transportation Research Board Washington DC1997 Retrieved from httponlinepubstrborgOnlinepubstrr199414661466-009pdf
bull OrsquoHare D Urban walkability in the subtropical city Some intemperate considerations from SEQ Proceedings of Subtropical Cities 2006 Retrieved from httpswwwresearchgatenetpublication27482758_Urban_Walkability_in_the_Subtropical_City_Some_Intemperate_Considerations_from_SEQ
bull Carr L J S I Dunsiger and B H Marcus Walk scoretrade as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability American Journal Of Preventive Medicine Vol 39 No 5 2010 pp 460-463 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre201007007
bull Duncan D T J Aldstadt J Whalen and S J Melly Validation of Walk Scores and Transit Scores for estimating neighborhood walkability and transit availability a small-area analysis GeoJournal Vol 78 No 2 2013 pp 407-416 httpsdoiorg101007s10708-011-9444-4
bull Nelson K A Doll S Basu B Fulton T Chapin Growing for a Sustainable Future Miami-Dade County Boundary Assessment Office of Sustainable Communities US Environmental Protection Agency 2012 Retrieved from httpswwwepagovsmartgrowthgrowing-sustainable-future-miami-dade-county-urban-development-boundary-assessment
bull Brown S C J Lombard M Toro S Huang T Perrino G Perez-Gomez E Plater-Zyberk H Pantin O Affuso N Kumar and K Wang Walking and Proximity to the Urban Growth Boundary and Central Business District American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 4 2014 pp 481ndash486 httpsdxdoiorg101016jamepre201405008
bull Smart Growth America Dangerous By Design National Complete Streets Coalition 2014 Retrieved from httpssmartgrowthamericaorgresourcesdangerous-by-design-2014
bull Moudon A V C Lee A D Cheadle C Garvin D Johnson T L Schmid T L R Weathers L Lin Operational definitions of walkable neighborhood theoretical and empirical insights Journal Of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No Suppl 1 2006 S99-S117 httpsdoiorg101123jpah3s1s99
bull Saelens B E J F Sallis J B Black and D Chen Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity an environment scale evaluation American Journal Of Public Health Vol 93 No 9 2003 pp 1552-1558 Retrieved from httpwwwminorityuncedusphminconf2004materialssaelensetalpdf
bull Duncan M J E Winkler T Sugiyama E Cerin E Leslie and N Owen Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport do land uses and geographical scale matter Journal of Urban Health Vol 87 No 5 2010 pp 782-795 httpdxdoiorg1010072Fs11524-010-9488-7
bull Frank L D J Kerr J F Sallis R Miles and J Chapman A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 2 2008 pp 172-178 httpsdoiorg101016jypmed200804004
Referencesbull Frank L D M A Andresen and T L Schmid Obesity relationships with community design physical activity and time spent in cars American Journal of Preventive
Medicine Vol 27 No 2 2004 pp 87-96 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200404011
bull Rodriacuteguez D A K R Evenson A V D Roux and S J Brines Land use residential density and walking the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 5 2009 pp 397-404 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200907008
bull Frank L D J F Sallis T L Conway J E Chapman B E Saelens and W Bachman Many pathways from land use to health associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation body mass index and air quality Journal of The American Planning Association Vol 72 No 1 2006 pp 75-87 httpdxdoiorg10108001944360608976725
bull Hirsch J A K A Moore P J Clarke D A Rodriguez K R Evenson S J Brines Zagorski MA and A V D Roux Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Epidemiology Vol 180 No 8 2014 pp 799-809 httpsdoiorg101093ajekwu218
bull Lee I M R Ewing and H D Sesso The built environment and physical activity levels the Harvard Alumni Health Study American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 4 2009 pp 293-298 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200906007
bull Giles-Corti B and R J Donovan The relative influence of individual social and physical environment determinants of physical activity Social Science amp Medicine Vol 54 No 12 2002 pp 1793-1812 httpsdoiorg101016S0277-9536(01)00150-2
bull Davis A Y B C Pijanowski K Robinson and B Engel The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States Land Use Policy Vol 27 No 2 2010 pp 255-261 httpdoiorg101016jlandusepol200903002
bull Purciel M Neckerman K M Lovasi G S Quinn J W Weiss C Bader M D M hellip Rundle A Creating and validating GIS measures of urban design for health research Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol 29 No 4 2009 pp 457ndash466 httpdoiorg101016jjenvp200903004
bull Ewing R S Handy R C Brownson O Clemente and E Winston Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No s1 2006 S223-S240 Retrieved from httpactivelivingresearchorgsitesdefaultfilesJPAH_15_Ewingpdf
bull Dill J Measuring network connectivity for bicycling and walking Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004 pp 11-15 Retrieved from httpreconnectingamericaorgassetsUploadsTRB2004-001550pdf
bull Leslie E B Saelens L Frank N Owen A Bauman N Coffee and G Hugo Residentsrsquo perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods a pilot study Health amp Place Vol 11 No 3 2005 pp 227-236 httpsdoiorg101016jhealthplace200405005
bull Schlossberg M and N Brown Comparing transit-oriented development sites by walkability indicators Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004httpdxdoiorg1031411887-05
bull Handy S Urban form and pedestrian choices Study of Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1996 httpsdoiorg1031411552-19
bull Mately M L M Goldman and B J Fineman Pedestrian Travel Potential in Northern New Jersey Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2001 httpsdoiorg1031411705-01
Referencesbull Freemark Y Transit mode share trends looking steady rail appears to encourage non-automobile commutes The Transport Politic 2010 Retrieved from
httpwwwthetransportpoliticcom20101013transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-to-encourage-non-automobile-commutes
bull Hendricks S J E S Fleury J Flynn and J Goodwill Impacts of transit oriented development on Public Transportation Ridership (No BD549-05) National Center for Transit Research University of South Florida 2005 Retrieved from httpntlbtsgovlib250002500025007576-10pdf
bull Southworth M Designing the walkable city Journal of Urban Planning and Development Vol 131 No 4 2005 pp 246-257 Retrieved from httpworldcatorgissn07339488
bull Ramos-Santiago LE J R Brown and H Nixon The Streetcar Resurgence in the United States Transit Strategy Growth-Machine Tactic or Some of Both Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2015 httpsdoiorg1031412540-04
bull Wilson D A (2006) ldquoMaking Streetcars Happen A Guide to the Implementation of Community Streetcar Systemsrdquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) University of Illinois at Chicago 2006 Retrieved from httpwwwacademiaedudownload31700920Making_Streetcars_Happenpdf
bull Eliasson I The Use of Climate Knowledge In Urban Planning Landscape and Urban Planning Vol 48 No1 2000 pp 31-44 httpsdoiorg101016S0169-2046(00)00034-7
bull DeVeau M ldquoStrategies to address the climatic barriers to walkable transit-oriented communities in Floridardquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 Retrieved from httpssmartechgatecheduhandle185340779show=full
bull Zhou Xiaolu and Jinki Kim Social disparities in tree canopy and park accessibility A case study of six cities in Illinois using GIS and remote sensing Urban Forestry amp Urban Greening Vol 12 No 1 2013 pp 88-97 httpsdoiorg101016jufug201211004
bull Hillsdon M J Panter C Foster and A Jones The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity Public Health Vol 120 No 12 2006 pp 1127-1132 httpsdoiorg101016jpuhe200610007
bull Ewing R and S Handy Measuring the unmeasurable Urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Urban Design Vol 14 No 1 2009 pp 65-84 httpdxdoiorg10108013574800802451155
bull Ewing R Pedestrian-and Transit-Friendly Design A Primer for Smart Growth Smart Growth Network Manual Based on a manual prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation 1999 Retrieved from httpwwwftadotgovdocumentsptfd_primerpdf
bull Burke M and C Sebaly Locking in the pedestrian The privatised streets of gated communities World Transport Policy amp Practice Vol 7 No4 2001 pp 67-74 Retrieved from httpwwweco-logicacoukworldtransporthtml22
Geography and Development Typebull Urban Development
Boundary (UDB) ndash Intention to protect
environmentally sensitive areas
ndash Boundary shifts have led to incremental growthsprawl
bull Walking Purposendash Walking for transportation (older
communities) vs recreational walking (newer communities)
Climate Mitigation - Shadebull Tropical climate affect on
pedestrians
ndash heat humidity glare heavy rain
bull Limited literature
bull Thermal comfort plays an important role in walkability
ndash Shorter block lengths than typically recommended
ndash Shade is vital
bull Urban Tree Canopy as indicator Wynwood-Edgewater
Databull GIS Data sources
ndash Miami Dade County
ndash Florida International University GIS Center
ndash Million Trees Miami
bull Data standardized by using 1-mile buffers around neighborhood centers ndash Geographic center
ndash Local seat of government
ndash Major Arterials
Results ndash Land Use
Non-walkable Communitiesbull Doral highest land use
ldquoIndustrialrdquo (1757)
bull Increased agricultural land and water bodies
bull ldquoCommercialrdquo land use isolated
Walkable Communitiesbull Higher of ldquoResidential ndash
Multi Familyrdquo
bull Greater mixes of uses
bull ldquoCommercialrdquo land use more spread out
Results ndash Built Environment
Miami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Total Area
(million sq ft)
2838 5174 1272 2575
Total Building Footprint
(million sq ft)
996 833 1012 1338
Building Density 035 016 080 051
Results ndash Built Environment
Large setbacks amp low building density
(Miami Lakes)
Small setbacks and high building density
(Miami Beach)
Results ndash Transportation Infrastructure bull Walkable Communities had
ndash Higher total street length
ndash Smaller average block length
ndash Higher of intersections per sq mi
ndash Higher sidewalk and crosswalk density
ndash Increased transit access
bull Non-Walkable Communities had increased presence of cul-de-sacs and gated communities
bull Non-walkable communitiesrsquo average block lengths fell under recommended guidelines (400-500 ft)
ndash Even shorter block lengths needed in hotter climates
Pedestrian Infrastructure Transit Infrastructure
Results ndash Climate Mitigation
Urban Tree CanopyMiami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Existing UTC () 188 141 151 116
Possible UTC - Pervious () 213 215 171 216
Possible UTC - Impervious () 226 266 317 288
Not Suitable 373 378 361 379
bull No association found between UTC and walkability
bull Average UTC actually lower in walkable communities
bull UTC likely not best measurement for measuring urban shade
Site observation of walkable communities showed that both natural shade from
urban trees and man-made shade from buildings and awnings were very much
present Pedestrians opted to stay in shady areas when possible
Conclusionbull Walkability indicators in sub-tropical communities similar to those in temperate ones
bull Greatest effect on walkability in South Florida
ndash Land use mix
ndash Building density
ndash Short block lengths in grid-like network
ndash Transit access
bull Block lengths should be shorter than current recommended guidelines
ndash (le~300 ft in tropical climates)
bull Urban tree canopy theorized to affect walkability but no strong association found
ndash Walkable communities had less UTC
ndash UTC likely not best measurement for urban pedestrian shade
Discussionbull Urban Development Boundary
ndash County to gain 700000 residents by 2030
ndash Current development restrictions 5-acre min lot size
ndash Continued development along line associated with less walkability
bull Climatic effects on pedestriansndash New measures needed to for
urban shade
bull Possible role of public artWynwood-Edgewater
Referencesbull Owen N G N Healy C E Matthews and D W Dunstan Too much sitting the population-health science of sedentary behavior Exercise and Sport Sciences
Reviews Vol 38 No 3 2010 pp 105-113 httpsdxdoiorg101097JES0b013e3181e373a2
bull Saelens B E and SL Handy Built environment correlates of walking a review Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol 40 No7 Suppl 2008 pp S550-S566 httpsdxdoiorg101249MSS0b013e31817c67a4
bull Shriver K Influence of environmental design on pedestrian travel behavior in four Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1997 httpsdoiorg1031411578-09
bull Friedman B SP Gordon and JB Peers Effect of neotraditional neighborhood design on travel characteristics Transportation Research Board Washington DC1997 Retrieved from httponlinepubstrborgOnlinepubstrr199414661466-009pdf
bull OrsquoHare D Urban walkability in the subtropical city Some intemperate considerations from SEQ Proceedings of Subtropical Cities 2006 Retrieved from httpswwwresearchgatenetpublication27482758_Urban_Walkability_in_the_Subtropical_City_Some_Intemperate_Considerations_from_SEQ
bull Carr L J S I Dunsiger and B H Marcus Walk scoretrade as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability American Journal Of Preventive Medicine Vol 39 No 5 2010 pp 460-463 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre201007007
bull Duncan D T J Aldstadt J Whalen and S J Melly Validation of Walk Scores and Transit Scores for estimating neighborhood walkability and transit availability a small-area analysis GeoJournal Vol 78 No 2 2013 pp 407-416 httpsdoiorg101007s10708-011-9444-4
bull Nelson K A Doll S Basu B Fulton T Chapin Growing for a Sustainable Future Miami-Dade County Boundary Assessment Office of Sustainable Communities US Environmental Protection Agency 2012 Retrieved from httpswwwepagovsmartgrowthgrowing-sustainable-future-miami-dade-county-urban-development-boundary-assessment
bull Brown S C J Lombard M Toro S Huang T Perrino G Perez-Gomez E Plater-Zyberk H Pantin O Affuso N Kumar and K Wang Walking and Proximity to the Urban Growth Boundary and Central Business District American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 4 2014 pp 481ndash486 httpsdxdoiorg101016jamepre201405008
bull Smart Growth America Dangerous By Design National Complete Streets Coalition 2014 Retrieved from httpssmartgrowthamericaorgresourcesdangerous-by-design-2014
bull Moudon A V C Lee A D Cheadle C Garvin D Johnson T L Schmid T L R Weathers L Lin Operational definitions of walkable neighborhood theoretical and empirical insights Journal Of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No Suppl 1 2006 S99-S117 httpsdoiorg101123jpah3s1s99
bull Saelens B E J F Sallis J B Black and D Chen Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity an environment scale evaluation American Journal Of Public Health Vol 93 No 9 2003 pp 1552-1558 Retrieved from httpwwwminorityuncedusphminconf2004materialssaelensetalpdf
bull Duncan M J E Winkler T Sugiyama E Cerin E Leslie and N Owen Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport do land uses and geographical scale matter Journal of Urban Health Vol 87 No 5 2010 pp 782-795 httpdxdoiorg1010072Fs11524-010-9488-7
bull Frank L D J Kerr J F Sallis R Miles and J Chapman A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 2 2008 pp 172-178 httpsdoiorg101016jypmed200804004
Referencesbull Frank L D M A Andresen and T L Schmid Obesity relationships with community design physical activity and time spent in cars American Journal of Preventive
Medicine Vol 27 No 2 2004 pp 87-96 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200404011
bull Rodriacuteguez D A K R Evenson A V D Roux and S J Brines Land use residential density and walking the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 5 2009 pp 397-404 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200907008
bull Frank L D J F Sallis T L Conway J E Chapman B E Saelens and W Bachman Many pathways from land use to health associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation body mass index and air quality Journal of The American Planning Association Vol 72 No 1 2006 pp 75-87 httpdxdoiorg10108001944360608976725
bull Hirsch J A K A Moore P J Clarke D A Rodriguez K R Evenson S J Brines Zagorski MA and A V D Roux Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Epidemiology Vol 180 No 8 2014 pp 799-809 httpsdoiorg101093ajekwu218
bull Lee I M R Ewing and H D Sesso The built environment and physical activity levels the Harvard Alumni Health Study American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 4 2009 pp 293-298 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200906007
bull Giles-Corti B and R J Donovan The relative influence of individual social and physical environment determinants of physical activity Social Science amp Medicine Vol 54 No 12 2002 pp 1793-1812 httpsdoiorg101016S0277-9536(01)00150-2
bull Davis A Y B C Pijanowski K Robinson and B Engel The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States Land Use Policy Vol 27 No 2 2010 pp 255-261 httpdoiorg101016jlandusepol200903002
bull Purciel M Neckerman K M Lovasi G S Quinn J W Weiss C Bader M D M hellip Rundle A Creating and validating GIS measures of urban design for health research Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol 29 No 4 2009 pp 457ndash466 httpdoiorg101016jjenvp200903004
bull Ewing R S Handy R C Brownson O Clemente and E Winston Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No s1 2006 S223-S240 Retrieved from httpactivelivingresearchorgsitesdefaultfilesJPAH_15_Ewingpdf
bull Dill J Measuring network connectivity for bicycling and walking Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004 pp 11-15 Retrieved from httpreconnectingamericaorgassetsUploadsTRB2004-001550pdf
bull Leslie E B Saelens L Frank N Owen A Bauman N Coffee and G Hugo Residentsrsquo perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods a pilot study Health amp Place Vol 11 No 3 2005 pp 227-236 httpsdoiorg101016jhealthplace200405005
bull Schlossberg M and N Brown Comparing transit-oriented development sites by walkability indicators Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004httpdxdoiorg1031411887-05
bull Handy S Urban form and pedestrian choices Study of Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1996 httpsdoiorg1031411552-19
bull Mately M L M Goldman and B J Fineman Pedestrian Travel Potential in Northern New Jersey Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2001 httpsdoiorg1031411705-01
Referencesbull Freemark Y Transit mode share trends looking steady rail appears to encourage non-automobile commutes The Transport Politic 2010 Retrieved from
httpwwwthetransportpoliticcom20101013transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-to-encourage-non-automobile-commutes
bull Hendricks S J E S Fleury J Flynn and J Goodwill Impacts of transit oriented development on Public Transportation Ridership (No BD549-05) National Center for Transit Research University of South Florida 2005 Retrieved from httpntlbtsgovlib250002500025007576-10pdf
bull Southworth M Designing the walkable city Journal of Urban Planning and Development Vol 131 No 4 2005 pp 246-257 Retrieved from httpworldcatorgissn07339488
bull Ramos-Santiago LE J R Brown and H Nixon The Streetcar Resurgence in the United States Transit Strategy Growth-Machine Tactic or Some of Both Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2015 httpsdoiorg1031412540-04
bull Wilson D A (2006) ldquoMaking Streetcars Happen A Guide to the Implementation of Community Streetcar Systemsrdquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) University of Illinois at Chicago 2006 Retrieved from httpwwwacademiaedudownload31700920Making_Streetcars_Happenpdf
bull Eliasson I The Use of Climate Knowledge In Urban Planning Landscape and Urban Planning Vol 48 No1 2000 pp 31-44 httpsdoiorg101016S0169-2046(00)00034-7
bull DeVeau M ldquoStrategies to address the climatic barriers to walkable transit-oriented communities in Floridardquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 Retrieved from httpssmartechgatecheduhandle185340779show=full
bull Zhou Xiaolu and Jinki Kim Social disparities in tree canopy and park accessibility A case study of six cities in Illinois using GIS and remote sensing Urban Forestry amp Urban Greening Vol 12 No 1 2013 pp 88-97 httpsdoiorg101016jufug201211004
bull Hillsdon M J Panter C Foster and A Jones The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity Public Health Vol 120 No 12 2006 pp 1127-1132 httpsdoiorg101016jpuhe200610007
bull Ewing R and S Handy Measuring the unmeasurable Urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Urban Design Vol 14 No 1 2009 pp 65-84 httpdxdoiorg10108013574800802451155
bull Ewing R Pedestrian-and Transit-Friendly Design A Primer for Smart Growth Smart Growth Network Manual Based on a manual prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation 1999 Retrieved from httpwwwftadotgovdocumentsptfd_primerpdf
bull Burke M and C Sebaly Locking in the pedestrian The privatised streets of gated communities World Transport Policy amp Practice Vol 7 No4 2001 pp 67-74 Retrieved from httpwwweco-logicacoukworldtransporthtml22
Climate Mitigation - Shadebull Tropical climate affect on
pedestrians
ndash heat humidity glare heavy rain
bull Limited literature
bull Thermal comfort plays an important role in walkability
ndash Shorter block lengths than typically recommended
ndash Shade is vital
bull Urban Tree Canopy as indicator Wynwood-Edgewater
Databull GIS Data sources
ndash Miami Dade County
ndash Florida International University GIS Center
ndash Million Trees Miami
bull Data standardized by using 1-mile buffers around neighborhood centers ndash Geographic center
ndash Local seat of government
ndash Major Arterials
Results ndash Land Use
Non-walkable Communitiesbull Doral highest land use
ldquoIndustrialrdquo (1757)
bull Increased agricultural land and water bodies
bull ldquoCommercialrdquo land use isolated
Walkable Communitiesbull Higher of ldquoResidential ndash
Multi Familyrdquo
bull Greater mixes of uses
bull ldquoCommercialrdquo land use more spread out
Results ndash Built Environment
Miami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Total Area
(million sq ft)
2838 5174 1272 2575
Total Building Footprint
(million sq ft)
996 833 1012 1338
Building Density 035 016 080 051
Results ndash Built Environment
Large setbacks amp low building density
(Miami Lakes)
Small setbacks and high building density
(Miami Beach)
Results ndash Transportation Infrastructure bull Walkable Communities had
ndash Higher total street length
ndash Smaller average block length
ndash Higher of intersections per sq mi
ndash Higher sidewalk and crosswalk density
ndash Increased transit access
bull Non-Walkable Communities had increased presence of cul-de-sacs and gated communities
bull Non-walkable communitiesrsquo average block lengths fell under recommended guidelines (400-500 ft)
ndash Even shorter block lengths needed in hotter climates
Pedestrian Infrastructure Transit Infrastructure
Results ndash Climate Mitigation
Urban Tree CanopyMiami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Existing UTC () 188 141 151 116
Possible UTC - Pervious () 213 215 171 216
Possible UTC - Impervious () 226 266 317 288
Not Suitable 373 378 361 379
bull No association found between UTC and walkability
bull Average UTC actually lower in walkable communities
bull UTC likely not best measurement for measuring urban shade
Site observation of walkable communities showed that both natural shade from
urban trees and man-made shade from buildings and awnings were very much
present Pedestrians opted to stay in shady areas when possible
Conclusionbull Walkability indicators in sub-tropical communities similar to those in temperate ones
bull Greatest effect on walkability in South Florida
ndash Land use mix
ndash Building density
ndash Short block lengths in grid-like network
ndash Transit access
bull Block lengths should be shorter than current recommended guidelines
ndash (le~300 ft in tropical climates)
bull Urban tree canopy theorized to affect walkability but no strong association found
ndash Walkable communities had less UTC
ndash UTC likely not best measurement for urban pedestrian shade
Discussionbull Urban Development Boundary
ndash County to gain 700000 residents by 2030
ndash Current development restrictions 5-acre min lot size
ndash Continued development along line associated with less walkability
bull Climatic effects on pedestriansndash New measures needed to for
urban shade
bull Possible role of public artWynwood-Edgewater
Referencesbull Owen N G N Healy C E Matthews and D W Dunstan Too much sitting the population-health science of sedentary behavior Exercise and Sport Sciences
Reviews Vol 38 No 3 2010 pp 105-113 httpsdxdoiorg101097JES0b013e3181e373a2
bull Saelens B E and SL Handy Built environment correlates of walking a review Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol 40 No7 Suppl 2008 pp S550-S566 httpsdxdoiorg101249MSS0b013e31817c67a4
bull Shriver K Influence of environmental design on pedestrian travel behavior in four Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1997 httpsdoiorg1031411578-09
bull Friedman B SP Gordon and JB Peers Effect of neotraditional neighborhood design on travel characteristics Transportation Research Board Washington DC1997 Retrieved from httponlinepubstrborgOnlinepubstrr199414661466-009pdf
bull OrsquoHare D Urban walkability in the subtropical city Some intemperate considerations from SEQ Proceedings of Subtropical Cities 2006 Retrieved from httpswwwresearchgatenetpublication27482758_Urban_Walkability_in_the_Subtropical_City_Some_Intemperate_Considerations_from_SEQ
bull Carr L J S I Dunsiger and B H Marcus Walk scoretrade as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability American Journal Of Preventive Medicine Vol 39 No 5 2010 pp 460-463 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre201007007
bull Duncan D T J Aldstadt J Whalen and S J Melly Validation of Walk Scores and Transit Scores for estimating neighborhood walkability and transit availability a small-area analysis GeoJournal Vol 78 No 2 2013 pp 407-416 httpsdoiorg101007s10708-011-9444-4
bull Nelson K A Doll S Basu B Fulton T Chapin Growing for a Sustainable Future Miami-Dade County Boundary Assessment Office of Sustainable Communities US Environmental Protection Agency 2012 Retrieved from httpswwwepagovsmartgrowthgrowing-sustainable-future-miami-dade-county-urban-development-boundary-assessment
bull Brown S C J Lombard M Toro S Huang T Perrino G Perez-Gomez E Plater-Zyberk H Pantin O Affuso N Kumar and K Wang Walking and Proximity to the Urban Growth Boundary and Central Business District American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 4 2014 pp 481ndash486 httpsdxdoiorg101016jamepre201405008
bull Smart Growth America Dangerous By Design National Complete Streets Coalition 2014 Retrieved from httpssmartgrowthamericaorgresourcesdangerous-by-design-2014
bull Moudon A V C Lee A D Cheadle C Garvin D Johnson T L Schmid T L R Weathers L Lin Operational definitions of walkable neighborhood theoretical and empirical insights Journal Of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No Suppl 1 2006 S99-S117 httpsdoiorg101123jpah3s1s99
bull Saelens B E J F Sallis J B Black and D Chen Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity an environment scale evaluation American Journal Of Public Health Vol 93 No 9 2003 pp 1552-1558 Retrieved from httpwwwminorityuncedusphminconf2004materialssaelensetalpdf
bull Duncan M J E Winkler T Sugiyama E Cerin E Leslie and N Owen Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport do land uses and geographical scale matter Journal of Urban Health Vol 87 No 5 2010 pp 782-795 httpdxdoiorg1010072Fs11524-010-9488-7
bull Frank L D J Kerr J F Sallis R Miles and J Chapman A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 2 2008 pp 172-178 httpsdoiorg101016jypmed200804004
Referencesbull Frank L D M A Andresen and T L Schmid Obesity relationships with community design physical activity and time spent in cars American Journal of Preventive
Medicine Vol 27 No 2 2004 pp 87-96 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200404011
bull Rodriacuteguez D A K R Evenson A V D Roux and S J Brines Land use residential density and walking the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 5 2009 pp 397-404 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200907008
bull Frank L D J F Sallis T L Conway J E Chapman B E Saelens and W Bachman Many pathways from land use to health associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation body mass index and air quality Journal of The American Planning Association Vol 72 No 1 2006 pp 75-87 httpdxdoiorg10108001944360608976725
bull Hirsch J A K A Moore P J Clarke D A Rodriguez K R Evenson S J Brines Zagorski MA and A V D Roux Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Epidemiology Vol 180 No 8 2014 pp 799-809 httpsdoiorg101093ajekwu218
bull Lee I M R Ewing and H D Sesso The built environment and physical activity levels the Harvard Alumni Health Study American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 4 2009 pp 293-298 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200906007
bull Giles-Corti B and R J Donovan The relative influence of individual social and physical environment determinants of physical activity Social Science amp Medicine Vol 54 No 12 2002 pp 1793-1812 httpsdoiorg101016S0277-9536(01)00150-2
bull Davis A Y B C Pijanowski K Robinson and B Engel The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States Land Use Policy Vol 27 No 2 2010 pp 255-261 httpdoiorg101016jlandusepol200903002
bull Purciel M Neckerman K M Lovasi G S Quinn J W Weiss C Bader M D M hellip Rundle A Creating and validating GIS measures of urban design for health research Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol 29 No 4 2009 pp 457ndash466 httpdoiorg101016jjenvp200903004
bull Ewing R S Handy R C Brownson O Clemente and E Winston Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No s1 2006 S223-S240 Retrieved from httpactivelivingresearchorgsitesdefaultfilesJPAH_15_Ewingpdf
bull Dill J Measuring network connectivity for bicycling and walking Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004 pp 11-15 Retrieved from httpreconnectingamericaorgassetsUploadsTRB2004-001550pdf
bull Leslie E B Saelens L Frank N Owen A Bauman N Coffee and G Hugo Residentsrsquo perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods a pilot study Health amp Place Vol 11 No 3 2005 pp 227-236 httpsdoiorg101016jhealthplace200405005
bull Schlossberg M and N Brown Comparing transit-oriented development sites by walkability indicators Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004httpdxdoiorg1031411887-05
bull Handy S Urban form and pedestrian choices Study of Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1996 httpsdoiorg1031411552-19
bull Mately M L M Goldman and B J Fineman Pedestrian Travel Potential in Northern New Jersey Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2001 httpsdoiorg1031411705-01
Referencesbull Freemark Y Transit mode share trends looking steady rail appears to encourage non-automobile commutes The Transport Politic 2010 Retrieved from
httpwwwthetransportpoliticcom20101013transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-to-encourage-non-automobile-commutes
bull Hendricks S J E S Fleury J Flynn and J Goodwill Impacts of transit oriented development on Public Transportation Ridership (No BD549-05) National Center for Transit Research University of South Florida 2005 Retrieved from httpntlbtsgovlib250002500025007576-10pdf
bull Southworth M Designing the walkable city Journal of Urban Planning and Development Vol 131 No 4 2005 pp 246-257 Retrieved from httpworldcatorgissn07339488
bull Ramos-Santiago LE J R Brown and H Nixon The Streetcar Resurgence in the United States Transit Strategy Growth-Machine Tactic or Some of Both Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2015 httpsdoiorg1031412540-04
bull Wilson D A (2006) ldquoMaking Streetcars Happen A Guide to the Implementation of Community Streetcar Systemsrdquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) University of Illinois at Chicago 2006 Retrieved from httpwwwacademiaedudownload31700920Making_Streetcars_Happenpdf
bull Eliasson I The Use of Climate Knowledge In Urban Planning Landscape and Urban Planning Vol 48 No1 2000 pp 31-44 httpsdoiorg101016S0169-2046(00)00034-7
bull DeVeau M ldquoStrategies to address the climatic barriers to walkable transit-oriented communities in Floridardquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 Retrieved from httpssmartechgatecheduhandle185340779show=full
bull Zhou Xiaolu and Jinki Kim Social disparities in tree canopy and park accessibility A case study of six cities in Illinois using GIS and remote sensing Urban Forestry amp Urban Greening Vol 12 No 1 2013 pp 88-97 httpsdoiorg101016jufug201211004
bull Hillsdon M J Panter C Foster and A Jones The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity Public Health Vol 120 No 12 2006 pp 1127-1132 httpsdoiorg101016jpuhe200610007
bull Ewing R and S Handy Measuring the unmeasurable Urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Urban Design Vol 14 No 1 2009 pp 65-84 httpdxdoiorg10108013574800802451155
bull Ewing R Pedestrian-and Transit-Friendly Design A Primer for Smart Growth Smart Growth Network Manual Based on a manual prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation 1999 Retrieved from httpwwwftadotgovdocumentsptfd_primerpdf
bull Burke M and C Sebaly Locking in the pedestrian The privatised streets of gated communities World Transport Policy amp Practice Vol 7 No4 2001 pp 67-74 Retrieved from httpwwweco-logicacoukworldtransporthtml22
Databull GIS Data sources
ndash Miami Dade County
ndash Florida International University GIS Center
ndash Million Trees Miami
bull Data standardized by using 1-mile buffers around neighborhood centers ndash Geographic center
ndash Local seat of government
ndash Major Arterials
Results ndash Land Use
Non-walkable Communitiesbull Doral highest land use
ldquoIndustrialrdquo (1757)
bull Increased agricultural land and water bodies
bull ldquoCommercialrdquo land use isolated
Walkable Communitiesbull Higher of ldquoResidential ndash
Multi Familyrdquo
bull Greater mixes of uses
bull ldquoCommercialrdquo land use more spread out
Results ndash Built Environment
Miami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Total Area
(million sq ft)
2838 5174 1272 2575
Total Building Footprint
(million sq ft)
996 833 1012 1338
Building Density 035 016 080 051
Results ndash Built Environment
Large setbacks amp low building density
(Miami Lakes)
Small setbacks and high building density
(Miami Beach)
Results ndash Transportation Infrastructure bull Walkable Communities had
ndash Higher total street length
ndash Smaller average block length
ndash Higher of intersections per sq mi
ndash Higher sidewalk and crosswalk density
ndash Increased transit access
bull Non-Walkable Communities had increased presence of cul-de-sacs and gated communities
bull Non-walkable communitiesrsquo average block lengths fell under recommended guidelines (400-500 ft)
ndash Even shorter block lengths needed in hotter climates
Pedestrian Infrastructure Transit Infrastructure
Results ndash Climate Mitigation
Urban Tree CanopyMiami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Existing UTC () 188 141 151 116
Possible UTC - Pervious () 213 215 171 216
Possible UTC - Impervious () 226 266 317 288
Not Suitable 373 378 361 379
bull No association found between UTC and walkability
bull Average UTC actually lower in walkable communities
bull UTC likely not best measurement for measuring urban shade
Site observation of walkable communities showed that both natural shade from
urban trees and man-made shade from buildings and awnings were very much
present Pedestrians opted to stay in shady areas when possible
Conclusionbull Walkability indicators in sub-tropical communities similar to those in temperate ones
bull Greatest effect on walkability in South Florida
ndash Land use mix
ndash Building density
ndash Short block lengths in grid-like network
ndash Transit access
bull Block lengths should be shorter than current recommended guidelines
ndash (le~300 ft in tropical climates)
bull Urban tree canopy theorized to affect walkability but no strong association found
ndash Walkable communities had less UTC
ndash UTC likely not best measurement for urban pedestrian shade
Discussionbull Urban Development Boundary
ndash County to gain 700000 residents by 2030
ndash Current development restrictions 5-acre min lot size
ndash Continued development along line associated with less walkability
bull Climatic effects on pedestriansndash New measures needed to for
urban shade
bull Possible role of public artWynwood-Edgewater
Referencesbull Owen N G N Healy C E Matthews and D W Dunstan Too much sitting the population-health science of sedentary behavior Exercise and Sport Sciences
Reviews Vol 38 No 3 2010 pp 105-113 httpsdxdoiorg101097JES0b013e3181e373a2
bull Saelens B E and SL Handy Built environment correlates of walking a review Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol 40 No7 Suppl 2008 pp S550-S566 httpsdxdoiorg101249MSS0b013e31817c67a4
bull Shriver K Influence of environmental design on pedestrian travel behavior in four Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1997 httpsdoiorg1031411578-09
bull Friedman B SP Gordon and JB Peers Effect of neotraditional neighborhood design on travel characteristics Transportation Research Board Washington DC1997 Retrieved from httponlinepubstrborgOnlinepubstrr199414661466-009pdf
bull OrsquoHare D Urban walkability in the subtropical city Some intemperate considerations from SEQ Proceedings of Subtropical Cities 2006 Retrieved from httpswwwresearchgatenetpublication27482758_Urban_Walkability_in_the_Subtropical_City_Some_Intemperate_Considerations_from_SEQ
bull Carr L J S I Dunsiger and B H Marcus Walk scoretrade as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability American Journal Of Preventive Medicine Vol 39 No 5 2010 pp 460-463 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre201007007
bull Duncan D T J Aldstadt J Whalen and S J Melly Validation of Walk Scores and Transit Scores for estimating neighborhood walkability and transit availability a small-area analysis GeoJournal Vol 78 No 2 2013 pp 407-416 httpsdoiorg101007s10708-011-9444-4
bull Nelson K A Doll S Basu B Fulton T Chapin Growing for a Sustainable Future Miami-Dade County Boundary Assessment Office of Sustainable Communities US Environmental Protection Agency 2012 Retrieved from httpswwwepagovsmartgrowthgrowing-sustainable-future-miami-dade-county-urban-development-boundary-assessment
bull Brown S C J Lombard M Toro S Huang T Perrino G Perez-Gomez E Plater-Zyberk H Pantin O Affuso N Kumar and K Wang Walking and Proximity to the Urban Growth Boundary and Central Business District American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 4 2014 pp 481ndash486 httpsdxdoiorg101016jamepre201405008
bull Smart Growth America Dangerous By Design National Complete Streets Coalition 2014 Retrieved from httpssmartgrowthamericaorgresourcesdangerous-by-design-2014
bull Moudon A V C Lee A D Cheadle C Garvin D Johnson T L Schmid T L R Weathers L Lin Operational definitions of walkable neighborhood theoretical and empirical insights Journal Of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No Suppl 1 2006 S99-S117 httpsdoiorg101123jpah3s1s99
bull Saelens B E J F Sallis J B Black and D Chen Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity an environment scale evaluation American Journal Of Public Health Vol 93 No 9 2003 pp 1552-1558 Retrieved from httpwwwminorityuncedusphminconf2004materialssaelensetalpdf
bull Duncan M J E Winkler T Sugiyama E Cerin E Leslie and N Owen Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport do land uses and geographical scale matter Journal of Urban Health Vol 87 No 5 2010 pp 782-795 httpdxdoiorg1010072Fs11524-010-9488-7
bull Frank L D J Kerr J F Sallis R Miles and J Chapman A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 2 2008 pp 172-178 httpsdoiorg101016jypmed200804004
Referencesbull Frank L D M A Andresen and T L Schmid Obesity relationships with community design physical activity and time spent in cars American Journal of Preventive
Medicine Vol 27 No 2 2004 pp 87-96 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200404011
bull Rodriacuteguez D A K R Evenson A V D Roux and S J Brines Land use residential density and walking the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 5 2009 pp 397-404 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200907008
bull Frank L D J F Sallis T L Conway J E Chapman B E Saelens and W Bachman Many pathways from land use to health associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation body mass index and air quality Journal of The American Planning Association Vol 72 No 1 2006 pp 75-87 httpdxdoiorg10108001944360608976725
bull Hirsch J A K A Moore P J Clarke D A Rodriguez K R Evenson S J Brines Zagorski MA and A V D Roux Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Epidemiology Vol 180 No 8 2014 pp 799-809 httpsdoiorg101093ajekwu218
bull Lee I M R Ewing and H D Sesso The built environment and physical activity levels the Harvard Alumni Health Study American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 4 2009 pp 293-298 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200906007
bull Giles-Corti B and R J Donovan The relative influence of individual social and physical environment determinants of physical activity Social Science amp Medicine Vol 54 No 12 2002 pp 1793-1812 httpsdoiorg101016S0277-9536(01)00150-2
bull Davis A Y B C Pijanowski K Robinson and B Engel The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States Land Use Policy Vol 27 No 2 2010 pp 255-261 httpdoiorg101016jlandusepol200903002
bull Purciel M Neckerman K M Lovasi G S Quinn J W Weiss C Bader M D M hellip Rundle A Creating and validating GIS measures of urban design for health research Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol 29 No 4 2009 pp 457ndash466 httpdoiorg101016jjenvp200903004
bull Ewing R S Handy R C Brownson O Clemente and E Winston Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No s1 2006 S223-S240 Retrieved from httpactivelivingresearchorgsitesdefaultfilesJPAH_15_Ewingpdf
bull Dill J Measuring network connectivity for bicycling and walking Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004 pp 11-15 Retrieved from httpreconnectingamericaorgassetsUploadsTRB2004-001550pdf
bull Leslie E B Saelens L Frank N Owen A Bauman N Coffee and G Hugo Residentsrsquo perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods a pilot study Health amp Place Vol 11 No 3 2005 pp 227-236 httpsdoiorg101016jhealthplace200405005
bull Schlossberg M and N Brown Comparing transit-oriented development sites by walkability indicators Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004httpdxdoiorg1031411887-05
bull Handy S Urban form and pedestrian choices Study of Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1996 httpsdoiorg1031411552-19
bull Mately M L M Goldman and B J Fineman Pedestrian Travel Potential in Northern New Jersey Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2001 httpsdoiorg1031411705-01
Referencesbull Freemark Y Transit mode share trends looking steady rail appears to encourage non-automobile commutes The Transport Politic 2010 Retrieved from
httpwwwthetransportpoliticcom20101013transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-to-encourage-non-automobile-commutes
bull Hendricks S J E S Fleury J Flynn and J Goodwill Impacts of transit oriented development on Public Transportation Ridership (No BD549-05) National Center for Transit Research University of South Florida 2005 Retrieved from httpntlbtsgovlib250002500025007576-10pdf
bull Southworth M Designing the walkable city Journal of Urban Planning and Development Vol 131 No 4 2005 pp 246-257 Retrieved from httpworldcatorgissn07339488
bull Ramos-Santiago LE J R Brown and H Nixon The Streetcar Resurgence in the United States Transit Strategy Growth-Machine Tactic or Some of Both Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2015 httpsdoiorg1031412540-04
bull Wilson D A (2006) ldquoMaking Streetcars Happen A Guide to the Implementation of Community Streetcar Systemsrdquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) University of Illinois at Chicago 2006 Retrieved from httpwwwacademiaedudownload31700920Making_Streetcars_Happenpdf
bull Eliasson I The Use of Climate Knowledge In Urban Planning Landscape and Urban Planning Vol 48 No1 2000 pp 31-44 httpsdoiorg101016S0169-2046(00)00034-7
bull DeVeau M ldquoStrategies to address the climatic barriers to walkable transit-oriented communities in Floridardquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 Retrieved from httpssmartechgatecheduhandle185340779show=full
bull Zhou Xiaolu and Jinki Kim Social disparities in tree canopy and park accessibility A case study of six cities in Illinois using GIS and remote sensing Urban Forestry amp Urban Greening Vol 12 No 1 2013 pp 88-97 httpsdoiorg101016jufug201211004
bull Hillsdon M J Panter C Foster and A Jones The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity Public Health Vol 120 No 12 2006 pp 1127-1132 httpsdoiorg101016jpuhe200610007
bull Ewing R and S Handy Measuring the unmeasurable Urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Urban Design Vol 14 No 1 2009 pp 65-84 httpdxdoiorg10108013574800802451155
bull Ewing R Pedestrian-and Transit-Friendly Design A Primer for Smart Growth Smart Growth Network Manual Based on a manual prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation 1999 Retrieved from httpwwwftadotgovdocumentsptfd_primerpdf
bull Burke M and C Sebaly Locking in the pedestrian The privatised streets of gated communities World Transport Policy amp Practice Vol 7 No4 2001 pp 67-74 Retrieved from httpwwweco-logicacoukworldtransporthtml22
Results ndash Land Use
Non-walkable Communitiesbull Doral highest land use
ldquoIndustrialrdquo (1757)
bull Increased agricultural land and water bodies
bull ldquoCommercialrdquo land use isolated
Walkable Communitiesbull Higher of ldquoResidential ndash
Multi Familyrdquo
bull Greater mixes of uses
bull ldquoCommercialrdquo land use more spread out
Results ndash Built Environment
Miami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Total Area
(million sq ft)
2838 5174 1272 2575
Total Building Footprint
(million sq ft)
996 833 1012 1338
Building Density 035 016 080 051
Results ndash Built Environment
Large setbacks amp low building density
(Miami Lakes)
Small setbacks and high building density
(Miami Beach)
Results ndash Transportation Infrastructure bull Walkable Communities had
ndash Higher total street length
ndash Smaller average block length
ndash Higher of intersections per sq mi
ndash Higher sidewalk and crosswalk density
ndash Increased transit access
bull Non-Walkable Communities had increased presence of cul-de-sacs and gated communities
bull Non-walkable communitiesrsquo average block lengths fell under recommended guidelines (400-500 ft)
ndash Even shorter block lengths needed in hotter climates
Pedestrian Infrastructure Transit Infrastructure
Results ndash Climate Mitigation
Urban Tree CanopyMiami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Existing UTC () 188 141 151 116
Possible UTC - Pervious () 213 215 171 216
Possible UTC - Impervious () 226 266 317 288
Not Suitable 373 378 361 379
bull No association found between UTC and walkability
bull Average UTC actually lower in walkable communities
bull UTC likely not best measurement for measuring urban shade
Site observation of walkable communities showed that both natural shade from
urban trees and man-made shade from buildings and awnings were very much
present Pedestrians opted to stay in shady areas when possible
Conclusionbull Walkability indicators in sub-tropical communities similar to those in temperate ones
bull Greatest effect on walkability in South Florida
ndash Land use mix
ndash Building density
ndash Short block lengths in grid-like network
ndash Transit access
bull Block lengths should be shorter than current recommended guidelines
ndash (le~300 ft in tropical climates)
bull Urban tree canopy theorized to affect walkability but no strong association found
ndash Walkable communities had less UTC
ndash UTC likely not best measurement for urban pedestrian shade
Discussionbull Urban Development Boundary
ndash County to gain 700000 residents by 2030
ndash Current development restrictions 5-acre min lot size
ndash Continued development along line associated with less walkability
bull Climatic effects on pedestriansndash New measures needed to for
urban shade
bull Possible role of public artWynwood-Edgewater
Referencesbull Owen N G N Healy C E Matthews and D W Dunstan Too much sitting the population-health science of sedentary behavior Exercise and Sport Sciences
Reviews Vol 38 No 3 2010 pp 105-113 httpsdxdoiorg101097JES0b013e3181e373a2
bull Saelens B E and SL Handy Built environment correlates of walking a review Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol 40 No7 Suppl 2008 pp S550-S566 httpsdxdoiorg101249MSS0b013e31817c67a4
bull Shriver K Influence of environmental design on pedestrian travel behavior in four Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1997 httpsdoiorg1031411578-09
bull Friedman B SP Gordon and JB Peers Effect of neotraditional neighborhood design on travel characteristics Transportation Research Board Washington DC1997 Retrieved from httponlinepubstrborgOnlinepubstrr199414661466-009pdf
bull OrsquoHare D Urban walkability in the subtropical city Some intemperate considerations from SEQ Proceedings of Subtropical Cities 2006 Retrieved from httpswwwresearchgatenetpublication27482758_Urban_Walkability_in_the_Subtropical_City_Some_Intemperate_Considerations_from_SEQ
bull Carr L J S I Dunsiger and B H Marcus Walk scoretrade as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability American Journal Of Preventive Medicine Vol 39 No 5 2010 pp 460-463 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre201007007
bull Duncan D T J Aldstadt J Whalen and S J Melly Validation of Walk Scores and Transit Scores for estimating neighborhood walkability and transit availability a small-area analysis GeoJournal Vol 78 No 2 2013 pp 407-416 httpsdoiorg101007s10708-011-9444-4
bull Nelson K A Doll S Basu B Fulton T Chapin Growing for a Sustainable Future Miami-Dade County Boundary Assessment Office of Sustainable Communities US Environmental Protection Agency 2012 Retrieved from httpswwwepagovsmartgrowthgrowing-sustainable-future-miami-dade-county-urban-development-boundary-assessment
bull Brown S C J Lombard M Toro S Huang T Perrino G Perez-Gomez E Plater-Zyberk H Pantin O Affuso N Kumar and K Wang Walking and Proximity to the Urban Growth Boundary and Central Business District American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 4 2014 pp 481ndash486 httpsdxdoiorg101016jamepre201405008
bull Smart Growth America Dangerous By Design National Complete Streets Coalition 2014 Retrieved from httpssmartgrowthamericaorgresourcesdangerous-by-design-2014
bull Moudon A V C Lee A D Cheadle C Garvin D Johnson T L Schmid T L R Weathers L Lin Operational definitions of walkable neighborhood theoretical and empirical insights Journal Of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No Suppl 1 2006 S99-S117 httpsdoiorg101123jpah3s1s99
bull Saelens B E J F Sallis J B Black and D Chen Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity an environment scale evaluation American Journal Of Public Health Vol 93 No 9 2003 pp 1552-1558 Retrieved from httpwwwminorityuncedusphminconf2004materialssaelensetalpdf
bull Duncan M J E Winkler T Sugiyama E Cerin E Leslie and N Owen Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport do land uses and geographical scale matter Journal of Urban Health Vol 87 No 5 2010 pp 782-795 httpdxdoiorg1010072Fs11524-010-9488-7
bull Frank L D J Kerr J F Sallis R Miles and J Chapman A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 2 2008 pp 172-178 httpsdoiorg101016jypmed200804004
Referencesbull Frank L D M A Andresen and T L Schmid Obesity relationships with community design physical activity and time spent in cars American Journal of Preventive
Medicine Vol 27 No 2 2004 pp 87-96 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200404011
bull Rodriacuteguez D A K R Evenson A V D Roux and S J Brines Land use residential density and walking the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 5 2009 pp 397-404 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200907008
bull Frank L D J F Sallis T L Conway J E Chapman B E Saelens and W Bachman Many pathways from land use to health associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation body mass index and air quality Journal of The American Planning Association Vol 72 No 1 2006 pp 75-87 httpdxdoiorg10108001944360608976725
bull Hirsch J A K A Moore P J Clarke D A Rodriguez K R Evenson S J Brines Zagorski MA and A V D Roux Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Epidemiology Vol 180 No 8 2014 pp 799-809 httpsdoiorg101093ajekwu218
bull Lee I M R Ewing and H D Sesso The built environment and physical activity levels the Harvard Alumni Health Study American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 4 2009 pp 293-298 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200906007
bull Giles-Corti B and R J Donovan The relative influence of individual social and physical environment determinants of physical activity Social Science amp Medicine Vol 54 No 12 2002 pp 1793-1812 httpsdoiorg101016S0277-9536(01)00150-2
bull Davis A Y B C Pijanowski K Robinson and B Engel The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States Land Use Policy Vol 27 No 2 2010 pp 255-261 httpdoiorg101016jlandusepol200903002
bull Purciel M Neckerman K M Lovasi G S Quinn J W Weiss C Bader M D M hellip Rundle A Creating and validating GIS measures of urban design for health research Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol 29 No 4 2009 pp 457ndash466 httpdoiorg101016jjenvp200903004
bull Ewing R S Handy R C Brownson O Clemente and E Winston Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No s1 2006 S223-S240 Retrieved from httpactivelivingresearchorgsitesdefaultfilesJPAH_15_Ewingpdf
bull Dill J Measuring network connectivity for bicycling and walking Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004 pp 11-15 Retrieved from httpreconnectingamericaorgassetsUploadsTRB2004-001550pdf
bull Leslie E B Saelens L Frank N Owen A Bauman N Coffee and G Hugo Residentsrsquo perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods a pilot study Health amp Place Vol 11 No 3 2005 pp 227-236 httpsdoiorg101016jhealthplace200405005
bull Schlossberg M and N Brown Comparing transit-oriented development sites by walkability indicators Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004httpdxdoiorg1031411887-05
bull Handy S Urban form and pedestrian choices Study of Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1996 httpsdoiorg1031411552-19
bull Mately M L M Goldman and B J Fineman Pedestrian Travel Potential in Northern New Jersey Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2001 httpsdoiorg1031411705-01
Referencesbull Freemark Y Transit mode share trends looking steady rail appears to encourage non-automobile commutes The Transport Politic 2010 Retrieved from
httpwwwthetransportpoliticcom20101013transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-to-encourage-non-automobile-commutes
bull Hendricks S J E S Fleury J Flynn and J Goodwill Impacts of transit oriented development on Public Transportation Ridership (No BD549-05) National Center for Transit Research University of South Florida 2005 Retrieved from httpntlbtsgovlib250002500025007576-10pdf
bull Southworth M Designing the walkable city Journal of Urban Planning and Development Vol 131 No 4 2005 pp 246-257 Retrieved from httpworldcatorgissn07339488
bull Ramos-Santiago LE J R Brown and H Nixon The Streetcar Resurgence in the United States Transit Strategy Growth-Machine Tactic or Some of Both Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2015 httpsdoiorg1031412540-04
bull Wilson D A (2006) ldquoMaking Streetcars Happen A Guide to the Implementation of Community Streetcar Systemsrdquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) University of Illinois at Chicago 2006 Retrieved from httpwwwacademiaedudownload31700920Making_Streetcars_Happenpdf
bull Eliasson I The Use of Climate Knowledge In Urban Planning Landscape and Urban Planning Vol 48 No1 2000 pp 31-44 httpsdoiorg101016S0169-2046(00)00034-7
bull DeVeau M ldquoStrategies to address the climatic barriers to walkable transit-oriented communities in Floridardquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 Retrieved from httpssmartechgatecheduhandle185340779show=full
bull Zhou Xiaolu and Jinki Kim Social disparities in tree canopy and park accessibility A case study of six cities in Illinois using GIS and remote sensing Urban Forestry amp Urban Greening Vol 12 No 1 2013 pp 88-97 httpsdoiorg101016jufug201211004
bull Hillsdon M J Panter C Foster and A Jones The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity Public Health Vol 120 No 12 2006 pp 1127-1132 httpsdoiorg101016jpuhe200610007
bull Ewing R and S Handy Measuring the unmeasurable Urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Urban Design Vol 14 No 1 2009 pp 65-84 httpdxdoiorg10108013574800802451155
bull Ewing R Pedestrian-and Transit-Friendly Design A Primer for Smart Growth Smart Growth Network Manual Based on a manual prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation 1999 Retrieved from httpwwwftadotgovdocumentsptfd_primerpdf
bull Burke M and C Sebaly Locking in the pedestrian The privatised streets of gated communities World Transport Policy amp Practice Vol 7 No4 2001 pp 67-74 Retrieved from httpwwweco-logicacoukworldtransporthtml22
Non-walkable Communitiesbull Doral highest land use
ldquoIndustrialrdquo (1757)
bull Increased agricultural land and water bodies
bull ldquoCommercialrdquo land use isolated
Walkable Communitiesbull Higher of ldquoResidential ndash
Multi Familyrdquo
bull Greater mixes of uses
bull ldquoCommercialrdquo land use more spread out
Results ndash Built Environment
Miami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Total Area
(million sq ft)
2838 5174 1272 2575
Total Building Footprint
(million sq ft)
996 833 1012 1338
Building Density 035 016 080 051
Results ndash Built Environment
Large setbacks amp low building density
(Miami Lakes)
Small setbacks and high building density
(Miami Beach)
Results ndash Transportation Infrastructure bull Walkable Communities had
ndash Higher total street length
ndash Smaller average block length
ndash Higher of intersections per sq mi
ndash Higher sidewalk and crosswalk density
ndash Increased transit access
bull Non-Walkable Communities had increased presence of cul-de-sacs and gated communities
bull Non-walkable communitiesrsquo average block lengths fell under recommended guidelines (400-500 ft)
ndash Even shorter block lengths needed in hotter climates
Pedestrian Infrastructure Transit Infrastructure
Results ndash Climate Mitigation
Urban Tree CanopyMiami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Existing UTC () 188 141 151 116
Possible UTC - Pervious () 213 215 171 216
Possible UTC - Impervious () 226 266 317 288
Not Suitable 373 378 361 379
bull No association found between UTC and walkability
bull Average UTC actually lower in walkable communities
bull UTC likely not best measurement for measuring urban shade
Site observation of walkable communities showed that both natural shade from
urban trees and man-made shade from buildings and awnings were very much
present Pedestrians opted to stay in shady areas when possible
Conclusionbull Walkability indicators in sub-tropical communities similar to those in temperate ones
bull Greatest effect on walkability in South Florida
ndash Land use mix
ndash Building density
ndash Short block lengths in grid-like network
ndash Transit access
bull Block lengths should be shorter than current recommended guidelines
ndash (le~300 ft in tropical climates)
bull Urban tree canopy theorized to affect walkability but no strong association found
ndash Walkable communities had less UTC
ndash UTC likely not best measurement for urban pedestrian shade
Discussionbull Urban Development Boundary
ndash County to gain 700000 residents by 2030
ndash Current development restrictions 5-acre min lot size
ndash Continued development along line associated with less walkability
bull Climatic effects on pedestriansndash New measures needed to for
urban shade
bull Possible role of public artWynwood-Edgewater
Referencesbull Owen N G N Healy C E Matthews and D W Dunstan Too much sitting the population-health science of sedentary behavior Exercise and Sport Sciences
Reviews Vol 38 No 3 2010 pp 105-113 httpsdxdoiorg101097JES0b013e3181e373a2
bull Saelens B E and SL Handy Built environment correlates of walking a review Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol 40 No7 Suppl 2008 pp S550-S566 httpsdxdoiorg101249MSS0b013e31817c67a4
bull Shriver K Influence of environmental design on pedestrian travel behavior in four Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1997 httpsdoiorg1031411578-09
bull Friedman B SP Gordon and JB Peers Effect of neotraditional neighborhood design on travel characteristics Transportation Research Board Washington DC1997 Retrieved from httponlinepubstrborgOnlinepubstrr199414661466-009pdf
bull OrsquoHare D Urban walkability in the subtropical city Some intemperate considerations from SEQ Proceedings of Subtropical Cities 2006 Retrieved from httpswwwresearchgatenetpublication27482758_Urban_Walkability_in_the_Subtropical_City_Some_Intemperate_Considerations_from_SEQ
bull Carr L J S I Dunsiger and B H Marcus Walk scoretrade as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability American Journal Of Preventive Medicine Vol 39 No 5 2010 pp 460-463 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre201007007
bull Duncan D T J Aldstadt J Whalen and S J Melly Validation of Walk Scores and Transit Scores for estimating neighborhood walkability and transit availability a small-area analysis GeoJournal Vol 78 No 2 2013 pp 407-416 httpsdoiorg101007s10708-011-9444-4
bull Nelson K A Doll S Basu B Fulton T Chapin Growing for a Sustainable Future Miami-Dade County Boundary Assessment Office of Sustainable Communities US Environmental Protection Agency 2012 Retrieved from httpswwwepagovsmartgrowthgrowing-sustainable-future-miami-dade-county-urban-development-boundary-assessment
bull Brown S C J Lombard M Toro S Huang T Perrino G Perez-Gomez E Plater-Zyberk H Pantin O Affuso N Kumar and K Wang Walking and Proximity to the Urban Growth Boundary and Central Business District American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 4 2014 pp 481ndash486 httpsdxdoiorg101016jamepre201405008
bull Smart Growth America Dangerous By Design National Complete Streets Coalition 2014 Retrieved from httpssmartgrowthamericaorgresourcesdangerous-by-design-2014
bull Moudon A V C Lee A D Cheadle C Garvin D Johnson T L Schmid T L R Weathers L Lin Operational definitions of walkable neighborhood theoretical and empirical insights Journal Of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No Suppl 1 2006 S99-S117 httpsdoiorg101123jpah3s1s99
bull Saelens B E J F Sallis J B Black and D Chen Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity an environment scale evaluation American Journal Of Public Health Vol 93 No 9 2003 pp 1552-1558 Retrieved from httpwwwminorityuncedusphminconf2004materialssaelensetalpdf
bull Duncan M J E Winkler T Sugiyama E Cerin E Leslie and N Owen Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport do land uses and geographical scale matter Journal of Urban Health Vol 87 No 5 2010 pp 782-795 httpdxdoiorg1010072Fs11524-010-9488-7
bull Frank L D J Kerr J F Sallis R Miles and J Chapman A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 2 2008 pp 172-178 httpsdoiorg101016jypmed200804004
Referencesbull Frank L D M A Andresen and T L Schmid Obesity relationships with community design physical activity and time spent in cars American Journal of Preventive
Medicine Vol 27 No 2 2004 pp 87-96 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200404011
bull Rodriacuteguez D A K R Evenson A V D Roux and S J Brines Land use residential density and walking the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 5 2009 pp 397-404 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200907008
bull Frank L D J F Sallis T L Conway J E Chapman B E Saelens and W Bachman Many pathways from land use to health associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation body mass index and air quality Journal of The American Planning Association Vol 72 No 1 2006 pp 75-87 httpdxdoiorg10108001944360608976725
bull Hirsch J A K A Moore P J Clarke D A Rodriguez K R Evenson S J Brines Zagorski MA and A V D Roux Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Epidemiology Vol 180 No 8 2014 pp 799-809 httpsdoiorg101093ajekwu218
bull Lee I M R Ewing and H D Sesso The built environment and physical activity levels the Harvard Alumni Health Study American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 4 2009 pp 293-298 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200906007
bull Giles-Corti B and R J Donovan The relative influence of individual social and physical environment determinants of physical activity Social Science amp Medicine Vol 54 No 12 2002 pp 1793-1812 httpsdoiorg101016S0277-9536(01)00150-2
bull Davis A Y B C Pijanowski K Robinson and B Engel The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States Land Use Policy Vol 27 No 2 2010 pp 255-261 httpdoiorg101016jlandusepol200903002
bull Purciel M Neckerman K M Lovasi G S Quinn J W Weiss C Bader M D M hellip Rundle A Creating and validating GIS measures of urban design for health research Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol 29 No 4 2009 pp 457ndash466 httpdoiorg101016jjenvp200903004
bull Ewing R S Handy R C Brownson O Clemente and E Winston Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No s1 2006 S223-S240 Retrieved from httpactivelivingresearchorgsitesdefaultfilesJPAH_15_Ewingpdf
bull Dill J Measuring network connectivity for bicycling and walking Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004 pp 11-15 Retrieved from httpreconnectingamericaorgassetsUploadsTRB2004-001550pdf
bull Leslie E B Saelens L Frank N Owen A Bauman N Coffee and G Hugo Residentsrsquo perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods a pilot study Health amp Place Vol 11 No 3 2005 pp 227-236 httpsdoiorg101016jhealthplace200405005
bull Schlossberg M and N Brown Comparing transit-oriented development sites by walkability indicators Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004httpdxdoiorg1031411887-05
bull Handy S Urban form and pedestrian choices Study of Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1996 httpsdoiorg1031411552-19
bull Mately M L M Goldman and B J Fineman Pedestrian Travel Potential in Northern New Jersey Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2001 httpsdoiorg1031411705-01
Referencesbull Freemark Y Transit mode share trends looking steady rail appears to encourage non-automobile commutes The Transport Politic 2010 Retrieved from
httpwwwthetransportpoliticcom20101013transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-to-encourage-non-automobile-commutes
bull Hendricks S J E S Fleury J Flynn and J Goodwill Impacts of transit oriented development on Public Transportation Ridership (No BD549-05) National Center for Transit Research University of South Florida 2005 Retrieved from httpntlbtsgovlib250002500025007576-10pdf
bull Southworth M Designing the walkable city Journal of Urban Planning and Development Vol 131 No 4 2005 pp 246-257 Retrieved from httpworldcatorgissn07339488
bull Ramos-Santiago LE J R Brown and H Nixon The Streetcar Resurgence in the United States Transit Strategy Growth-Machine Tactic or Some of Both Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2015 httpsdoiorg1031412540-04
bull Wilson D A (2006) ldquoMaking Streetcars Happen A Guide to the Implementation of Community Streetcar Systemsrdquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) University of Illinois at Chicago 2006 Retrieved from httpwwwacademiaedudownload31700920Making_Streetcars_Happenpdf
bull Eliasson I The Use of Climate Knowledge In Urban Planning Landscape and Urban Planning Vol 48 No1 2000 pp 31-44 httpsdoiorg101016S0169-2046(00)00034-7
bull DeVeau M ldquoStrategies to address the climatic barriers to walkable transit-oriented communities in Floridardquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 Retrieved from httpssmartechgatecheduhandle185340779show=full
bull Zhou Xiaolu and Jinki Kim Social disparities in tree canopy and park accessibility A case study of six cities in Illinois using GIS and remote sensing Urban Forestry amp Urban Greening Vol 12 No 1 2013 pp 88-97 httpsdoiorg101016jufug201211004
bull Hillsdon M J Panter C Foster and A Jones The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity Public Health Vol 120 No 12 2006 pp 1127-1132 httpsdoiorg101016jpuhe200610007
bull Ewing R and S Handy Measuring the unmeasurable Urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Urban Design Vol 14 No 1 2009 pp 65-84 httpdxdoiorg10108013574800802451155
bull Ewing R Pedestrian-and Transit-Friendly Design A Primer for Smart Growth Smart Growth Network Manual Based on a manual prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation 1999 Retrieved from httpwwwftadotgovdocumentsptfd_primerpdf
bull Burke M and C Sebaly Locking in the pedestrian The privatised streets of gated communities World Transport Policy amp Practice Vol 7 No4 2001 pp 67-74 Retrieved from httpwwweco-logicacoukworldtransporthtml22
Results ndash Built Environment
Miami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Total Area
(million sq ft)
2838 5174 1272 2575
Total Building Footprint
(million sq ft)
996 833 1012 1338
Building Density 035 016 080 051
Results ndash Built Environment
Large setbacks amp low building density
(Miami Lakes)
Small setbacks and high building density
(Miami Beach)
Results ndash Transportation Infrastructure bull Walkable Communities had
ndash Higher total street length
ndash Smaller average block length
ndash Higher of intersections per sq mi
ndash Higher sidewalk and crosswalk density
ndash Increased transit access
bull Non-Walkable Communities had increased presence of cul-de-sacs and gated communities
bull Non-walkable communitiesrsquo average block lengths fell under recommended guidelines (400-500 ft)
ndash Even shorter block lengths needed in hotter climates
Pedestrian Infrastructure Transit Infrastructure
Results ndash Climate Mitigation
Urban Tree CanopyMiami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Existing UTC () 188 141 151 116
Possible UTC - Pervious () 213 215 171 216
Possible UTC - Impervious () 226 266 317 288
Not Suitable 373 378 361 379
bull No association found between UTC and walkability
bull Average UTC actually lower in walkable communities
bull UTC likely not best measurement for measuring urban shade
Site observation of walkable communities showed that both natural shade from
urban trees and man-made shade from buildings and awnings were very much
present Pedestrians opted to stay in shady areas when possible
Conclusionbull Walkability indicators in sub-tropical communities similar to those in temperate ones
bull Greatest effect on walkability in South Florida
ndash Land use mix
ndash Building density
ndash Short block lengths in grid-like network
ndash Transit access
bull Block lengths should be shorter than current recommended guidelines
ndash (le~300 ft in tropical climates)
bull Urban tree canopy theorized to affect walkability but no strong association found
ndash Walkable communities had less UTC
ndash UTC likely not best measurement for urban pedestrian shade
Discussionbull Urban Development Boundary
ndash County to gain 700000 residents by 2030
ndash Current development restrictions 5-acre min lot size
ndash Continued development along line associated with less walkability
bull Climatic effects on pedestriansndash New measures needed to for
urban shade
bull Possible role of public artWynwood-Edgewater
Referencesbull Owen N G N Healy C E Matthews and D W Dunstan Too much sitting the population-health science of sedentary behavior Exercise and Sport Sciences
Reviews Vol 38 No 3 2010 pp 105-113 httpsdxdoiorg101097JES0b013e3181e373a2
bull Saelens B E and SL Handy Built environment correlates of walking a review Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol 40 No7 Suppl 2008 pp S550-S566 httpsdxdoiorg101249MSS0b013e31817c67a4
bull Shriver K Influence of environmental design on pedestrian travel behavior in four Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1997 httpsdoiorg1031411578-09
bull Friedman B SP Gordon and JB Peers Effect of neotraditional neighborhood design on travel characteristics Transportation Research Board Washington DC1997 Retrieved from httponlinepubstrborgOnlinepubstrr199414661466-009pdf
bull OrsquoHare D Urban walkability in the subtropical city Some intemperate considerations from SEQ Proceedings of Subtropical Cities 2006 Retrieved from httpswwwresearchgatenetpublication27482758_Urban_Walkability_in_the_Subtropical_City_Some_Intemperate_Considerations_from_SEQ
bull Carr L J S I Dunsiger and B H Marcus Walk scoretrade as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability American Journal Of Preventive Medicine Vol 39 No 5 2010 pp 460-463 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre201007007
bull Duncan D T J Aldstadt J Whalen and S J Melly Validation of Walk Scores and Transit Scores for estimating neighborhood walkability and transit availability a small-area analysis GeoJournal Vol 78 No 2 2013 pp 407-416 httpsdoiorg101007s10708-011-9444-4
bull Nelson K A Doll S Basu B Fulton T Chapin Growing for a Sustainable Future Miami-Dade County Boundary Assessment Office of Sustainable Communities US Environmental Protection Agency 2012 Retrieved from httpswwwepagovsmartgrowthgrowing-sustainable-future-miami-dade-county-urban-development-boundary-assessment
bull Brown S C J Lombard M Toro S Huang T Perrino G Perez-Gomez E Plater-Zyberk H Pantin O Affuso N Kumar and K Wang Walking and Proximity to the Urban Growth Boundary and Central Business District American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 4 2014 pp 481ndash486 httpsdxdoiorg101016jamepre201405008
bull Smart Growth America Dangerous By Design National Complete Streets Coalition 2014 Retrieved from httpssmartgrowthamericaorgresourcesdangerous-by-design-2014
bull Moudon A V C Lee A D Cheadle C Garvin D Johnson T L Schmid T L R Weathers L Lin Operational definitions of walkable neighborhood theoretical and empirical insights Journal Of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No Suppl 1 2006 S99-S117 httpsdoiorg101123jpah3s1s99
bull Saelens B E J F Sallis J B Black and D Chen Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity an environment scale evaluation American Journal Of Public Health Vol 93 No 9 2003 pp 1552-1558 Retrieved from httpwwwminorityuncedusphminconf2004materialssaelensetalpdf
bull Duncan M J E Winkler T Sugiyama E Cerin E Leslie and N Owen Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport do land uses and geographical scale matter Journal of Urban Health Vol 87 No 5 2010 pp 782-795 httpdxdoiorg1010072Fs11524-010-9488-7
bull Frank L D J Kerr J F Sallis R Miles and J Chapman A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 2 2008 pp 172-178 httpsdoiorg101016jypmed200804004
Referencesbull Frank L D M A Andresen and T L Schmid Obesity relationships with community design physical activity and time spent in cars American Journal of Preventive
Medicine Vol 27 No 2 2004 pp 87-96 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200404011
bull Rodriacuteguez D A K R Evenson A V D Roux and S J Brines Land use residential density and walking the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 5 2009 pp 397-404 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200907008
bull Frank L D J F Sallis T L Conway J E Chapman B E Saelens and W Bachman Many pathways from land use to health associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation body mass index and air quality Journal of The American Planning Association Vol 72 No 1 2006 pp 75-87 httpdxdoiorg10108001944360608976725
bull Hirsch J A K A Moore P J Clarke D A Rodriguez K R Evenson S J Brines Zagorski MA and A V D Roux Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Epidemiology Vol 180 No 8 2014 pp 799-809 httpsdoiorg101093ajekwu218
bull Lee I M R Ewing and H D Sesso The built environment and physical activity levels the Harvard Alumni Health Study American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 4 2009 pp 293-298 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200906007
bull Giles-Corti B and R J Donovan The relative influence of individual social and physical environment determinants of physical activity Social Science amp Medicine Vol 54 No 12 2002 pp 1793-1812 httpsdoiorg101016S0277-9536(01)00150-2
bull Davis A Y B C Pijanowski K Robinson and B Engel The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States Land Use Policy Vol 27 No 2 2010 pp 255-261 httpdoiorg101016jlandusepol200903002
bull Purciel M Neckerman K M Lovasi G S Quinn J W Weiss C Bader M D M hellip Rundle A Creating and validating GIS measures of urban design for health research Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol 29 No 4 2009 pp 457ndash466 httpdoiorg101016jjenvp200903004
bull Ewing R S Handy R C Brownson O Clemente and E Winston Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No s1 2006 S223-S240 Retrieved from httpactivelivingresearchorgsitesdefaultfilesJPAH_15_Ewingpdf
bull Dill J Measuring network connectivity for bicycling and walking Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004 pp 11-15 Retrieved from httpreconnectingamericaorgassetsUploadsTRB2004-001550pdf
bull Leslie E B Saelens L Frank N Owen A Bauman N Coffee and G Hugo Residentsrsquo perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods a pilot study Health amp Place Vol 11 No 3 2005 pp 227-236 httpsdoiorg101016jhealthplace200405005
bull Schlossberg M and N Brown Comparing transit-oriented development sites by walkability indicators Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004httpdxdoiorg1031411887-05
bull Handy S Urban form and pedestrian choices Study of Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1996 httpsdoiorg1031411552-19
bull Mately M L M Goldman and B J Fineman Pedestrian Travel Potential in Northern New Jersey Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2001 httpsdoiorg1031411705-01
Referencesbull Freemark Y Transit mode share trends looking steady rail appears to encourage non-automobile commutes The Transport Politic 2010 Retrieved from
httpwwwthetransportpoliticcom20101013transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-to-encourage-non-automobile-commutes
bull Hendricks S J E S Fleury J Flynn and J Goodwill Impacts of transit oriented development on Public Transportation Ridership (No BD549-05) National Center for Transit Research University of South Florida 2005 Retrieved from httpntlbtsgovlib250002500025007576-10pdf
bull Southworth M Designing the walkable city Journal of Urban Planning and Development Vol 131 No 4 2005 pp 246-257 Retrieved from httpworldcatorgissn07339488
bull Ramos-Santiago LE J R Brown and H Nixon The Streetcar Resurgence in the United States Transit Strategy Growth-Machine Tactic or Some of Both Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2015 httpsdoiorg1031412540-04
bull Wilson D A (2006) ldquoMaking Streetcars Happen A Guide to the Implementation of Community Streetcar Systemsrdquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) University of Illinois at Chicago 2006 Retrieved from httpwwwacademiaedudownload31700920Making_Streetcars_Happenpdf
bull Eliasson I The Use of Climate Knowledge In Urban Planning Landscape and Urban Planning Vol 48 No1 2000 pp 31-44 httpsdoiorg101016S0169-2046(00)00034-7
bull DeVeau M ldquoStrategies to address the climatic barriers to walkable transit-oriented communities in Floridardquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 Retrieved from httpssmartechgatecheduhandle185340779show=full
bull Zhou Xiaolu and Jinki Kim Social disparities in tree canopy and park accessibility A case study of six cities in Illinois using GIS and remote sensing Urban Forestry amp Urban Greening Vol 12 No 1 2013 pp 88-97 httpsdoiorg101016jufug201211004
bull Hillsdon M J Panter C Foster and A Jones The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity Public Health Vol 120 No 12 2006 pp 1127-1132 httpsdoiorg101016jpuhe200610007
bull Ewing R and S Handy Measuring the unmeasurable Urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Urban Design Vol 14 No 1 2009 pp 65-84 httpdxdoiorg10108013574800802451155
bull Ewing R Pedestrian-and Transit-Friendly Design A Primer for Smart Growth Smart Growth Network Manual Based on a manual prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation 1999 Retrieved from httpwwwftadotgovdocumentsptfd_primerpdf
bull Burke M and C Sebaly Locking in the pedestrian The privatised streets of gated communities World Transport Policy amp Practice Vol 7 No4 2001 pp 67-74 Retrieved from httpwwweco-logicacoukworldtransporthtml22
Results ndash Built Environment
Large setbacks amp low building density
(Miami Lakes)
Small setbacks and high building density
(Miami Beach)
Results ndash Transportation Infrastructure bull Walkable Communities had
ndash Higher total street length
ndash Smaller average block length
ndash Higher of intersections per sq mi
ndash Higher sidewalk and crosswalk density
ndash Increased transit access
bull Non-Walkable Communities had increased presence of cul-de-sacs and gated communities
bull Non-walkable communitiesrsquo average block lengths fell under recommended guidelines (400-500 ft)
ndash Even shorter block lengths needed in hotter climates
Pedestrian Infrastructure Transit Infrastructure
Results ndash Climate Mitigation
Urban Tree CanopyMiami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Existing UTC () 188 141 151 116
Possible UTC - Pervious () 213 215 171 216
Possible UTC - Impervious () 226 266 317 288
Not Suitable 373 378 361 379
bull No association found between UTC and walkability
bull Average UTC actually lower in walkable communities
bull UTC likely not best measurement for measuring urban shade
Site observation of walkable communities showed that both natural shade from
urban trees and man-made shade from buildings and awnings were very much
present Pedestrians opted to stay in shady areas when possible
Conclusionbull Walkability indicators in sub-tropical communities similar to those in temperate ones
bull Greatest effect on walkability in South Florida
ndash Land use mix
ndash Building density
ndash Short block lengths in grid-like network
ndash Transit access
bull Block lengths should be shorter than current recommended guidelines
ndash (le~300 ft in tropical climates)
bull Urban tree canopy theorized to affect walkability but no strong association found
ndash Walkable communities had less UTC
ndash UTC likely not best measurement for urban pedestrian shade
Discussionbull Urban Development Boundary
ndash County to gain 700000 residents by 2030
ndash Current development restrictions 5-acre min lot size
ndash Continued development along line associated with less walkability
bull Climatic effects on pedestriansndash New measures needed to for
urban shade
bull Possible role of public artWynwood-Edgewater
Referencesbull Owen N G N Healy C E Matthews and D W Dunstan Too much sitting the population-health science of sedentary behavior Exercise and Sport Sciences
Reviews Vol 38 No 3 2010 pp 105-113 httpsdxdoiorg101097JES0b013e3181e373a2
bull Saelens B E and SL Handy Built environment correlates of walking a review Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol 40 No7 Suppl 2008 pp S550-S566 httpsdxdoiorg101249MSS0b013e31817c67a4
bull Shriver K Influence of environmental design on pedestrian travel behavior in four Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1997 httpsdoiorg1031411578-09
bull Friedman B SP Gordon and JB Peers Effect of neotraditional neighborhood design on travel characteristics Transportation Research Board Washington DC1997 Retrieved from httponlinepubstrborgOnlinepubstrr199414661466-009pdf
bull OrsquoHare D Urban walkability in the subtropical city Some intemperate considerations from SEQ Proceedings of Subtropical Cities 2006 Retrieved from httpswwwresearchgatenetpublication27482758_Urban_Walkability_in_the_Subtropical_City_Some_Intemperate_Considerations_from_SEQ
bull Carr L J S I Dunsiger and B H Marcus Walk scoretrade as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability American Journal Of Preventive Medicine Vol 39 No 5 2010 pp 460-463 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre201007007
bull Duncan D T J Aldstadt J Whalen and S J Melly Validation of Walk Scores and Transit Scores for estimating neighborhood walkability and transit availability a small-area analysis GeoJournal Vol 78 No 2 2013 pp 407-416 httpsdoiorg101007s10708-011-9444-4
bull Nelson K A Doll S Basu B Fulton T Chapin Growing for a Sustainable Future Miami-Dade County Boundary Assessment Office of Sustainable Communities US Environmental Protection Agency 2012 Retrieved from httpswwwepagovsmartgrowthgrowing-sustainable-future-miami-dade-county-urban-development-boundary-assessment
bull Brown S C J Lombard M Toro S Huang T Perrino G Perez-Gomez E Plater-Zyberk H Pantin O Affuso N Kumar and K Wang Walking and Proximity to the Urban Growth Boundary and Central Business District American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 4 2014 pp 481ndash486 httpsdxdoiorg101016jamepre201405008
bull Smart Growth America Dangerous By Design National Complete Streets Coalition 2014 Retrieved from httpssmartgrowthamericaorgresourcesdangerous-by-design-2014
bull Moudon A V C Lee A D Cheadle C Garvin D Johnson T L Schmid T L R Weathers L Lin Operational definitions of walkable neighborhood theoretical and empirical insights Journal Of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No Suppl 1 2006 S99-S117 httpsdoiorg101123jpah3s1s99
bull Saelens B E J F Sallis J B Black and D Chen Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity an environment scale evaluation American Journal Of Public Health Vol 93 No 9 2003 pp 1552-1558 Retrieved from httpwwwminorityuncedusphminconf2004materialssaelensetalpdf
bull Duncan M J E Winkler T Sugiyama E Cerin E Leslie and N Owen Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport do land uses and geographical scale matter Journal of Urban Health Vol 87 No 5 2010 pp 782-795 httpdxdoiorg1010072Fs11524-010-9488-7
bull Frank L D J Kerr J F Sallis R Miles and J Chapman A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 2 2008 pp 172-178 httpsdoiorg101016jypmed200804004
Referencesbull Frank L D M A Andresen and T L Schmid Obesity relationships with community design physical activity and time spent in cars American Journal of Preventive
Medicine Vol 27 No 2 2004 pp 87-96 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200404011
bull Rodriacuteguez D A K R Evenson A V D Roux and S J Brines Land use residential density and walking the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 5 2009 pp 397-404 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200907008
bull Frank L D J F Sallis T L Conway J E Chapman B E Saelens and W Bachman Many pathways from land use to health associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation body mass index and air quality Journal of The American Planning Association Vol 72 No 1 2006 pp 75-87 httpdxdoiorg10108001944360608976725
bull Hirsch J A K A Moore P J Clarke D A Rodriguez K R Evenson S J Brines Zagorski MA and A V D Roux Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Epidemiology Vol 180 No 8 2014 pp 799-809 httpsdoiorg101093ajekwu218
bull Lee I M R Ewing and H D Sesso The built environment and physical activity levels the Harvard Alumni Health Study American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 4 2009 pp 293-298 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200906007
bull Giles-Corti B and R J Donovan The relative influence of individual social and physical environment determinants of physical activity Social Science amp Medicine Vol 54 No 12 2002 pp 1793-1812 httpsdoiorg101016S0277-9536(01)00150-2
bull Davis A Y B C Pijanowski K Robinson and B Engel The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States Land Use Policy Vol 27 No 2 2010 pp 255-261 httpdoiorg101016jlandusepol200903002
bull Purciel M Neckerman K M Lovasi G S Quinn J W Weiss C Bader M D M hellip Rundle A Creating and validating GIS measures of urban design for health research Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol 29 No 4 2009 pp 457ndash466 httpdoiorg101016jjenvp200903004
bull Ewing R S Handy R C Brownson O Clemente and E Winston Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No s1 2006 S223-S240 Retrieved from httpactivelivingresearchorgsitesdefaultfilesJPAH_15_Ewingpdf
bull Dill J Measuring network connectivity for bicycling and walking Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004 pp 11-15 Retrieved from httpreconnectingamericaorgassetsUploadsTRB2004-001550pdf
bull Leslie E B Saelens L Frank N Owen A Bauman N Coffee and G Hugo Residentsrsquo perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods a pilot study Health amp Place Vol 11 No 3 2005 pp 227-236 httpsdoiorg101016jhealthplace200405005
bull Schlossberg M and N Brown Comparing transit-oriented development sites by walkability indicators Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004httpdxdoiorg1031411887-05
bull Handy S Urban form and pedestrian choices Study of Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1996 httpsdoiorg1031411552-19
bull Mately M L M Goldman and B J Fineman Pedestrian Travel Potential in Northern New Jersey Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2001 httpsdoiorg1031411705-01
Referencesbull Freemark Y Transit mode share trends looking steady rail appears to encourage non-automobile commutes The Transport Politic 2010 Retrieved from
httpwwwthetransportpoliticcom20101013transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-to-encourage-non-automobile-commutes
bull Hendricks S J E S Fleury J Flynn and J Goodwill Impacts of transit oriented development on Public Transportation Ridership (No BD549-05) National Center for Transit Research University of South Florida 2005 Retrieved from httpntlbtsgovlib250002500025007576-10pdf
bull Southworth M Designing the walkable city Journal of Urban Planning and Development Vol 131 No 4 2005 pp 246-257 Retrieved from httpworldcatorgissn07339488
bull Ramos-Santiago LE J R Brown and H Nixon The Streetcar Resurgence in the United States Transit Strategy Growth-Machine Tactic or Some of Both Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2015 httpsdoiorg1031412540-04
bull Wilson D A (2006) ldquoMaking Streetcars Happen A Guide to the Implementation of Community Streetcar Systemsrdquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) University of Illinois at Chicago 2006 Retrieved from httpwwwacademiaedudownload31700920Making_Streetcars_Happenpdf
bull Eliasson I The Use of Climate Knowledge In Urban Planning Landscape and Urban Planning Vol 48 No1 2000 pp 31-44 httpsdoiorg101016S0169-2046(00)00034-7
bull DeVeau M ldquoStrategies to address the climatic barriers to walkable transit-oriented communities in Floridardquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 Retrieved from httpssmartechgatecheduhandle185340779show=full
bull Zhou Xiaolu and Jinki Kim Social disparities in tree canopy and park accessibility A case study of six cities in Illinois using GIS and remote sensing Urban Forestry amp Urban Greening Vol 12 No 1 2013 pp 88-97 httpsdoiorg101016jufug201211004
bull Hillsdon M J Panter C Foster and A Jones The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity Public Health Vol 120 No 12 2006 pp 1127-1132 httpsdoiorg101016jpuhe200610007
bull Ewing R and S Handy Measuring the unmeasurable Urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Urban Design Vol 14 No 1 2009 pp 65-84 httpdxdoiorg10108013574800802451155
bull Ewing R Pedestrian-and Transit-Friendly Design A Primer for Smart Growth Smart Growth Network Manual Based on a manual prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation 1999 Retrieved from httpwwwftadotgovdocumentsptfd_primerpdf
bull Burke M and C Sebaly Locking in the pedestrian The privatised streets of gated communities World Transport Policy amp Practice Vol 7 No4 2001 pp 67-74 Retrieved from httpwwweco-logicacoukworldtransporthtml22
Results ndash Transportation Infrastructure bull Walkable Communities had
ndash Higher total street length
ndash Smaller average block length
ndash Higher of intersections per sq mi
ndash Higher sidewalk and crosswalk density
ndash Increased transit access
bull Non-Walkable Communities had increased presence of cul-de-sacs and gated communities
bull Non-walkable communitiesrsquo average block lengths fell under recommended guidelines (400-500 ft)
ndash Even shorter block lengths needed in hotter climates
Pedestrian Infrastructure Transit Infrastructure
Results ndash Climate Mitigation
Urban Tree CanopyMiami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Existing UTC () 188 141 151 116
Possible UTC - Pervious () 213 215 171 216
Possible UTC - Impervious () 226 266 317 288
Not Suitable 373 378 361 379
bull No association found between UTC and walkability
bull Average UTC actually lower in walkable communities
bull UTC likely not best measurement for measuring urban shade
Site observation of walkable communities showed that both natural shade from
urban trees and man-made shade from buildings and awnings were very much
present Pedestrians opted to stay in shady areas when possible
Conclusionbull Walkability indicators in sub-tropical communities similar to those in temperate ones
bull Greatest effect on walkability in South Florida
ndash Land use mix
ndash Building density
ndash Short block lengths in grid-like network
ndash Transit access
bull Block lengths should be shorter than current recommended guidelines
ndash (le~300 ft in tropical climates)
bull Urban tree canopy theorized to affect walkability but no strong association found
ndash Walkable communities had less UTC
ndash UTC likely not best measurement for urban pedestrian shade
Discussionbull Urban Development Boundary
ndash County to gain 700000 residents by 2030
ndash Current development restrictions 5-acre min lot size
ndash Continued development along line associated with less walkability
bull Climatic effects on pedestriansndash New measures needed to for
urban shade
bull Possible role of public artWynwood-Edgewater
Referencesbull Owen N G N Healy C E Matthews and D W Dunstan Too much sitting the population-health science of sedentary behavior Exercise and Sport Sciences
Reviews Vol 38 No 3 2010 pp 105-113 httpsdxdoiorg101097JES0b013e3181e373a2
bull Saelens B E and SL Handy Built environment correlates of walking a review Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol 40 No7 Suppl 2008 pp S550-S566 httpsdxdoiorg101249MSS0b013e31817c67a4
bull Shriver K Influence of environmental design on pedestrian travel behavior in four Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1997 httpsdoiorg1031411578-09
bull Friedman B SP Gordon and JB Peers Effect of neotraditional neighborhood design on travel characteristics Transportation Research Board Washington DC1997 Retrieved from httponlinepubstrborgOnlinepubstrr199414661466-009pdf
bull OrsquoHare D Urban walkability in the subtropical city Some intemperate considerations from SEQ Proceedings of Subtropical Cities 2006 Retrieved from httpswwwresearchgatenetpublication27482758_Urban_Walkability_in_the_Subtropical_City_Some_Intemperate_Considerations_from_SEQ
bull Carr L J S I Dunsiger and B H Marcus Walk scoretrade as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability American Journal Of Preventive Medicine Vol 39 No 5 2010 pp 460-463 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre201007007
bull Duncan D T J Aldstadt J Whalen and S J Melly Validation of Walk Scores and Transit Scores for estimating neighborhood walkability and transit availability a small-area analysis GeoJournal Vol 78 No 2 2013 pp 407-416 httpsdoiorg101007s10708-011-9444-4
bull Nelson K A Doll S Basu B Fulton T Chapin Growing for a Sustainable Future Miami-Dade County Boundary Assessment Office of Sustainable Communities US Environmental Protection Agency 2012 Retrieved from httpswwwepagovsmartgrowthgrowing-sustainable-future-miami-dade-county-urban-development-boundary-assessment
bull Brown S C J Lombard M Toro S Huang T Perrino G Perez-Gomez E Plater-Zyberk H Pantin O Affuso N Kumar and K Wang Walking and Proximity to the Urban Growth Boundary and Central Business District American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 4 2014 pp 481ndash486 httpsdxdoiorg101016jamepre201405008
bull Smart Growth America Dangerous By Design National Complete Streets Coalition 2014 Retrieved from httpssmartgrowthamericaorgresourcesdangerous-by-design-2014
bull Moudon A V C Lee A D Cheadle C Garvin D Johnson T L Schmid T L R Weathers L Lin Operational definitions of walkable neighborhood theoretical and empirical insights Journal Of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No Suppl 1 2006 S99-S117 httpsdoiorg101123jpah3s1s99
bull Saelens B E J F Sallis J B Black and D Chen Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity an environment scale evaluation American Journal Of Public Health Vol 93 No 9 2003 pp 1552-1558 Retrieved from httpwwwminorityuncedusphminconf2004materialssaelensetalpdf
bull Duncan M J E Winkler T Sugiyama E Cerin E Leslie and N Owen Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport do land uses and geographical scale matter Journal of Urban Health Vol 87 No 5 2010 pp 782-795 httpdxdoiorg1010072Fs11524-010-9488-7
bull Frank L D J Kerr J F Sallis R Miles and J Chapman A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 2 2008 pp 172-178 httpsdoiorg101016jypmed200804004
Referencesbull Frank L D M A Andresen and T L Schmid Obesity relationships with community design physical activity and time spent in cars American Journal of Preventive
Medicine Vol 27 No 2 2004 pp 87-96 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200404011
bull Rodriacuteguez D A K R Evenson A V D Roux and S J Brines Land use residential density and walking the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 5 2009 pp 397-404 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200907008
bull Frank L D J F Sallis T L Conway J E Chapman B E Saelens and W Bachman Many pathways from land use to health associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation body mass index and air quality Journal of The American Planning Association Vol 72 No 1 2006 pp 75-87 httpdxdoiorg10108001944360608976725
bull Hirsch J A K A Moore P J Clarke D A Rodriguez K R Evenson S J Brines Zagorski MA and A V D Roux Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Epidemiology Vol 180 No 8 2014 pp 799-809 httpsdoiorg101093ajekwu218
bull Lee I M R Ewing and H D Sesso The built environment and physical activity levels the Harvard Alumni Health Study American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 4 2009 pp 293-298 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200906007
bull Giles-Corti B and R J Donovan The relative influence of individual social and physical environment determinants of physical activity Social Science amp Medicine Vol 54 No 12 2002 pp 1793-1812 httpsdoiorg101016S0277-9536(01)00150-2
bull Davis A Y B C Pijanowski K Robinson and B Engel The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States Land Use Policy Vol 27 No 2 2010 pp 255-261 httpdoiorg101016jlandusepol200903002
bull Purciel M Neckerman K M Lovasi G S Quinn J W Weiss C Bader M D M hellip Rundle A Creating and validating GIS measures of urban design for health research Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol 29 No 4 2009 pp 457ndash466 httpdoiorg101016jjenvp200903004
bull Ewing R S Handy R C Brownson O Clemente and E Winston Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No s1 2006 S223-S240 Retrieved from httpactivelivingresearchorgsitesdefaultfilesJPAH_15_Ewingpdf
bull Dill J Measuring network connectivity for bicycling and walking Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004 pp 11-15 Retrieved from httpreconnectingamericaorgassetsUploadsTRB2004-001550pdf
bull Leslie E B Saelens L Frank N Owen A Bauman N Coffee and G Hugo Residentsrsquo perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods a pilot study Health amp Place Vol 11 No 3 2005 pp 227-236 httpsdoiorg101016jhealthplace200405005
bull Schlossberg M and N Brown Comparing transit-oriented development sites by walkability indicators Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004httpdxdoiorg1031411887-05
bull Handy S Urban form and pedestrian choices Study of Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1996 httpsdoiorg1031411552-19
bull Mately M L M Goldman and B J Fineman Pedestrian Travel Potential in Northern New Jersey Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2001 httpsdoiorg1031411705-01
Referencesbull Freemark Y Transit mode share trends looking steady rail appears to encourage non-automobile commutes The Transport Politic 2010 Retrieved from
httpwwwthetransportpoliticcom20101013transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-to-encourage-non-automobile-commutes
bull Hendricks S J E S Fleury J Flynn and J Goodwill Impacts of transit oriented development on Public Transportation Ridership (No BD549-05) National Center for Transit Research University of South Florida 2005 Retrieved from httpntlbtsgovlib250002500025007576-10pdf
bull Southworth M Designing the walkable city Journal of Urban Planning and Development Vol 131 No 4 2005 pp 246-257 Retrieved from httpworldcatorgissn07339488
bull Ramos-Santiago LE J R Brown and H Nixon The Streetcar Resurgence in the United States Transit Strategy Growth-Machine Tactic or Some of Both Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2015 httpsdoiorg1031412540-04
bull Wilson D A (2006) ldquoMaking Streetcars Happen A Guide to the Implementation of Community Streetcar Systemsrdquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) University of Illinois at Chicago 2006 Retrieved from httpwwwacademiaedudownload31700920Making_Streetcars_Happenpdf
bull Eliasson I The Use of Climate Knowledge In Urban Planning Landscape and Urban Planning Vol 48 No1 2000 pp 31-44 httpsdoiorg101016S0169-2046(00)00034-7
bull DeVeau M ldquoStrategies to address the climatic barriers to walkable transit-oriented communities in Floridardquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 Retrieved from httpssmartechgatecheduhandle185340779show=full
bull Zhou Xiaolu and Jinki Kim Social disparities in tree canopy and park accessibility A case study of six cities in Illinois using GIS and remote sensing Urban Forestry amp Urban Greening Vol 12 No 1 2013 pp 88-97 httpsdoiorg101016jufug201211004
bull Hillsdon M J Panter C Foster and A Jones The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity Public Health Vol 120 No 12 2006 pp 1127-1132 httpsdoiorg101016jpuhe200610007
bull Ewing R and S Handy Measuring the unmeasurable Urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Urban Design Vol 14 No 1 2009 pp 65-84 httpdxdoiorg10108013574800802451155
bull Ewing R Pedestrian-and Transit-Friendly Design A Primer for Smart Growth Smart Growth Network Manual Based on a manual prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation 1999 Retrieved from httpwwwftadotgovdocumentsptfd_primerpdf
bull Burke M and C Sebaly Locking in the pedestrian The privatised streets of gated communities World Transport Policy amp Practice Vol 7 No4 2001 pp 67-74 Retrieved from httpwwweco-logicacoukworldtransporthtml22
Pedestrian Infrastructure Transit Infrastructure
Results ndash Climate Mitigation
Urban Tree CanopyMiami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Existing UTC () 188 141 151 116
Possible UTC - Pervious () 213 215 171 216
Possible UTC - Impervious () 226 266 317 288
Not Suitable 373 378 361 379
bull No association found between UTC and walkability
bull Average UTC actually lower in walkable communities
bull UTC likely not best measurement for measuring urban shade
Site observation of walkable communities showed that both natural shade from
urban trees and man-made shade from buildings and awnings were very much
present Pedestrians opted to stay in shady areas when possible
Conclusionbull Walkability indicators in sub-tropical communities similar to those in temperate ones
bull Greatest effect on walkability in South Florida
ndash Land use mix
ndash Building density
ndash Short block lengths in grid-like network
ndash Transit access
bull Block lengths should be shorter than current recommended guidelines
ndash (le~300 ft in tropical climates)
bull Urban tree canopy theorized to affect walkability but no strong association found
ndash Walkable communities had less UTC
ndash UTC likely not best measurement for urban pedestrian shade
Discussionbull Urban Development Boundary
ndash County to gain 700000 residents by 2030
ndash Current development restrictions 5-acre min lot size
ndash Continued development along line associated with less walkability
bull Climatic effects on pedestriansndash New measures needed to for
urban shade
bull Possible role of public artWynwood-Edgewater
Referencesbull Owen N G N Healy C E Matthews and D W Dunstan Too much sitting the population-health science of sedentary behavior Exercise and Sport Sciences
Reviews Vol 38 No 3 2010 pp 105-113 httpsdxdoiorg101097JES0b013e3181e373a2
bull Saelens B E and SL Handy Built environment correlates of walking a review Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol 40 No7 Suppl 2008 pp S550-S566 httpsdxdoiorg101249MSS0b013e31817c67a4
bull Shriver K Influence of environmental design on pedestrian travel behavior in four Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1997 httpsdoiorg1031411578-09
bull Friedman B SP Gordon and JB Peers Effect of neotraditional neighborhood design on travel characteristics Transportation Research Board Washington DC1997 Retrieved from httponlinepubstrborgOnlinepubstrr199414661466-009pdf
bull OrsquoHare D Urban walkability in the subtropical city Some intemperate considerations from SEQ Proceedings of Subtropical Cities 2006 Retrieved from httpswwwresearchgatenetpublication27482758_Urban_Walkability_in_the_Subtropical_City_Some_Intemperate_Considerations_from_SEQ
bull Carr L J S I Dunsiger and B H Marcus Walk scoretrade as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability American Journal Of Preventive Medicine Vol 39 No 5 2010 pp 460-463 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre201007007
bull Duncan D T J Aldstadt J Whalen and S J Melly Validation of Walk Scores and Transit Scores for estimating neighborhood walkability and transit availability a small-area analysis GeoJournal Vol 78 No 2 2013 pp 407-416 httpsdoiorg101007s10708-011-9444-4
bull Nelson K A Doll S Basu B Fulton T Chapin Growing for a Sustainable Future Miami-Dade County Boundary Assessment Office of Sustainable Communities US Environmental Protection Agency 2012 Retrieved from httpswwwepagovsmartgrowthgrowing-sustainable-future-miami-dade-county-urban-development-boundary-assessment
bull Brown S C J Lombard M Toro S Huang T Perrino G Perez-Gomez E Plater-Zyberk H Pantin O Affuso N Kumar and K Wang Walking and Proximity to the Urban Growth Boundary and Central Business District American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 4 2014 pp 481ndash486 httpsdxdoiorg101016jamepre201405008
bull Smart Growth America Dangerous By Design National Complete Streets Coalition 2014 Retrieved from httpssmartgrowthamericaorgresourcesdangerous-by-design-2014
bull Moudon A V C Lee A D Cheadle C Garvin D Johnson T L Schmid T L R Weathers L Lin Operational definitions of walkable neighborhood theoretical and empirical insights Journal Of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No Suppl 1 2006 S99-S117 httpsdoiorg101123jpah3s1s99
bull Saelens B E J F Sallis J B Black and D Chen Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity an environment scale evaluation American Journal Of Public Health Vol 93 No 9 2003 pp 1552-1558 Retrieved from httpwwwminorityuncedusphminconf2004materialssaelensetalpdf
bull Duncan M J E Winkler T Sugiyama E Cerin E Leslie and N Owen Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport do land uses and geographical scale matter Journal of Urban Health Vol 87 No 5 2010 pp 782-795 httpdxdoiorg1010072Fs11524-010-9488-7
bull Frank L D J Kerr J F Sallis R Miles and J Chapman A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 2 2008 pp 172-178 httpsdoiorg101016jypmed200804004
Referencesbull Frank L D M A Andresen and T L Schmid Obesity relationships with community design physical activity and time spent in cars American Journal of Preventive
Medicine Vol 27 No 2 2004 pp 87-96 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200404011
bull Rodriacuteguez D A K R Evenson A V D Roux and S J Brines Land use residential density and walking the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 5 2009 pp 397-404 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200907008
bull Frank L D J F Sallis T L Conway J E Chapman B E Saelens and W Bachman Many pathways from land use to health associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation body mass index and air quality Journal of The American Planning Association Vol 72 No 1 2006 pp 75-87 httpdxdoiorg10108001944360608976725
bull Hirsch J A K A Moore P J Clarke D A Rodriguez K R Evenson S J Brines Zagorski MA and A V D Roux Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Epidemiology Vol 180 No 8 2014 pp 799-809 httpsdoiorg101093ajekwu218
bull Lee I M R Ewing and H D Sesso The built environment and physical activity levels the Harvard Alumni Health Study American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 4 2009 pp 293-298 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200906007
bull Giles-Corti B and R J Donovan The relative influence of individual social and physical environment determinants of physical activity Social Science amp Medicine Vol 54 No 12 2002 pp 1793-1812 httpsdoiorg101016S0277-9536(01)00150-2
bull Davis A Y B C Pijanowski K Robinson and B Engel The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States Land Use Policy Vol 27 No 2 2010 pp 255-261 httpdoiorg101016jlandusepol200903002
bull Purciel M Neckerman K M Lovasi G S Quinn J W Weiss C Bader M D M hellip Rundle A Creating and validating GIS measures of urban design for health research Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol 29 No 4 2009 pp 457ndash466 httpdoiorg101016jjenvp200903004
bull Ewing R S Handy R C Brownson O Clemente and E Winston Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No s1 2006 S223-S240 Retrieved from httpactivelivingresearchorgsitesdefaultfilesJPAH_15_Ewingpdf
bull Dill J Measuring network connectivity for bicycling and walking Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004 pp 11-15 Retrieved from httpreconnectingamericaorgassetsUploadsTRB2004-001550pdf
bull Leslie E B Saelens L Frank N Owen A Bauman N Coffee and G Hugo Residentsrsquo perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods a pilot study Health amp Place Vol 11 No 3 2005 pp 227-236 httpsdoiorg101016jhealthplace200405005
bull Schlossberg M and N Brown Comparing transit-oriented development sites by walkability indicators Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004httpdxdoiorg1031411887-05
bull Handy S Urban form and pedestrian choices Study of Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1996 httpsdoiorg1031411552-19
bull Mately M L M Goldman and B J Fineman Pedestrian Travel Potential in Northern New Jersey Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2001 httpsdoiorg1031411705-01
Referencesbull Freemark Y Transit mode share trends looking steady rail appears to encourage non-automobile commutes The Transport Politic 2010 Retrieved from
httpwwwthetransportpoliticcom20101013transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-to-encourage-non-automobile-commutes
bull Hendricks S J E S Fleury J Flynn and J Goodwill Impacts of transit oriented development on Public Transportation Ridership (No BD549-05) National Center for Transit Research University of South Florida 2005 Retrieved from httpntlbtsgovlib250002500025007576-10pdf
bull Southworth M Designing the walkable city Journal of Urban Planning and Development Vol 131 No 4 2005 pp 246-257 Retrieved from httpworldcatorgissn07339488
bull Ramos-Santiago LE J R Brown and H Nixon The Streetcar Resurgence in the United States Transit Strategy Growth-Machine Tactic or Some of Both Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2015 httpsdoiorg1031412540-04
bull Wilson D A (2006) ldquoMaking Streetcars Happen A Guide to the Implementation of Community Streetcar Systemsrdquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) University of Illinois at Chicago 2006 Retrieved from httpwwwacademiaedudownload31700920Making_Streetcars_Happenpdf
bull Eliasson I The Use of Climate Knowledge In Urban Planning Landscape and Urban Planning Vol 48 No1 2000 pp 31-44 httpsdoiorg101016S0169-2046(00)00034-7
bull DeVeau M ldquoStrategies to address the climatic barriers to walkable transit-oriented communities in Floridardquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 Retrieved from httpssmartechgatecheduhandle185340779show=full
bull Zhou Xiaolu and Jinki Kim Social disparities in tree canopy and park accessibility A case study of six cities in Illinois using GIS and remote sensing Urban Forestry amp Urban Greening Vol 12 No 1 2013 pp 88-97 httpsdoiorg101016jufug201211004
bull Hillsdon M J Panter C Foster and A Jones The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity Public Health Vol 120 No 12 2006 pp 1127-1132 httpsdoiorg101016jpuhe200610007
bull Ewing R and S Handy Measuring the unmeasurable Urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Urban Design Vol 14 No 1 2009 pp 65-84 httpdxdoiorg10108013574800802451155
bull Ewing R Pedestrian-and Transit-Friendly Design A Primer for Smart Growth Smart Growth Network Manual Based on a manual prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation 1999 Retrieved from httpwwwftadotgovdocumentsptfd_primerpdf
bull Burke M and C Sebaly Locking in the pedestrian The privatised streets of gated communities World Transport Policy amp Practice Vol 7 No4 2001 pp 67-74 Retrieved from httpwwweco-logicacoukworldtransporthtml22
Results ndash Climate Mitigation
Urban Tree CanopyMiami
Lakes
Doral Wynwood-
Edgewater
Miami
Beach
Existing UTC () 188 141 151 116
Possible UTC - Pervious () 213 215 171 216
Possible UTC - Impervious () 226 266 317 288
Not Suitable 373 378 361 379
bull No association found between UTC and walkability
bull Average UTC actually lower in walkable communities
bull UTC likely not best measurement for measuring urban shade
Site observation of walkable communities showed that both natural shade from
urban trees and man-made shade from buildings and awnings were very much
present Pedestrians opted to stay in shady areas when possible
Conclusionbull Walkability indicators in sub-tropical communities similar to those in temperate ones
bull Greatest effect on walkability in South Florida
ndash Land use mix
ndash Building density
ndash Short block lengths in grid-like network
ndash Transit access
bull Block lengths should be shorter than current recommended guidelines
ndash (le~300 ft in tropical climates)
bull Urban tree canopy theorized to affect walkability but no strong association found
ndash Walkable communities had less UTC
ndash UTC likely not best measurement for urban pedestrian shade
Discussionbull Urban Development Boundary
ndash County to gain 700000 residents by 2030
ndash Current development restrictions 5-acre min lot size
ndash Continued development along line associated with less walkability
bull Climatic effects on pedestriansndash New measures needed to for
urban shade
bull Possible role of public artWynwood-Edgewater
Referencesbull Owen N G N Healy C E Matthews and D W Dunstan Too much sitting the population-health science of sedentary behavior Exercise and Sport Sciences
Reviews Vol 38 No 3 2010 pp 105-113 httpsdxdoiorg101097JES0b013e3181e373a2
bull Saelens B E and SL Handy Built environment correlates of walking a review Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol 40 No7 Suppl 2008 pp S550-S566 httpsdxdoiorg101249MSS0b013e31817c67a4
bull Shriver K Influence of environmental design on pedestrian travel behavior in four Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1997 httpsdoiorg1031411578-09
bull Friedman B SP Gordon and JB Peers Effect of neotraditional neighborhood design on travel characteristics Transportation Research Board Washington DC1997 Retrieved from httponlinepubstrborgOnlinepubstrr199414661466-009pdf
bull OrsquoHare D Urban walkability in the subtropical city Some intemperate considerations from SEQ Proceedings of Subtropical Cities 2006 Retrieved from httpswwwresearchgatenetpublication27482758_Urban_Walkability_in_the_Subtropical_City_Some_Intemperate_Considerations_from_SEQ
bull Carr L J S I Dunsiger and B H Marcus Walk scoretrade as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability American Journal Of Preventive Medicine Vol 39 No 5 2010 pp 460-463 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre201007007
bull Duncan D T J Aldstadt J Whalen and S J Melly Validation of Walk Scores and Transit Scores for estimating neighborhood walkability and transit availability a small-area analysis GeoJournal Vol 78 No 2 2013 pp 407-416 httpsdoiorg101007s10708-011-9444-4
bull Nelson K A Doll S Basu B Fulton T Chapin Growing for a Sustainable Future Miami-Dade County Boundary Assessment Office of Sustainable Communities US Environmental Protection Agency 2012 Retrieved from httpswwwepagovsmartgrowthgrowing-sustainable-future-miami-dade-county-urban-development-boundary-assessment
bull Brown S C J Lombard M Toro S Huang T Perrino G Perez-Gomez E Plater-Zyberk H Pantin O Affuso N Kumar and K Wang Walking and Proximity to the Urban Growth Boundary and Central Business District American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 4 2014 pp 481ndash486 httpsdxdoiorg101016jamepre201405008
bull Smart Growth America Dangerous By Design National Complete Streets Coalition 2014 Retrieved from httpssmartgrowthamericaorgresourcesdangerous-by-design-2014
bull Moudon A V C Lee A D Cheadle C Garvin D Johnson T L Schmid T L R Weathers L Lin Operational definitions of walkable neighborhood theoretical and empirical insights Journal Of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No Suppl 1 2006 S99-S117 httpsdoiorg101123jpah3s1s99
bull Saelens B E J F Sallis J B Black and D Chen Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity an environment scale evaluation American Journal Of Public Health Vol 93 No 9 2003 pp 1552-1558 Retrieved from httpwwwminorityuncedusphminconf2004materialssaelensetalpdf
bull Duncan M J E Winkler T Sugiyama E Cerin E Leslie and N Owen Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport do land uses and geographical scale matter Journal of Urban Health Vol 87 No 5 2010 pp 782-795 httpdxdoiorg1010072Fs11524-010-9488-7
bull Frank L D J Kerr J F Sallis R Miles and J Chapman A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 2 2008 pp 172-178 httpsdoiorg101016jypmed200804004
Referencesbull Frank L D M A Andresen and T L Schmid Obesity relationships with community design physical activity and time spent in cars American Journal of Preventive
Medicine Vol 27 No 2 2004 pp 87-96 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200404011
bull Rodriacuteguez D A K R Evenson A V D Roux and S J Brines Land use residential density and walking the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 5 2009 pp 397-404 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200907008
bull Frank L D J F Sallis T L Conway J E Chapman B E Saelens and W Bachman Many pathways from land use to health associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation body mass index and air quality Journal of The American Planning Association Vol 72 No 1 2006 pp 75-87 httpdxdoiorg10108001944360608976725
bull Hirsch J A K A Moore P J Clarke D A Rodriguez K R Evenson S J Brines Zagorski MA and A V D Roux Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Epidemiology Vol 180 No 8 2014 pp 799-809 httpsdoiorg101093ajekwu218
bull Lee I M R Ewing and H D Sesso The built environment and physical activity levels the Harvard Alumni Health Study American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 4 2009 pp 293-298 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200906007
bull Giles-Corti B and R J Donovan The relative influence of individual social and physical environment determinants of physical activity Social Science amp Medicine Vol 54 No 12 2002 pp 1793-1812 httpsdoiorg101016S0277-9536(01)00150-2
bull Davis A Y B C Pijanowski K Robinson and B Engel The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States Land Use Policy Vol 27 No 2 2010 pp 255-261 httpdoiorg101016jlandusepol200903002
bull Purciel M Neckerman K M Lovasi G S Quinn J W Weiss C Bader M D M hellip Rundle A Creating and validating GIS measures of urban design for health research Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol 29 No 4 2009 pp 457ndash466 httpdoiorg101016jjenvp200903004
bull Ewing R S Handy R C Brownson O Clemente and E Winston Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No s1 2006 S223-S240 Retrieved from httpactivelivingresearchorgsitesdefaultfilesJPAH_15_Ewingpdf
bull Dill J Measuring network connectivity for bicycling and walking Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004 pp 11-15 Retrieved from httpreconnectingamericaorgassetsUploadsTRB2004-001550pdf
bull Leslie E B Saelens L Frank N Owen A Bauman N Coffee and G Hugo Residentsrsquo perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods a pilot study Health amp Place Vol 11 No 3 2005 pp 227-236 httpsdoiorg101016jhealthplace200405005
bull Schlossberg M and N Brown Comparing transit-oriented development sites by walkability indicators Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004httpdxdoiorg1031411887-05
bull Handy S Urban form and pedestrian choices Study of Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1996 httpsdoiorg1031411552-19
bull Mately M L M Goldman and B J Fineman Pedestrian Travel Potential in Northern New Jersey Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2001 httpsdoiorg1031411705-01
Referencesbull Freemark Y Transit mode share trends looking steady rail appears to encourage non-automobile commutes The Transport Politic 2010 Retrieved from
httpwwwthetransportpoliticcom20101013transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-to-encourage-non-automobile-commutes
bull Hendricks S J E S Fleury J Flynn and J Goodwill Impacts of transit oriented development on Public Transportation Ridership (No BD549-05) National Center for Transit Research University of South Florida 2005 Retrieved from httpntlbtsgovlib250002500025007576-10pdf
bull Southworth M Designing the walkable city Journal of Urban Planning and Development Vol 131 No 4 2005 pp 246-257 Retrieved from httpworldcatorgissn07339488
bull Ramos-Santiago LE J R Brown and H Nixon The Streetcar Resurgence in the United States Transit Strategy Growth-Machine Tactic or Some of Both Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2015 httpsdoiorg1031412540-04
bull Wilson D A (2006) ldquoMaking Streetcars Happen A Guide to the Implementation of Community Streetcar Systemsrdquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) University of Illinois at Chicago 2006 Retrieved from httpwwwacademiaedudownload31700920Making_Streetcars_Happenpdf
bull Eliasson I The Use of Climate Knowledge In Urban Planning Landscape and Urban Planning Vol 48 No1 2000 pp 31-44 httpsdoiorg101016S0169-2046(00)00034-7
bull DeVeau M ldquoStrategies to address the climatic barriers to walkable transit-oriented communities in Floridardquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 Retrieved from httpssmartechgatecheduhandle185340779show=full
bull Zhou Xiaolu and Jinki Kim Social disparities in tree canopy and park accessibility A case study of six cities in Illinois using GIS and remote sensing Urban Forestry amp Urban Greening Vol 12 No 1 2013 pp 88-97 httpsdoiorg101016jufug201211004
bull Hillsdon M J Panter C Foster and A Jones The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity Public Health Vol 120 No 12 2006 pp 1127-1132 httpsdoiorg101016jpuhe200610007
bull Ewing R and S Handy Measuring the unmeasurable Urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Urban Design Vol 14 No 1 2009 pp 65-84 httpdxdoiorg10108013574800802451155
bull Ewing R Pedestrian-and Transit-Friendly Design A Primer for Smart Growth Smart Growth Network Manual Based on a manual prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation 1999 Retrieved from httpwwwftadotgovdocumentsptfd_primerpdf
bull Burke M and C Sebaly Locking in the pedestrian The privatised streets of gated communities World Transport Policy amp Practice Vol 7 No4 2001 pp 67-74 Retrieved from httpwwweco-logicacoukworldtransporthtml22
Site observation of walkable communities showed that both natural shade from
urban trees and man-made shade from buildings and awnings were very much
present Pedestrians opted to stay in shady areas when possible
Conclusionbull Walkability indicators in sub-tropical communities similar to those in temperate ones
bull Greatest effect on walkability in South Florida
ndash Land use mix
ndash Building density
ndash Short block lengths in grid-like network
ndash Transit access
bull Block lengths should be shorter than current recommended guidelines
ndash (le~300 ft in tropical climates)
bull Urban tree canopy theorized to affect walkability but no strong association found
ndash Walkable communities had less UTC
ndash UTC likely not best measurement for urban pedestrian shade
Discussionbull Urban Development Boundary
ndash County to gain 700000 residents by 2030
ndash Current development restrictions 5-acre min lot size
ndash Continued development along line associated with less walkability
bull Climatic effects on pedestriansndash New measures needed to for
urban shade
bull Possible role of public artWynwood-Edgewater
Referencesbull Owen N G N Healy C E Matthews and D W Dunstan Too much sitting the population-health science of sedentary behavior Exercise and Sport Sciences
Reviews Vol 38 No 3 2010 pp 105-113 httpsdxdoiorg101097JES0b013e3181e373a2
bull Saelens B E and SL Handy Built environment correlates of walking a review Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol 40 No7 Suppl 2008 pp S550-S566 httpsdxdoiorg101249MSS0b013e31817c67a4
bull Shriver K Influence of environmental design on pedestrian travel behavior in four Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1997 httpsdoiorg1031411578-09
bull Friedman B SP Gordon and JB Peers Effect of neotraditional neighborhood design on travel characteristics Transportation Research Board Washington DC1997 Retrieved from httponlinepubstrborgOnlinepubstrr199414661466-009pdf
bull OrsquoHare D Urban walkability in the subtropical city Some intemperate considerations from SEQ Proceedings of Subtropical Cities 2006 Retrieved from httpswwwresearchgatenetpublication27482758_Urban_Walkability_in_the_Subtropical_City_Some_Intemperate_Considerations_from_SEQ
bull Carr L J S I Dunsiger and B H Marcus Walk scoretrade as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability American Journal Of Preventive Medicine Vol 39 No 5 2010 pp 460-463 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre201007007
bull Duncan D T J Aldstadt J Whalen and S J Melly Validation of Walk Scores and Transit Scores for estimating neighborhood walkability and transit availability a small-area analysis GeoJournal Vol 78 No 2 2013 pp 407-416 httpsdoiorg101007s10708-011-9444-4
bull Nelson K A Doll S Basu B Fulton T Chapin Growing for a Sustainable Future Miami-Dade County Boundary Assessment Office of Sustainable Communities US Environmental Protection Agency 2012 Retrieved from httpswwwepagovsmartgrowthgrowing-sustainable-future-miami-dade-county-urban-development-boundary-assessment
bull Brown S C J Lombard M Toro S Huang T Perrino G Perez-Gomez E Plater-Zyberk H Pantin O Affuso N Kumar and K Wang Walking and Proximity to the Urban Growth Boundary and Central Business District American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 4 2014 pp 481ndash486 httpsdxdoiorg101016jamepre201405008
bull Smart Growth America Dangerous By Design National Complete Streets Coalition 2014 Retrieved from httpssmartgrowthamericaorgresourcesdangerous-by-design-2014
bull Moudon A V C Lee A D Cheadle C Garvin D Johnson T L Schmid T L R Weathers L Lin Operational definitions of walkable neighborhood theoretical and empirical insights Journal Of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No Suppl 1 2006 S99-S117 httpsdoiorg101123jpah3s1s99
bull Saelens B E J F Sallis J B Black and D Chen Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity an environment scale evaluation American Journal Of Public Health Vol 93 No 9 2003 pp 1552-1558 Retrieved from httpwwwminorityuncedusphminconf2004materialssaelensetalpdf
bull Duncan M J E Winkler T Sugiyama E Cerin E Leslie and N Owen Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport do land uses and geographical scale matter Journal of Urban Health Vol 87 No 5 2010 pp 782-795 httpdxdoiorg1010072Fs11524-010-9488-7
bull Frank L D J Kerr J F Sallis R Miles and J Chapman A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 2 2008 pp 172-178 httpsdoiorg101016jypmed200804004
Referencesbull Frank L D M A Andresen and T L Schmid Obesity relationships with community design physical activity and time spent in cars American Journal of Preventive
Medicine Vol 27 No 2 2004 pp 87-96 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200404011
bull Rodriacuteguez D A K R Evenson A V D Roux and S J Brines Land use residential density and walking the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 5 2009 pp 397-404 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200907008
bull Frank L D J F Sallis T L Conway J E Chapman B E Saelens and W Bachman Many pathways from land use to health associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation body mass index and air quality Journal of The American Planning Association Vol 72 No 1 2006 pp 75-87 httpdxdoiorg10108001944360608976725
bull Hirsch J A K A Moore P J Clarke D A Rodriguez K R Evenson S J Brines Zagorski MA and A V D Roux Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Epidemiology Vol 180 No 8 2014 pp 799-809 httpsdoiorg101093ajekwu218
bull Lee I M R Ewing and H D Sesso The built environment and physical activity levels the Harvard Alumni Health Study American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 4 2009 pp 293-298 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200906007
bull Giles-Corti B and R J Donovan The relative influence of individual social and physical environment determinants of physical activity Social Science amp Medicine Vol 54 No 12 2002 pp 1793-1812 httpsdoiorg101016S0277-9536(01)00150-2
bull Davis A Y B C Pijanowski K Robinson and B Engel The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States Land Use Policy Vol 27 No 2 2010 pp 255-261 httpdoiorg101016jlandusepol200903002
bull Purciel M Neckerman K M Lovasi G S Quinn J W Weiss C Bader M D M hellip Rundle A Creating and validating GIS measures of urban design for health research Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol 29 No 4 2009 pp 457ndash466 httpdoiorg101016jjenvp200903004
bull Ewing R S Handy R C Brownson O Clemente and E Winston Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No s1 2006 S223-S240 Retrieved from httpactivelivingresearchorgsitesdefaultfilesJPAH_15_Ewingpdf
bull Dill J Measuring network connectivity for bicycling and walking Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004 pp 11-15 Retrieved from httpreconnectingamericaorgassetsUploadsTRB2004-001550pdf
bull Leslie E B Saelens L Frank N Owen A Bauman N Coffee and G Hugo Residentsrsquo perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods a pilot study Health amp Place Vol 11 No 3 2005 pp 227-236 httpsdoiorg101016jhealthplace200405005
bull Schlossberg M and N Brown Comparing transit-oriented development sites by walkability indicators Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004httpdxdoiorg1031411887-05
bull Handy S Urban form and pedestrian choices Study of Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1996 httpsdoiorg1031411552-19
bull Mately M L M Goldman and B J Fineman Pedestrian Travel Potential in Northern New Jersey Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2001 httpsdoiorg1031411705-01
Referencesbull Freemark Y Transit mode share trends looking steady rail appears to encourage non-automobile commutes The Transport Politic 2010 Retrieved from
httpwwwthetransportpoliticcom20101013transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-to-encourage-non-automobile-commutes
bull Hendricks S J E S Fleury J Flynn and J Goodwill Impacts of transit oriented development on Public Transportation Ridership (No BD549-05) National Center for Transit Research University of South Florida 2005 Retrieved from httpntlbtsgovlib250002500025007576-10pdf
bull Southworth M Designing the walkable city Journal of Urban Planning and Development Vol 131 No 4 2005 pp 246-257 Retrieved from httpworldcatorgissn07339488
bull Ramos-Santiago LE J R Brown and H Nixon The Streetcar Resurgence in the United States Transit Strategy Growth-Machine Tactic or Some of Both Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2015 httpsdoiorg1031412540-04
bull Wilson D A (2006) ldquoMaking Streetcars Happen A Guide to the Implementation of Community Streetcar Systemsrdquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) University of Illinois at Chicago 2006 Retrieved from httpwwwacademiaedudownload31700920Making_Streetcars_Happenpdf
bull Eliasson I The Use of Climate Knowledge In Urban Planning Landscape and Urban Planning Vol 48 No1 2000 pp 31-44 httpsdoiorg101016S0169-2046(00)00034-7
bull DeVeau M ldquoStrategies to address the climatic barriers to walkable transit-oriented communities in Floridardquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 Retrieved from httpssmartechgatecheduhandle185340779show=full
bull Zhou Xiaolu and Jinki Kim Social disparities in tree canopy and park accessibility A case study of six cities in Illinois using GIS and remote sensing Urban Forestry amp Urban Greening Vol 12 No 1 2013 pp 88-97 httpsdoiorg101016jufug201211004
bull Hillsdon M J Panter C Foster and A Jones The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity Public Health Vol 120 No 12 2006 pp 1127-1132 httpsdoiorg101016jpuhe200610007
bull Ewing R and S Handy Measuring the unmeasurable Urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Urban Design Vol 14 No 1 2009 pp 65-84 httpdxdoiorg10108013574800802451155
bull Ewing R Pedestrian-and Transit-Friendly Design A Primer for Smart Growth Smart Growth Network Manual Based on a manual prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation 1999 Retrieved from httpwwwftadotgovdocumentsptfd_primerpdf
bull Burke M and C Sebaly Locking in the pedestrian The privatised streets of gated communities World Transport Policy amp Practice Vol 7 No4 2001 pp 67-74 Retrieved from httpwwweco-logicacoukworldtransporthtml22
Conclusionbull Walkability indicators in sub-tropical communities similar to those in temperate ones
bull Greatest effect on walkability in South Florida
ndash Land use mix
ndash Building density
ndash Short block lengths in grid-like network
ndash Transit access
bull Block lengths should be shorter than current recommended guidelines
ndash (le~300 ft in tropical climates)
bull Urban tree canopy theorized to affect walkability but no strong association found
ndash Walkable communities had less UTC
ndash UTC likely not best measurement for urban pedestrian shade
Discussionbull Urban Development Boundary
ndash County to gain 700000 residents by 2030
ndash Current development restrictions 5-acre min lot size
ndash Continued development along line associated with less walkability
bull Climatic effects on pedestriansndash New measures needed to for
urban shade
bull Possible role of public artWynwood-Edgewater
Referencesbull Owen N G N Healy C E Matthews and D W Dunstan Too much sitting the population-health science of sedentary behavior Exercise and Sport Sciences
Reviews Vol 38 No 3 2010 pp 105-113 httpsdxdoiorg101097JES0b013e3181e373a2
bull Saelens B E and SL Handy Built environment correlates of walking a review Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol 40 No7 Suppl 2008 pp S550-S566 httpsdxdoiorg101249MSS0b013e31817c67a4
bull Shriver K Influence of environmental design on pedestrian travel behavior in four Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1997 httpsdoiorg1031411578-09
bull Friedman B SP Gordon and JB Peers Effect of neotraditional neighborhood design on travel characteristics Transportation Research Board Washington DC1997 Retrieved from httponlinepubstrborgOnlinepubstrr199414661466-009pdf
bull OrsquoHare D Urban walkability in the subtropical city Some intemperate considerations from SEQ Proceedings of Subtropical Cities 2006 Retrieved from httpswwwresearchgatenetpublication27482758_Urban_Walkability_in_the_Subtropical_City_Some_Intemperate_Considerations_from_SEQ
bull Carr L J S I Dunsiger and B H Marcus Walk scoretrade as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability American Journal Of Preventive Medicine Vol 39 No 5 2010 pp 460-463 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre201007007
bull Duncan D T J Aldstadt J Whalen and S J Melly Validation of Walk Scores and Transit Scores for estimating neighborhood walkability and transit availability a small-area analysis GeoJournal Vol 78 No 2 2013 pp 407-416 httpsdoiorg101007s10708-011-9444-4
bull Nelson K A Doll S Basu B Fulton T Chapin Growing for a Sustainable Future Miami-Dade County Boundary Assessment Office of Sustainable Communities US Environmental Protection Agency 2012 Retrieved from httpswwwepagovsmartgrowthgrowing-sustainable-future-miami-dade-county-urban-development-boundary-assessment
bull Brown S C J Lombard M Toro S Huang T Perrino G Perez-Gomez E Plater-Zyberk H Pantin O Affuso N Kumar and K Wang Walking and Proximity to the Urban Growth Boundary and Central Business District American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 4 2014 pp 481ndash486 httpsdxdoiorg101016jamepre201405008
bull Smart Growth America Dangerous By Design National Complete Streets Coalition 2014 Retrieved from httpssmartgrowthamericaorgresourcesdangerous-by-design-2014
bull Moudon A V C Lee A D Cheadle C Garvin D Johnson T L Schmid T L R Weathers L Lin Operational definitions of walkable neighborhood theoretical and empirical insights Journal Of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No Suppl 1 2006 S99-S117 httpsdoiorg101123jpah3s1s99
bull Saelens B E J F Sallis J B Black and D Chen Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity an environment scale evaluation American Journal Of Public Health Vol 93 No 9 2003 pp 1552-1558 Retrieved from httpwwwminorityuncedusphminconf2004materialssaelensetalpdf
bull Duncan M J E Winkler T Sugiyama E Cerin E Leslie and N Owen Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport do land uses and geographical scale matter Journal of Urban Health Vol 87 No 5 2010 pp 782-795 httpdxdoiorg1010072Fs11524-010-9488-7
bull Frank L D J Kerr J F Sallis R Miles and J Chapman A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 2 2008 pp 172-178 httpsdoiorg101016jypmed200804004
Referencesbull Frank L D M A Andresen and T L Schmid Obesity relationships with community design physical activity and time spent in cars American Journal of Preventive
Medicine Vol 27 No 2 2004 pp 87-96 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200404011
bull Rodriacuteguez D A K R Evenson A V D Roux and S J Brines Land use residential density and walking the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 5 2009 pp 397-404 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200907008
bull Frank L D J F Sallis T L Conway J E Chapman B E Saelens and W Bachman Many pathways from land use to health associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation body mass index and air quality Journal of The American Planning Association Vol 72 No 1 2006 pp 75-87 httpdxdoiorg10108001944360608976725
bull Hirsch J A K A Moore P J Clarke D A Rodriguez K R Evenson S J Brines Zagorski MA and A V D Roux Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Epidemiology Vol 180 No 8 2014 pp 799-809 httpsdoiorg101093ajekwu218
bull Lee I M R Ewing and H D Sesso The built environment and physical activity levels the Harvard Alumni Health Study American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 4 2009 pp 293-298 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200906007
bull Giles-Corti B and R J Donovan The relative influence of individual social and physical environment determinants of physical activity Social Science amp Medicine Vol 54 No 12 2002 pp 1793-1812 httpsdoiorg101016S0277-9536(01)00150-2
bull Davis A Y B C Pijanowski K Robinson and B Engel The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States Land Use Policy Vol 27 No 2 2010 pp 255-261 httpdoiorg101016jlandusepol200903002
bull Purciel M Neckerman K M Lovasi G S Quinn J W Weiss C Bader M D M hellip Rundle A Creating and validating GIS measures of urban design for health research Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol 29 No 4 2009 pp 457ndash466 httpdoiorg101016jjenvp200903004
bull Ewing R S Handy R C Brownson O Clemente and E Winston Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No s1 2006 S223-S240 Retrieved from httpactivelivingresearchorgsitesdefaultfilesJPAH_15_Ewingpdf
bull Dill J Measuring network connectivity for bicycling and walking Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004 pp 11-15 Retrieved from httpreconnectingamericaorgassetsUploadsTRB2004-001550pdf
bull Leslie E B Saelens L Frank N Owen A Bauman N Coffee and G Hugo Residentsrsquo perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods a pilot study Health amp Place Vol 11 No 3 2005 pp 227-236 httpsdoiorg101016jhealthplace200405005
bull Schlossberg M and N Brown Comparing transit-oriented development sites by walkability indicators Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004httpdxdoiorg1031411887-05
bull Handy S Urban form and pedestrian choices Study of Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1996 httpsdoiorg1031411552-19
bull Mately M L M Goldman and B J Fineman Pedestrian Travel Potential in Northern New Jersey Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2001 httpsdoiorg1031411705-01
Referencesbull Freemark Y Transit mode share trends looking steady rail appears to encourage non-automobile commutes The Transport Politic 2010 Retrieved from
httpwwwthetransportpoliticcom20101013transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-to-encourage-non-automobile-commutes
bull Hendricks S J E S Fleury J Flynn and J Goodwill Impacts of transit oriented development on Public Transportation Ridership (No BD549-05) National Center for Transit Research University of South Florida 2005 Retrieved from httpntlbtsgovlib250002500025007576-10pdf
bull Southworth M Designing the walkable city Journal of Urban Planning and Development Vol 131 No 4 2005 pp 246-257 Retrieved from httpworldcatorgissn07339488
bull Ramos-Santiago LE J R Brown and H Nixon The Streetcar Resurgence in the United States Transit Strategy Growth-Machine Tactic or Some of Both Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2015 httpsdoiorg1031412540-04
bull Wilson D A (2006) ldquoMaking Streetcars Happen A Guide to the Implementation of Community Streetcar Systemsrdquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) University of Illinois at Chicago 2006 Retrieved from httpwwwacademiaedudownload31700920Making_Streetcars_Happenpdf
bull Eliasson I The Use of Climate Knowledge In Urban Planning Landscape and Urban Planning Vol 48 No1 2000 pp 31-44 httpsdoiorg101016S0169-2046(00)00034-7
bull DeVeau M ldquoStrategies to address the climatic barriers to walkable transit-oriented communities in Floridardquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 Retrieved from httpssmartechgatecheduhandle185340779show=full
bull Zhou Xiaolu and Jinki Kim Social disparities in tree canopy and park accessibility A case study of six cities in Illinois using GIS and remote sensing Urban Forestry amp Urban Greening Vol 12 No 1 2013 pp 88-97 httpsdoiorg101016jufug201211004
bull Hillsdon M J Panter C Foster and A Jones The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity Public Health Vol 120 No 12 2006 pp 1127-1132 httpsdoiorg101016jpuhe200610007
bull Ewing R and S Handy Measuring the unmeasurable Urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Urban Design Vol 14 No 1 2009 pp 65-84 httpdxdoiorg10108013574800802451155
bull Ewing R Pedestrian-and Transit-Friendly Design A Primer for Smart Growth Smart Growth Network Manual Based on a manual prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation 1999 Retrieved from httpwwwftadotgovdocumentsptfd_primerpdf
bull Burke M and C Sebaly Locking in the pedestrian The privatised streets of gated communities World Transport Policy amp Practice Vol 7 No4 2001 pp 67-74 Retrieved from httpwwweco-logicacoukworldtransporthtml22
Discussionbull Urban Development Boundary
ndash County to gain 700000 residents by 2030
ndash Current development restrictions 5-acre min lot size
ndash Continued development along line associated with less walkability
bull Climatic effects on pedestriansndash New measures needed to for
urban shade
bull Possible role of public artWynwood-Edgewater
Referencesbull Owen N G N Healy C E Matthews and D W Dunstan Too much sitting the population-health science of sedentary behavior Exercise and Sport Sciences
Reviews Vol 38 No 3 2010 pp 105-113 httpsdxdoiorg101097JES0b013e3181e373a2
bull Saelens B E and SL Handy Built environment correlates of walking a review Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol 40 No7 Suppl 2008 pp S550-S566 httpsdxdoiorg101249MSS0b013e31817c67a4
bull Shriver K Influence of environmental design on pedestrian travel behavior in four Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1997 httpsdoiorg1031411578-09
bull Friedman B SP Gordon and JB Peers Effect of neotraditional neighborhood design on travel characteristics Transportation Research Board Washington DC1997 Retrieved from httponlinepubstrborgOnlinepubstrr199414661466-009pdf
bull OrsquoHare D Urban walkability in the subtropical city Some intemperate considerations from SEQ Proceedings of Subtropical Cities 2006 Retrieved from httpswwwresearchgatenetpublication27482758_Urban_Walkability_in_the_Subtropical_City_Some_Intemperate_Considerations_from_SEQ
bull Carr L J S I Dunsiger and B H Marcus Walk scoretrade as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability American Journal Of Preventive Medicine Vol 39 No 5 2010 pp 460-463 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre201007007
bull Duncan D T J Aldstadt J Whalen and S J Melly Validation of Walk Scores and Transit Scores for estimating neighborhood walkability and transit availability a small-area analysis GeoJournal Vol 78 No 2 2013 pp 407-416 httpsdoiorg101007s10708-011-9444-4
bull Nelson K A Doll S Basu B Fulton T Chapin Growing for a Sustainable Future Miami-Dade County Boundary Assessment Office of Sustainable Communities US Environmental Protection Agency 2012 Retrieved from httpswwwepagovsmartgrowthgrowing-sustainable-future-miami-dade-county-urban-development-boundary-assessment
bull Brown S C J Lombard M Toro S Huang T Perrino G Perez-Gomez E Plater-Zyberk H Pantin O Affuso N Kumar and K Wang Walking and Proximity to the Urban Growth Boundary and Central Business District American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 4 2014 pp 481ndash486 httpsdxdoiorg101016jamepre201405008
bull Smart Growth America Dangerous By Design National Complete Streets Coalition 2014 Retrieved from httpssmartgrowthamericaorgresourcesdangerous-by-design-2014
bull Moudon A V C Lee A D Cheadle C Garvin D Johnson T L Schmid T L R Weathers L Lin Operational definitions of walkable neighborhood theoretical and empirical insights Journal Of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No Suppl 1 2006 S99-S117 httpsdoiorg101123jpah3s1s99
bull Saelens B E J F Sallis J B Black and D Chen Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity an environment scale evaluation American Journal Of Public Health Vol 93 No 9 2003 pp 1552-1558 Retrieved from httpwwwminorityuncedusphminconf2004materialssaelensetalpdf
bull Duncan M J E Winkler T Sugiyama E Cerin E Leslie and N Owen Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport do land uses and geographical scale matter Journal of Urban Health Vol 87 No 5 2010 pp 782-795 httpdxdoiorg1010072Fs11524-010-9488-7
bull Frank L D J Kerr J F Sallis R Miles and J Chapman A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 2 2008 pp 172-178 httpsdoiorg101016jypmed200804004
Referencesbull Frank L D M A Andresen and T L Schmid Obesity relationships with community design physical activity and time spent in cars American Journal of Preventive
Medicine Vol 27 No 2 2004 pp 87-96 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200404011
bull Rodriacuteguez D A K R Evenson A V D Roux and S J Brines Land use residential density and walking the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 5 2009 pp 397-404 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200907008
bull Frank L D J F Sallis T L Conway J E Chapman B E Saelens and W Bachman Many pathways from land use to health associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation body mass index and air quality Journal of The American Planning Association Vol 72 No 1 2006 pp 75-87 httpdxdoiorg10108001944360608976725
bull Hirsch J A K A Moore P J Clarke D A Rodriguez K R Evenson S J Brines Zagorski MA and A V D Roux Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Epidemiology Vol 180 No 8 2014 pp 799-809 httpsdoiorg101093ajekwu218
bull Lee I M R Ewing and H D Sesso The built environment and physical activity levels the Harvard Alumni Health Study American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 4 2009 pp 293-298 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200906007
bull Giles-Corti B and R J Donovan The relative influence of individual social and physical environment determinants of physical activity Social Science amp Medicine Vol 54 No 12 2002 pp 1793-1812 httpsdoiorg101016S0277-9536(01)00150-2
bull Davis A Y B C Pijanowski K Robinson and B Engel The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States Land Use Policy Vol 27 No 2 2010 pp 255-261 httpdoiorg101016jlandusepol200903002
bull Purciel M Neckerman K M Lovasi G S Quinn J W Weiss C Bader M D M hellip Rundle A Creating and validating GIS measures of urban design for health research Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol 29 No 4 2009 pp 457ndash466 httpdoiorg101016jjenvp200903004
bull Ewing R S Handy R C Brownson O Clemente and E Winston Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No s1 2006 S223-S240 Retrieved from httpactivelivingresearchorgsitesdefaultfilesJPAH_15_Ewingpdf
bull Dill J Measuring network connectivity for bicycling and walking Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004 pp 11-15 Retrieved from httpreconnectingamericaorgassetsUploadsTRB2004-001550pdf
bull Leslie E B Saelens L Frank N Owen A Bauman N Coffee and G Hugo Residentsrsquo perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods a pilot study Health amp Place Vol 11 No 3 2005 pp 227-236 httpsdoiorg101016jhealthplace200405005
bull Schlossberg M and N Brown Comparing transit-oriented development sites by walkability indicators Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004httpdxdoiorg1031411887-05
bull Handy S Urban form and pedestrian choices Study of Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1996 httpsdoiorg1031411552-19
bull Mately M L M Goldman and B J Fineman Pedestrian Travel Potential in Northern New Jersey Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2001 httpsdoiorg1031411705-01
Referencesbull Freemark Y Transit mode share trends looking steady rail appears to encourage non-automobile commutes The Transport Politic 2010 Retrieved from
httpwwwthetransportpoliticcom20101013transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-to-encourage-non-automobile-commutes
bull Hendricks S J E S Fleury J Flynn and J Goodwill Impacts of transit oriented development on Public Transportation Ridership (No BD549-05) National Center for Transit Research University of South Florida 2005 Retrieved from httpntlbtsgovlib250002500025007576-10pdf
bull Southworth M Designing the walkable city Journal of Urban Planning and Development Vol 131 No 4 2005 pp 246-257 Retrieved from httpworldcatorgissn07339488
bull Ramos-Santiago LE J R Brown and H Nixon The Streetcar Resurgence in the United States Transit Strategy Growth-Machine Tactic or Some of Both Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2015 httpsdoiorg1031412540-04
bull Wilson D A (2006) ldquoMaking Streetcars Happen A Guide to the Implementation of Community Streetcar Systemsrdquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) University of Illinois at Chicago 2006 Retrieved from httpwwwacademiaedudownload31700920Making_Streetcars_Happenpdf
bull Eliasson I The Use of Climate Knowledge In Urban Planning Landscape and Urban Planning Vol 48 No1 2000 pp 31-44 httpsdoiorg101016S0169-2046(00)00034-7
bull DeVeau M ldquoStrategies to address the climatic barriers to walkable transit-oriented communities in Floridardquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 Retrieved from httpssmartechgatecheduhandle185340779show=full
bull Zhou Xiaolu and Jinki Kim Social disparities in tree canopy and park accessibility A case study of six cities in Illinois using GIS and remote sensing Urban Forestry amp Urban Greening Vol 12 No 1 2013 pp 88-97 httpsdoiorg101016jufug201211004
bull Hillsdon M J Panter C Foster and A Jones The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity Public Health Vol 120 No 12 2006 pp 1127-1132 httpsdoiorg101016jpuhe200610007
bull Ewing R and S Handy Measuring the unmeasurable Urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Urban Design Vol 14 No 1 2009 pp 65-84 httpdxdoiorg10108013574800802451155
bull Ewing R Pedestrian-and Transit-Friendly Design A Primer for Smart Growth Smart Growth Network Manual Based on a manual prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation 1999 Retrieved from httpwwwftadotgovdocumentsptfd_primerpdf
bull Burke M and C Sebaly Locking in the pedestrian The privatised streets of gated communities World Transport Policy amp Practice Vol 7 No4 2001 pp 67-74 Retrieved from httpwwweco-logicacoukworldtransporthtml22
Referencesbull Owen N G N Healy C E Matthews and D W Dunstan Too much sitting the population-health science of sedentary behavior Exercise and Sport Sciences
Reviews Vol 38 No 3 2010 pp 105-113 httpsdxdoiorg101097JES0b013e3181e373a2
bull Saelens B E and SL Handy Built environment correlates of walking a review Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol 40 No7 Suppl 2008 pp S550-S566 httpsdxdoiorg101249MSS0b013e31817c67a4
bull Shriver K Influence of environmental design on pedestrian travel behavior in four Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1997 httpsdoiorg1031411578-09
bull Friedman B SP Gordon and JB Peers Effect of neotraditional neighborhood design on travel characteristics Transportation Research Board Washington DC1997 Retrieved from httponlinepubstrborgOnlinepubstrr199414661466-009pdf
bull OrsquoHare D Urban walkability in the subtropical city Some intemperate considerations from SEQ Proceedings of Subtropical Cities 2006 Retrieved from httpswwwresearchgatenetpublication27482758_Urban_Walkability_in_the_Subtropical_City_Some_Intemperate_Considerations_from_SEQ
bull Carr L J S I Dunsiger and B H Marcus Walk scoretrade as a global estimate of neighborhood walkability American Journal Of Preventive Medicine Vol 39 No 5 2010 pp 460-463 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre201007007
bull Duncan D T J Aldstadt J Whalen and S J Melly Validation of Walk Scores and Transit Scores for estimating neighborhood walkability and transit availability a small-area analysis GeoJournal Vol 78 No 2 2013 pp 407-416 httpsdoiorg101007s10708-011-9444-4
bull Nelson K A Doll S Basu B Fulton T Chapin Growing for a Sustainable Future Miami-Dade County Boundary Assessment Office of Sustainable Communities US Environmental Protection Agency 2012 Retrieved from httpswwwepagovsmartgrowthgrowing-sustainable-future-miami-dade-county-urban-development-boundary-assessment
bull Brown S C J Lombard M Toro S Huang T Perrino G Perez-Gomez E Plater-Zyberk H Pantin O Affuso N Kumar and K Wang Walking and Proximity to the Urban Growth Boundary and Central Business District American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 4 2014 pp 481ndash486 httpsdxdoiorg101016jamepre201405008
bull Smart Growth America Dangerous By Design National Complete Streets Coalition 2014 Retrieved from httpssmartgrowthamericaorgresourcesdangerous-by-design-2014
bull Moudon A V C Lee A D Cheadle C Garvin D Johnson T L Schmid T L R Weathers L Lin Operational definitions of walkable neighborhood theoretical and empirical insights Journal Of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No Suppl 1 2006 S99-S117 httpsdoiorg101123jpah3s1s99
bull Saelens B E J F Sallis J B Black and D Chen Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity an environment scale evaluation American Journal Of Public Health Vol 93 No 9 2003 pp 1552-1558 Retrieved from httpwwwminorityuncedusphminconf2004materialssaelensetalpdf
bull Duncan M J E Winkler T Sugiyama E Cerin E Leslie and N Owen Relationships of land use mix with walking for transport do land uses and geographical scale matter Journal of Urban Health Vol 87 No 5 2010 pp 782-795 httpdxdoiorg1010072Fs11524-010-9488-7
bull Frank L D J Kerr J F Sallis R Miles and J Chapman A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity Preventive Medicine Vol 47 No 2 2008 pp 172-178 httpsdoiorg101016jypmed200804004
Referencesbull Frank L D M A Andresen and T L Schmid Obesity relationships with community design physical activity and time spent in cars American Journal of Preventive
Medicine Vol 27 No 2 2004 pp 87-96 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200404011
bull Rodriacuteguez D A K R Evenson A V D Roux and S J Brines Land use residential density and walking the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 5 2009 pp 397-404 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200907008
bull Frank L D J F Sallis T L Conway J E Chapman B E Saelens and W Bachman Many pathways from land use to health associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation body mass index and air quality Journal of The American Planning Association Vol 72 No 1 2006 pp 75-87 httpdxdoiorg10108001944360608976725
bull Hirsch J A K A Moore P J Clarke D A Rodriguez K R Evenson S J Brines Zagorski MA and A V D Roux Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Epidemiology Vol 180 No 8 2014 pp 799-809 httpsdoiorg101093ajekwu218
bull Lee I M R Ewing and H D Sesso The built environment and physical activity levels the Harvard Alumni Health Study American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 4 2009 pp 293-298 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200906007
bull Giles-Corti B and R J Donovan The relative influence of individual social and physical environment determinants of physical activity Social Science amp Medicine Vol 54 No 12 2002 pp 1793-1812 httpsdoiorg101016S0277-9536(01)00150-2
bull Davis A Y B C Pijanowski K Robinson and B Engel The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States Land Use Policy Vol 27 No 2 2010 pp 255-261 httpdoiorg101016jlandusepol200903002
bull Purciel M Neckerman K M Lovasi G S Quinn J W Weiss C Bader M D M hellip Rundle A Creating and validating GIS measures of urban design for health research Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol 29 No 4 2009 pp 457ndash466 httpdoiorg101016jjenvp200903004
bull Ewing R S Handy R C Brownson O Clemente and E Winston Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No s1 2006 S223-S240 Retrieved from httpactivelivingresearchorgsitesdefaultfilesJPAH_15_Ewingpdf
bull Dill J Measuring network connectivity for bicycling and walking Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004 pp 11-15 Retrieved from httpreconnectingamericaorgassetsUploadsTRB2004-001550pdf
bull Leslie E B Saelens L Frank N Owen A Bauman N Coffee and G Hugo Residentsrsquo perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods a pilot study Health amp Place Vol 11 No 3 2005 pp 227-236 httpsdoiorg101016jhealthplace200405005
bull Schlossberg M and N Brown Comparing transit-oriented development sites by walkability indicators Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004httpdxdoiorg1031411887-05
bull Handy S Urban form and pedestrian choices Study of Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1996 httpsdoiorg1031411552-19
bull Mately M L M Goldman and B J Fineman Pedestrian Travel Potential in Northern New Jersey Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2001 httpsdoiorg1031411705-01
Referencesbull Freemark Y Transit mode share trends looking steady rail appears to encourage non-automobile commutes The Transport Politic 2010 Retrieved from
httpwwwthetransportpoliticcom20101013transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-to-encourage-non-automobile-commutes
bull Hendricks S J E S Fleury J Flynn and J Goodwill Impacts of transit oriented development on Public Transportation Ridership (No BD549-05) National Center for Transit Research University of South Florida 2005 Retrieved from httpntlbtsgovlib250002500025007576-10pdf
bull Southworth M Designing the walkable city Journal of Urban Planning and Development Vol 131 No 4 2005 pp 246-257 Retrieved from httpworldcatorgissn07339488
bull Ramos-Santiago LE J R Brown and H Nixon The Streetcar Resurgence in the United States Transit Strategy Growth-Machine Tactic or Some of Both Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2015 httpsdoiorg1031412540-04
bull Wilson D A (2006) ldquoMaking Streetcars Happen A Guide to the Implementation of Community Streetcar Systemsrdquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) University of Illinois at Chicago 2006 Retrieved from httpwwwacademiaedudownload31700920Making_Streetcars_Happenpdf
bull Eliasson I The Use of Climate Knowledge In Urban Planning Landscape and Urban Planning Vol 48 No1 2000 pp 31-44 httpsdoiorg101016S0169-2046(00)00034-7
bull DeVeau M ldquoStrategies to address the climatic barriers to walkable transit-oriented communities in Floridardquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 Retrieved from httpssmartechgatecheduhandle185340779show=full
bull Zhou Xiaolu and Jinki Kim Social disparities in tree canopy and park accessibility A case study of six cities in Illinois using GIS and remote sensing Urban Forestry amp Urban Greening Vol 12 No 1 2013 pp 88-97 httpsdoiorg101016jufug201211004
bull Hillsdon M J Panter C Foster and A Jones The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity Public Health Vol 120 No 12 2006 pp 1127-1132 httpsdoiorg101016jpuhe200610007
bull Ewing R and S Handy Measuring the unmeasurable Urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Urban Design Vol 14 No 1 2009 pp 65-84 httpdxdoiorg10108013574800802451155
bull Ewing R Pedestrian-and Transit-Friendly Design A Primer for Smart Growth Smart Growth Network Manual Based on a manual prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation 1999 Retrieved from httpwwwftadotgovdocumentsptfd_primerpdf
bull Burke M and C Sebaly Locking in the pedestrian The privatised streets of gated communities World Transport Policy amp Practice Vol 7 No4 2001 pp 67-74 Retrieved from httpwwweco-logicacoukworldtransporthtml22
Referencesbull Frank L D M A Andresen and T L Schmid Obesity relationships with community design physical activity and time spent in cars American Journal of Preventive
Medicine Vol 27 No 2 2004 pp 87-96 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200404011
bull Rodriacuteguez D A K R Evenson A V D Roux and S J Brines Land use residential density and walking the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 5 2009 pp 397-404 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200907008
bull Frank L D J F Sallis T L Conway J E Chapman B E Saelens and W Bachman Many pathways from land use to health associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation body mass index and air quality Journal of The American Planning Association Vol 72 No 1 2006 pp 75-87 httpdxdoiorg10108001944360608976725
bull Hirsch J A K A Moore P J Clarke D A Rodriguez K R Evenson S J Brines Zagorski MA and A V D Roux Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis American Journal of Epidemiology Vol 180 No 8 2014 pp 799-809 httpsdoiorg101093ajekwu218
bull Lee I M R Ewing and H D Sesso The built environment and physical activity levels the Harvard Alumni Health Study American Journal of Preventive Medicine Vol 37 No 4 2009 pp 293-298 httpsdoiorg101016jamepre200906007
bull Giles-Corti B and R J Donovan The relative influence of individual social and physical environment determinants of physical activity Social Science amp Medicine Vol 54 No 12 2002 pp 1793-1812 httpsdoiorg101016S0277-9536(01)00150-2
bull Davis A Y B C Pijanowski K Robinson and B Engel The environmental and economic costs of sprawling parking lots in the United States Land Use Policy Vol 27 No 2 2010 pp 255-261 httpdoiorg101016jlandusepol200903002
bull Purciel M Neckerman K M Lovasi G S Quinn J W Weiss C Bader M D M hellip Rundle A Creating and validating GIS measures of urban design for health research Journal of Environmental Psychology Vol 29 No 4 2009 pp 457ndash466 httpdoiorg101016jjenvp200903004
bull Ewing R S Handy R C Brownson O Clemente and E Winston Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Physical Activity and Health Vol 3 No s1 2006 S223-S240 Retrieved from httpactivelivingresearchorgsitesdefaultfilesJPAH_15_Ewingpdf
bull Dill J Measuring network connectivity for bicycling and walking Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004 pp 11-15 Retrieved from httpreconnectingamericaorgassetsUploadsTRB2004-001550pdf
bull Leslie E B Saelens L Frank N Owen A Bauman N Coffee and G Hugo Residentsrsquo perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods a pilot study Health amp Place Vol 11 No 3 2005 pp 227-236 httpsdoiorg101016jhealthplace200405005
bull Schlossberg M and N Brown Comparing transit-oriented development sites by walkability indicators Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2004httpdxdoiorg1031411887-05
bull Handy S Urban form and pedestrian choices Study of Austin neighborhoods Transportation Research Board Washington DC 1996 httpsdoiorg1031411552-19
bull Mately M L M Goldman and B J Fineman Pedestrian Travel Potential in Northern New Jersey Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2001 httpsdoiorg1031411705-01
Referencesbull Freemark Y Transit mode share trends looking steady rail appears to encourage non-automobile commutes The Transport Politic 2010 Retrieved from
httpwwwthetransportpoliticcom20101013transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-to-encourage-non-automobile-commutes
bull Hendricks S J E S Fleury J Flynn and J Goodwill Impacts of transit oriented development on Public Transportation Ridership (No BD549-05) National Center for Transit Research University of South Florida 2005 Retrieved from httpntlbtsgovlib250002500025007576-10pdf
bull Southworth M Designing the walkable city Journal of Urban Planning and Development Vol 131 No 4 2005 pp 246-257 Retrieved from httpworldcatorgissn07339488
bull Ramos-Santiago LE J R Brown and H Nixon The Streetcar Resurgence in the United States Transit Strategy Growth-Machine Tactic or Some of Both Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2015 httpsdoiorg1031412540-04
bull Wilson D A (2006) ldquoMaking Streetcars Happen A Guide to the Implementation of Community Streetcar Systemsrdquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) University of Illinois at Chicago 2006 Retrieved from httpwwwacademiaedudownload31700920Making_Streetcars_Happenpdf
bull Eliasson I The Use of Climate Knowledge In Urban Planning Landscape and Urban Planning Vol 48 No1 2000 pp 31-44 httpsdoiorg101016S0169-2046(00)00034-7
bull DeVeau M ldquoStrategies to address the climatic barriers to walkable transit-oriented communities in Floridardquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 Retrieved from httpssmartechgatecheduhandle185340779show=full
bull Zhou Xiaolu and Jinki Kim Social disparities in tree canopy and park accessibility A case study of six cities in Illinois using GIS and remote sensing Urban Forestry amp Urban Greening Vol 12 No 1 2013 pp 88-97 httpsdoiorg101016jufug201211004
bull Hillsdon M J Panter C Foster and A Jones The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity Public Health Vol 120 No 12 2006 pp 1127-1132 httpsdoiorg101016jpuhe200610007
bull Ewing R and S Handy Measuring the unmeasurable Urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Urban Design Vol 14 No 1 2009 pp 65-84 httpdxdoiorg10108013574800802451155
bull Ewing R Pedestrian-and Transit-Friendly Design A Primer for Smart Growth Smart Growth Network Manual Based on a manual prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation 1999 Retrieved from httpwwwftadotgovdocumentsptfd_primerpdf
bull Burke M and C Sebaly Locking in the pedestrian The privatised streets of gated communities World Transport Policy amp Practice Vol 7 No4 2001 pp 67-74 Retrieved from httpwwweco-logicacoukworldtransporthtml22
Referencesbull Freemark Y Transit mode share trends looking steady rail appears to encourage non-automobile commutes The Transport Politic 2010 Retrieved from
httpwwwthetransportpoliticcom20101013transit-mode-share-trends-looking-steady-rail-appears-to-encourage-non-automobile-commutes
bull Hendricks S J E S Fleury J Flynn and J Goodwill Impacts of transit oriented development on Public Transportation Ridership (No BD549-05) National Center for Transit Research University of South Florida 2005 Retrieved from httpntlbtsgovlib250002500025007576-10pdf
bull Southworth M Designing the walkable city Journal of Urban Planning and Development Vol 131 No 4 2005 pp 246-257 Retrieved from httpworldcatorgissn07339488
bull Ramos-Santiago LE J R Brown and H Nixon The Streetcar Resurgence in the United States Transit Strategy Growth-Machine Tactic or Some of Both Transportation Research Board Washington DC 2015 httpsdoiorg1031412540-04
bull Wilson D A (2006) ldquoMaking Streetcars Happen A Guide to the Implementation of Community Streetcar Systemsrdquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) University of Illinois at Chicago 2006 Retrieved from httpwwwacademiaedudownload31700920Making_Streetcars_Happenpdf
bull Eliasson I The Use of Climate Knowledge In Urban Planning Landscape and Urban Planning Vol 48 No1 2000 pp 31-44 httpsdoiorg101016S0169-2046(00)00034-7
bull DeVeau M ldquoStrategies to address the climatic barriers to walkable transit-oriented communities in Floridardquo (Masterrsquos Thesis) Georgia Institute of Technology 2011 Retrieved from httpssmartechgatecheduhandle185340779show=full
bull Zhou Xiaolu and Jinki Kim Social disparities in tree canopy and park accessibility A case study of six cities in Illinois using GIS and remote sensing Urban Forestry amp Urban Greening Vol 12 No 1 2013 pp 88-97 httpsdoiorg101016jufug201211004
bull Hillsdon M J Panter C Foster and A Jones The relationship between access and quality of urban green space with population physical activity Public Health Vol 120 No 12 2006 pp 1127-1132 httpsdoiorg101016jpuhe200610007
bull Ewing R and S Handy Measuring the unmeasurable Urban design qualities related to walkability Journal of Urban Design Vol 14 No 1 2009 pp 65-84 httpdxdoiorg10108013574800802451155
bull Ewing R Pedestrian-and Transit-Friendly Design A Primer for Smart Growth Smart Growth Network Manual Based on a manual prepared for the Florida Department of Transportation 1999 Retrieved from httpwwwftadotgovdocumentsptfd_primerpdf
bull Burke M and C Sebaly Locking in the pedestrian The privatised streets of gated communities World Transport Policy amp Practice Vol 7 No4 2001 pp 67-74 Retrieved from httpwwweco-logicacoukworldtransporthtml22
