EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF CROP INSURANCE …journalstd.com/gallery/12-april2020.pdf · CROP...

EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF CROP INSURANCE

SCHEMES IN GUJARAT

Dr. Chetana Marvadi

Assistant Professor S. D. School of Commerce Gujarat University

Ashish Chauhan

Research Scholars. D. School of Commerce Gujarat University

Ashish Chauhan* & Dr. Chetana Marvadi*

ABSTRACT

India is a country where more than half of the population is engaged in the agriculture sector. This sector

contributes nearly 18% to GDP. Farmers in India have been subjected to publicly administered insurance

schemes since 1972. Every scheme is found to have certain limitations. The Government of India is still

attempting to improve upon the schemes to protect its farmers from risks. These schemes were launched with

the aim of compensating the losses occurred in agriculture production, which they could not achieve and the

sector is struggling for growth. Crop Insurance schemes had started its origin in 1999 but schemes were

periodically amended as per situation. Evaluating the success of these schemes from the perspective of risk

protection and financial inclusion of the farmers of India has been a crucial area of study. The present study is

an overview of agriculture insurance schemes in India. It manly focuses on evaluating the performance of these

schemes in Gujarat state over the period of 18 years from 1999-2018. The study mainly evaluates National

Agriculture Insurance schemes (NAIS), Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), and WBCIS (Weather

Based Crop Insurance Scheme). The risk covered under PMFBY are Yield losses, prevented sowing, Post-

harvest losses and localized calamities. Various variables like sum Insured, Claim Ratio, Number of Farmers

benefited etc. for both Rabi and Kharif seasons are considered for performance evaluation.

Key Words – Agriculture Insurance, National Agriculture Insurance scheme, Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima

Yojana and Weather based Crop insurance scheme.

INTRODUCTION

India is a country where more than half of the population engaged in the agriculture sector.

This sector contributes nearly 18% to GDP. Agriculture in India faces various risks

especially price and weather risks. Farmers face floods, drought, pets disease and other

natural disasters. Insurance not only stabilizes the Income of the farmers but also helps them

to initiate production activity after a bad agriculture year. Micro insurance for agriculture

sector is a tailored risk management tool. Farmers in India have been subjected to publicly

administered insurance schemes since 1972.

To control the effect of these losses on farmers' financial status, and to motivate them to not

to leave the sector, Agriculture Insurance schemes were launched. Government has been

taking steps in this regard since independence yet these efforts are not successful in

mitigating these risks as these risks are uncertain and unpredictable. There have been

different agriculture insurance schemes implemented in India. These schemes were launched

with the aim of compensating the losses occurred in agriculture production, which they could

not recover and the sector is struggling for growth. The present study lists out the

government Initiative in the area of crop insurance and evaluates the performance of various

crop insurance schemes.

Science, Technology and Development

Volume IX Issue IV APRIL 2020

ISSN : 0950-0707

Page No : 102

CROP INSURANCE SCHEMES IN GUJARAT:

National Agriculture Insurance Scheme (NAIS)

Government Of India (GOI) Introduced NAIS in 1999. The actual yield of the Insured Crop

in the Insurance Unit is compared to the threshold yield (TY) computed using actual data for

previous years. If the former is lower than the latter, then all Insured farmers in the insurance

unit become eligible for the same indemnity pay-out. The scheme was implemented in 23

states and Union Territories. However, The benefits of the scheme is concentrated in few

states. About 20% Claims are paid in Gujarat, 14% in Andhra Pradesh, 13% in Madhya

Pradesh. Under NAIS, The premium rates for Food crops and oilseeds are 1 to 3.5 % of sum

Insured or actuarial rates, whichever is less. Whereas, For commercial and horticulture crops,

the rates are 4 to 7 % or actuarial rates, whichever is less.

Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme(MNAIS)

The Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (MNAIS) was implemented from

2011. In rabi season, Penetration of MNAIS is quite high up to 2015-16 as compared to the

Kharif season. The Number of farmers covered under the scheme are 17084 for rabi season

whereas that for kharif season are 432 up to 2015-16.

Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS)

Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme(WBCIS) was first implemented by the AIC

(Agricultural Insurance Scheme) in Karnataka in Kharif 2007. The scheme is made attractive

by charging premium at par with NAIS. The difference between Premium rates charged and

actuarial premium rates are borne by the central and the implementing state government on a

50:50 basis. The private companies are extended the same level of financial support by the

government. However, in Gujarat , the features of WBCIS is merged with New Scheme i.e.

PMFBY. Therefore, the scheme is collaborated with the PMFBY. Till the time, NAIS was in

operation, this scheme had around 170576 beneficiaries out of 413126 Farmers Insured.

Claims paid under the scheme was worth Rs. 857.35 lakhs.

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana was Introduced in January, 2016. Taking Area approach

basis. The Defined area for this scheme is village Panchayat level, the Unit of Insurance for

the loss assessment shall be the affected insured field of the Individual farmer for Risks of

Localised calamities and Post-Harvest losses on account of defined peril. The rates of

premiums were:

Sr

No.

Season Crops Maximum Insurance charges

payable by farmer

1 Kharif Food & Oilseeds crops (all

cereals, millets, & Oilseeds,

pulses )

2.0 % of Sum Insured or

Actuarial rate, whichever is less

2 Rabi Food & Oilseeds crops (all

cereals, & Oilseeds, pulses )

1.5 % of Sum Insured or

Actuarial rate, whichever is less

3 Kharif &

Rabi

Annual Commercial / Annual

Horticulture crops

5 % of Sum Insured or Actuarial

rate, whichever is less



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LITERATURE REVIEW:

S S Mahajan (2012) has analysed the National Agriculture Insurance Scheme (NAIS) for the

period of 1999-2008 i.e. 9 years. The study revealed that Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,

Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan are dominating in implementation of NAIS as

compared to other states. The main problem is that all crops are not covered under NAIS and

are subjected to Crop Cutting Experiments, While the other one is that delay in the timely

availability of data as many departments and layers of administration are involved. There is

lag between crop cutting experiments and release of official figures.

Mamata Swain (2016) made a comparative assessment of the performance of NAIS and the

pilot Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme In the state of Odisha. The study has revealed

that WBCIS performs better than NAIS because of its higher adoption rate, higher percentage

of farmers benefited, lower premium, faster claim payment and frequent indemnity payment.

The study also suggests to encourage private participation by providing subsidies, guarantees

and reinsurance facilities.

Archana (2016) evaluated almost all crop insurance schemes from first of 1972 to modified

national agriculture insurance scheme (2010) in the study. The comparison of performance of

states on various parameters like area Insured, Premium paid, Farmers benefited etc.

indicated erratic patterns. Growth of private sector in crop insurance is significant after the

launch of new weather based scheme, but it is still in nascent stage of development and

captures a very small market share. An in-depth study of the reasons will give more insights

about the performance of the states. It is concluded that the distribution and benefits of the

schemes is concentrated in few states.

Deepa, Limasunep and Feroze (2018) studied about implementation of NAIS in north-

eastern states. The penetration of NAIS is very inadequate as can be observed from the

indicators such as area insured per farmers, percentage of farmers benefitted, claims paid per

farmer, ratio of claims paid over gross premium and profit to companies. The insurance

schemes are generally forcefully sold along with the crop loans. The obvious reason may be

the lack of awareness about the insurance schemes or high premium. It is concluded that

despite launching the NAIS in NE states as a means of risk management, it has served very

limited purpose.

Apeksha (2018) studied the perception of farmers regarding the agriculture schemes. The

study is based on the Primary data. It is concluded that the farmers are not satisfied with the

schemes and they are being cheated. They want a better mechanism and management of

these schemes. Farmers didn’t want private participation, They want government companies

to administer the schemes.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The present study is purely based on the secondary data. The study evaluates the

performance of NAIS and PMFBY in state of Gujarat. The data regarding the farmers

Insured, farmers benefited, Claims paid, and Sum Insured have been used. The data is

collected for the period 1999 to 2015 i.e. for 16 years in case of NAIS, whereas For PMFBY,

Only two years data of 2016 and 2017 have been used. The data has been collected from

reports of Government agencies like agriculture and cooperation Ministry of India,

Department of agriculture and welfare - Gujarat State. Trend analysis Technique for

variables under study is used in this paper.

RESEARCH GAP

Hardly any study is found in literature regarding the performance of these crop Insurance

schemes in Gujarat State. The problem here is to evaluate the performance of these schemes

in Gujarat State and check how far they have contributed to the financial inclusion of farmers

of Gujarat State.



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DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION:

Part-A Performance evaluation of National Agriculture Insurance Scheme (NAIS)

1. Trend Analysis of Farmers Insured and Farmers benefited

In the following table-1, Number of farmers Insured are compared with the number of

farmers benefited during the Kharif season under NAIS. Comparison is made to know how

many farmers Insured and farmers benefited varied year by year.

Table: 1 Trend Analysis of Farmers Insured and Farmers benefited during Kharif

Season

Years Farmers Insured Farmers benefited

% of Farmers benefited

to Farmers Insured

2000 1182822 975292 82.45

2001 1254412 262013 20.89

2002 1168727 671453 57.45

2003 1016429 15114 1.49

2004 1067887 346955 32.49

2005 879618 34384 3.91

2006 863613 450226 52.13

2007 824923 35306 4.28

2008 813458 283165 34.81

2009 914567 530206 57.97

2010 927050 70240 7.58

2011 976483 259839 26.61

2012 1143768 850622 74.37

2013 1060126 555231 52.37

2014 1101947 702926 63.79

2015 1081036 629078 58.19



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It is observed from the chart-1 that there is high variation in number of farmers benefited out

of total number of farmers Insured. The number of farmers benefited is lowest in 2003,i.e.

1.49%. This may be because of favourable weather conditions. At the beginning of

implementation of this scheme, Highest Number of farmers are benefited out of insured

farmers, i.e. 82.45%. It indicates that the scheme is attractive in the beginning. Farmers are

taking advantage of this scheme but ratio of Farmers benefited to Farmers Insured is showing

declining trend.

In the following Table No. 2, Number of farmers Insured are compared with the number of

farmers benefited during the Rabi season, under NAIS. Comparison is made to know how

farmers Insured and farmers benefited varied year by year.

Table No. 2 Trend Analysis of Farmers Insured and Farmers benefited Rabi Season :

Years Farmers Insured

Farmers

benefited

% of Farmers

benefited to Farmers

Insured

2000 14818 7915 53.41

2001 32126 8452 26.31

2002 28386 10517 37.05

2003 26750 8381 31.33

2004 20127 51 0.25

2005 25088 6316 25.18

2006 11459 500 4.36

2007 14080 3984 28.30

2008 14472 2169 14.99

2009 28232 22327 79.08

2010 33852 6550 19.35

2011 39015 6759 17.32

2012 33282 5810 17.46

2013 32772 16035 48.93

2014 33027 10923 33.07

2015 32900 13479 40.97

2016 32963 12201 37.01



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It is observed from the Chart-2 that, In Rabi Season, the ratio of farmers benefited from the

scheme is lowest in 2004(i.e. 0.25%). This means that there might be favourable weather

conditions in 2003-04 as farmers benefited is lowest in both the seasons i.e. kharif and rabi.

The number of farmers benefited is highest in 2009. i.e 22327 farmers benefited out of 28232

farmers Insured (79.08%).

In the following Table no. 3, Number of Farmers Insured are compared with Number of

Farmers benefited during the kharif season under the NAIS. Average of every three years has

taken from the year 2000 for the comparison. Comparison is made to know how many

farmers were benefited from the total Insured farmers.

Table No.3: Comparison of Farmers Insured vs Farmers benefited (Kharif Season)

Years

Farmers

Insured

(In Numbers)

Farmers benefited

(In Numbers)

Ratio

% change in

Farmers

Insured

% change

in Farmers

Benefited

2000-02 1201987 636253 52.93 -1.192 -31.15

2003-05 987978 132151 13.37 -13.460 127.50

2006-08 833898 256232 30.73 -5.808 -37.11

2009-11 939367 286762 30.52 6.770 -50.99

2012-15 1096719 684464 62.41 -5.485 -26.04

(Source: dag.gujarat.gov.in)

The period of 2009 to 2011 shows significant % Increase in the number of farmers Insured

which indicates Increased awareness of the scheme during this period. The period of 2003 to

2005 shows significant % Increase in the number of farmers benefited which indicates

highest performance of NAIS scheme during this period.



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It is observed from the above Chart- 3 that number of farmers who have benefited from the

farmers Insured is less than 50% during 2003-2011(average). The lowest percentage of

farmers benefited to farmers Insured is in the period of 2003-05 (13.38%) i.e. 132151

benefited as against the 987978 farmers Insured.

In the following Table no. 4, Number of farmers Insured are compared with the number of

farmers benefited during the Rabi season under NAIS. Average of every three years have

taken from 2000 for the comparison. Comparison is made to know how many farmers were

benefited out of the total Insured farmers.

Table No. 4 Comparison of Farmers Insured vs farmers benefited under (Rabi Season)


The period of 2009 to 2011 shows significant % Increase in the number of farmers Insured

which indicates Increased awareness of the scheme during this period. The period of 2006 to

2008 shows significant % Increase in the number of farmers benefited which indicates

highest efficiency of NAIS scheme during this period.

Years

Farmers

Insured

(Number)

Farmers

Benefited

(Number)

Ratio

%

change

in

Farmers

Insured

%

change

in

Farmers

Benefited

2000-2002 25110 8961 35.69 91.564 32.87

2003-2005 23988 4916 20.49 -6.214 -24.64

2006-2008 13337 2218 16.63 26.294 333.80

2009-2011 33700 11879 35.25 38.194 -69.73

2012-2014 33027 10923 33.07 -0.766 87.99

2015-2016 32931 12201 37.05 -0.193 11.70

1201987

987978

833898939367

1096719

636253

132151256232 286762

684464

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

2000-02 2003-05 2006-08 2009-11 2012-15

Ave

rage

no

. of

farm

ers

Years

Chart - 3 : Comparison of Farmers Insured vs Farmers benefited (Kharif Season)

Farmers Insured Farmers benefited



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It is observed from the above chart -4 that Number of farmers who have benefited out of the

farmers Insured is less than 50% in all the years (average). The lowest percentage of farmers

benefited to farmers Insured is in the period of 2006-08 (i.e 16.63%), 2218 farmers were

benefited as against 13337 farmers Insured.

2. Trend Analysis of Sum Insured and Claims paid

In the following table, Sum Insured (Rs. In lakhs) are compared with the Claims paid (Rs. In

lakhs) during the Kharif season under NAIS. Comparison is made to know the payment ratio

of claims out of Sum Insured.

Table: 5 Trend Analysis of Sum Insured vs Claims paid (Year-wise) during Kharif

Season

Years

Sum Insured

(Rs. In lakhs)

Claims paid

(Rs. In lakhs)

% of Sum Insured to

Claims paid

2000 165651.34 6276.68 3.79

2001 197999.70 7358.27 3.72

2002 202751.05 8756.86 4.32

2003 191027.12 9852.70 5.16

2004 198619.91 10844.07 5.46

2005 199282.53 8490.26 4.26

2006 211628.97 8219.99 3.88

2007 221608.69 8155.34 3.68

2008 232413.36 8263.53 3.56

2009 294417.52 10396.50 3.53

2010 332337.10 11593.76 3.49

2011 412700.19 14377.17 3.48

2012 606481.24 23347.78 3.85

2013 509590.72 18862.48 3.70

2014 558035.98 21105.13 3.78

2015 533813.35 19983.80 3.74



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It is observed from the chart-5 that under NAIS, Sum Insured is showing Increasing trend

from 2004 to 2012. Sum Insured and Claims paid both reached at highest level in 2012 of

Rs. 606481.24 lakhs and Rs. 23347.48 lakhs respectively. After that, There is slightly

decrease in both the variables.

In the following table, Sum Insured (Rs. In lakhs) are compared with the Claims paid (Rs. In

lakhs) during the Kharif season under NAIS. Comparison is made to know the payment ratio

of claims out of sum Insured.

Table: 6 Trend Analysis of Sum Insured vs Claims paid (Year-wise) during Rabi

Season

Years Sum Insured Claims paid % of Claims paid to sum Insured

2000 2007.13 218.02 10.86

2001 3594.67 270.94 7.54

2002 3307.01 51.50 1.56

2003 3532.60 238.64 6.76

2004 3570.92 1.99 0.06

2005 3470.18 97 2.80

2006 2658.46 2.37 0.09

2007 3971.93 52.73 1.33

2008 3515.44 112.84 3.21

2009 7608.22 1148.84 15.10

2010 11069.26 469.58 4.24

2011 14466.19 296.81 2.05

2012 15219.60 250.85 1.65

2013 15818.10 1172.82 7.41

2014 15518.85 711.83 4.59

2015 15668.48 942.33 6.01



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It is observed from the chart-2 that under NAIS, Sum Insured is showing Increasing trend

from 2008 to 2013. Sum Insured and Claims paid both reached at highest level in 2013 of

Rs. 15518.85 lakhs and Rs. 1172.82 lakhs respectively. After that, There is slightly decrease

in both the variables.

Table: 7 Comparison of Sum Insured vs Claims Paid during Kharif Season

Kharif (NAIS)

Years

Sum

Insured(Rs. In

lakhs)

Claims Paid(Rs.

In lakhs)

Ratio

% change

in Sum

Insured

% change

in Claims

paid

2000-02 188801 54789.09 29.02 22.396 -5.617

2003-05 196310 11003.24 5.61 4.322 449.85

2006-08 221884 35808.28 16.14 9.821 -20.13

2009-11 346485 39521.10 11.41 40.18 -60.49

2012-15 533813 148769.57 27.87 4.753 18.69


It is observed from the above table that the ratio of Claims paid to Sum Insured is very less

during the period of 2003-05. It means that during Kharif Season, loss is less, but compared

to rabi season it is quite high. The period of 2009 to 2011 shows significant % Increase in the

sum insured which showing Increased awareness of the scheme during this period. The

period of 2003 to 2005 shows significant % Increase in the claims paid which showing

highest efficiency of NAIS scheme during this period.



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Table: 8 Comparison of Sum Insured vs Claims Paid During Rabi Season

Rabi Season (NAIS)

Years

Sum Insured (Rs.

In lakhs)

Claims Paid (Rs.

in lakhs)

Ratio % change in

Sum Insured

% change

in Claims

paid

2000-02 25110 180.16 0.72 64.763 32.87

2003-05 23988.22 112.67 0.47 -1.767 -24.64

2006-08 13337 55.98 0.42 32.236 333.80

2009-11 33699.67 638.41 1.89 90.139 -69.73

2012-14 33027 711.83 2.16 1.966 87.99

2015-16 15631.07 884.70 5.29 0.482 11.70


It is observed from the above table that, in Rabi season during the years 2000-08, the ratio of

claims paid to sum Insured is less than 1%. This Indicates a significant growth which has

increased highest in 2015-16 to 5.29. The period of 2009 to 2011 shows significant %

Increase in Sum Insured which indicates Increased awareness of the scheme during this

period. The period of 2006 to 2008 shows significant % Increase in Claims paid which

indicates highest efficiency of NAIS scheme during this period.

PART-B

Performance evaluation of Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)

Table : 9 Performance evaluation of PMFBY (Kharif Season) during 2016 & 2017

Year

Farmers

Insured

(Number)

Area

Insured (in

hector)

Sum Insured

(In lakhs)

Gross

Premium

(In lakhs)

Claims paid

(In lakhs)

Farmers

benefited

(Number)

2016 1490610 2333354 1111089 315500 104226 404610

2017 1842386 2566907 1125018 230538 122928 639228

Chart- 7



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It is Observed from chart-7 that Gross premium collected by Insurance Companies has

shown decrease in 2017 as compared to 2016. However, At the same time there is Increase in

Sum Insured and Claims paid both. Thus, There is huge increase in Insurance penetration as

compared to the previous scheme i.e. National Agriculture Insurance Scheme (NAIS).

Table-10: Comparison of Farmers benefited to Farmers Insured– Kharif Season

Year Farmers Insured

(In Numbers)

Farmers Benefited

(In Numbers)

Ratio (B:A)

2016 1490610 404610 27.14

2017 1842386 639228 34.70

Chart-8

It is observed From the above chart-8 that Farmers benefited from the PMFBY scheme has

increased in 2017 as compared to the 2016. It is also observed that the Total number of

farmers also increased from 14.90 lakhs to 18.42 lakhs, i.e. by 23.62 % in the year of 2017.



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Table-11: Performance of PMFBY in Gujarat as against National performance

Sum

Insured per

farmer

(Rs.)

% to

National

Average

Gross

premium

per

farmer(Rs.)

% to

National

Average

Claims paid

per

farmer(Rs.)

% to

National

Average

2016

(Kharif) 74539.22 199.53 21165.83 372.35 25759.62 206.47

National

average 37357.03 5684.37 12476.46

2016

(Rabi) 80849.40 187.10 4167.14 308.72 8261.73 196.51

National

average 42243.39 3533.89 15864.25

2017

(Kharif) 61063.10 191.39 12513.01 117.92 19230.70 52.08

National

average 32635.79 4053.23 9786.33

The national average of claims paid per farmer in 2016 is Rs.12476.46 for kharif season,

whereas for Gujarat it is Rs. 25759.62, thus, it is doubled as compared to the national

average(206.47%). The same scenario is seen in Sum Insured per farmer(i.e.199.53%). In

2017, Sum Insured, Gross premium and Claims paid per farmer were decreased slightly as

compared to 2016.

CONCLUSION:

The present study evaluates the performance of two main Crop Insurance Schemes NAIS and

PMFBY. The Schemes are evaluated based on four parameters namely Farmers Insured,

Farmers benefited, Sum Insured and claims paid. Under NAIS, The farmers benefited out of

farmers Insured and claims paid out of Sum Insured is highest in the year of 2009. Thus, It

can be concluded that the year of 2009 is the bad for farmers from the perspective of crop

yield and the farmers have taken the benefits for their loss. After the implementation of the

scheme, there is Increase of 39.53% in farmers insured. However the farmers benefited

under PMFBY have decreased in first year, after that it has increased by nearly 58% in kharif

season. Under PMFBY Scheme, During kharif and rabi season of 2016 , the Scheme

performs really well as compared to national average of that particular season. However,

during Kharif season of 2017 the claim paid per farmer is less than the national average

(52.08%). Specifically, For Gujarat state, the Weather based Crop Insurance Scheme is not in

operation as the features of the same were merged with the PMFBY. Till 2015, WBCIS have

170576 beneficiaries out of 413526 farmers Insured. The Present scheme of Crop Insurance

i.e. PMFBY is very much useful for farmers in the context of Premium rates and coverage.

The state needs to wait for longer duration to absorb the performance of PMFBY, but its

performance for initial two years creates an expectation for its higher penetration over the

coming years. It seems that this new modified scheme with better features may lead to the

betterment of the farmers of Gujarat state which will be a further step towards their financial

inclusion. However, to evaluate the satisfaction level of the beneficiaries of the scheme, a

primary study of the farmers is required regarding the penetration of benefits of the scheme

to grassroots level. thus, the PMFBY scheme is drafted very well, and its effective utilisation

will give better result from the past schemes.



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REFERENCES:

S.S. Mahajan (2012) ‘Growth of NAIS: A Study of crop Insurance in India’ , ‘Bauddhik’,

volume-3 Issue-1. Mamata swain (2016) ‘ Performance of Crop Yield and Rainfall Insurance Schemes in

Odisha: Some Empirical Findings’ , ‘Agricultural Economics Research Review’, Vol. 28,

Issue 2

Archana Singh (2016) ‘ Agriculture Insurance in India’ Bimaquest, Vol. 16 Issue 2 Dr. Apeksha Bhatnagar (2018) ‘Perception of Farmers towards Agriculture Insurance

Schemes’, ‘Pacific Business Review International’ Volume 10 Issue 10.

Deepa, Limasunep and Feroze (2018), ‘Crop Insurance In North Eastern States of India:

Performance of National Agricultural Insurance Scheme, ‘International Journal of

Agriculture Sciences’, Volume 10, Issue 11

https://www.agricoop.in https://www.dag.gujarat.gov.in



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