Evaluating Network Security with Two-Layer Attack Graphs Anming Xie Zhuhua Cai Cong Tang Jianbin Hu...

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Evaluating Network Security with Two-Layer Attack

GraphsAnming XieZhuhua CaiCong TangJianbin Hu

Zhong Chen

ACSAC (Dec., 2009)

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Outline

• Introduction• Related Work• Model• Examples• Conclusion

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Attack Graphs

• Describe attack scenarios• Play important roles in analyzing network

vulnerabilities

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Problems

• Although there are many previous works on attack graphs about evaluating network security, some problems still need to be addressed– Scalability– Several targets for overall security of networks– Inside malicious attackers’ attacks

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The Work of The Paper

• Firstly, propose a new generation model– Generate two-layer attack graphs model to reduce

computation costs

• Then, propose a measurement methodology– Evaluate network security based on adjacency

matrixes

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Network Security Metrics

• Traditionally, focus on vulnerabilities as static values in different networks

• However, ignore how they could be exploited by the attackers

• An attack graph describe s all the possible ways to break into a network, and reveals actual effect among vulnerabilities

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Outline


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Related Works

• Resulting attack graphs are sometimes too large to be computed

• Lacks meaningful and efficient suggestions to evaluate network security

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Outline


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A. Generation Model

• Two assumptions– Preconditions on an exploit would never be

changed from satisfied to unsatisfied– Attackers only need user access privileges at

source host when exploiting vulnerabilities at target host

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A. Generation Model

• The two-layer model– Lower layer• Describe all of the detailed attack scenarios between

each host-pair• Set up host-pair attack graphs to describe attack

sequences from one source host to one target host directly• Show how attackers obtain user or root access

privileges at the target host• N * N host-pair attack graphs at most with N hosts

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A. Generation Model

• The two-layer model– Upper layer• Set up host access attack graphs to show the direct

access relationships among hosts• A node represents a host in networks, and a directed

edge between two nodes represents the access relationship between the corresponding two hosts

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A. Generation Model

• Generation of host-pair attack graphs– Just deal with host’s configurations,

vulnerabilities, its network connection with source host

– Be generated very quickly and the size is small

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A. Generation Model

• Generation of hosts access attack graphs– Built on the results of the host-pair attack graphs– Add a directed edge to the corresponding nodes in

hosts access graph– Edge’s label shows the corresponding privilege

which could be obtained

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A. Generation Model

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B. Analysis on probability of success

• Used in analysis of network security• Firstly– apply probability of success to each atomic exploit

• Secondly– calculate the probabilities of obtaining user and root

privileges successfully for each host-pair attack graph• Finally– change the edges’ label of the hosts access graph as

(HPAGID, Puser, Proot)

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B. Analysis on probability of success

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C. Analysis on Adjacency Matrixes

• In order to evaluate the overall network, composite these attack probabilities to a global measurement dynamically based on adjacency matrixes

• A network with N nodes, draw a hosts access graph with N +1 nodes

• Use H1, H2, · · ·, Hn to indicate hosts in the target network, and use H0 to indicate an attacker’s host.

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• Element uij indicates the probability of obtaining user privilege from host Hi to host Hj

• C = F(A,B)– A, B, C are matrixes– F is defined as

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• Define the power iterations of Function F

• Stable matrix– User adjacency matrix U• maximum

– Root adjacency matrix R• maximum

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D. Network Security Measurement

• Total prospective damage of whole network brought by this attacker in host Hi is

– the set of important hosts in network is C, C H⊆

• Dangerous Score

– Indicate the security level of a network– use wk rather than duk and drk. For each host Hk in

C, wk is its important factor, where 0 ≤ wk ≤ 12010/6/15

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D. Network Security Measurement

• Transition score, which evaluates the host’s action as a stepping stone when an outside attacker attacks the network

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Outline


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A. Network Environment

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A. Network Environment

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B. Result Attack Graphs

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B. Result Attack Graphs

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C. Network Security Evaluation

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• Assume the set of important hosts in network is C = {F,D}

• Obtain user privilege– Prospective damage du = {200, 2000}

• Obtain root privilege– Prospective damage dr = {2000, 10000}

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• Total prospective damage potentially caused by outside attackers

• Total prospective damage potentially caused by inside attackers

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• Set important factors wk for each host Hk in C– set w = {0.2, 1}– 0.2 for host F, 1 for host D

• Dangerous Score

• Transition Score

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Outline


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Conclusion

• A novel generation approach and a measurement methodology

• Apply the probability of success to our attack graphs

• Results not only describe the potential attack probabilities of success launched from an outside attacker, but also describe the potential attack probabilities launched from inside malicious users

• Draw gray scale images to indicate the overall network security

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Q & A

Thank you!

2010/6/15

Evaluating Network Security with Two-Layer Attack Graphs Anming Xie Zhuhua Cai Cong Tang Jianbin Hu...

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