Evaluating Electronic Toll Collection System against Conventional Toll Plaza
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Transcript of Evaluating Electronic Toll Collection System against Conventional Toll Plaza
Term Paper Presentation
Course: CVEN 632
Presented by: Shailendra Matoria
Evaluating Electronic Toll Collection System against Conventional Toll Plaza
Presentation Summary
Introduction of Concept of ETC (Electronic Toll Collection)
Different Components of ETCMethodologyToll ViolationsCosts and BenefitsCase StudyResults and ConclusionsSuggestions and Future ScopeDiscussions
Introduction
A mature technology allowing electronic payment of tolls at highway speeds without interrupting the traffic flow.
Around 70% of toll roads in USA now use ETC (Electronic Toll Collection) System.
Components of ETC System
Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI)
Automatic Vehicle Classification (AVC)
Transaction Processing
Violation Enforcement
Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) System
AVI system has two components:On board Unit or Transponder mounted on
vehicle.Road-side antennae mounted on a gantry.
Automatic Vehicle Classification (AVC) System
Vehicle Classification:ETC applications have 4-5 types of vehicle
classes.Different toll rates for different vehicle
classes.AVC System:Treadles – Count the number of axles.Light Curtains & Laser Profiles – Can
differentiate between a truck and a trailerInductive Loop Sensors – Can determine
length, speed, number of axles of vehicles at highway speeds
Transaction Processing
Process of debiting customers’ accounts and answering customer inquiries.
Violation Enforcement
Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR)
Uses Optical Character Recognition (OCR) to read images of vehicle license plates.
CCTV cameras, existing road enforcement cameras, mobile cameras mounted on vehicles can be used.
Significant error rate require manual verification.
Infrared cameras with high shutter speeds can improve on some inaccuracies.
Obstacles faced by ANPR Enforcement System
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Electronic Toll Collection
Mechanism
Costs & Benefits of ETC
B/C Analysis- A Case Study
Case: Carquinez Bridge in San Fransico Bay Area
B/C analysis for ETC system evaluated against Conventional Toll Plaza
Period of Study 20 yearsGradual increase in ETC split or share over
20 years is considered
Traffic Input
Estimated Annual Traffic Volume (ATV) Base Year Year 20 Traffic Volume 19,064,849 34,433,238 ETC Split 0.0% 95.0% Peak Hour Statistics in Base Year Morning Evening PHV (veh/hr) 1,447 5,202 T (hr) 2 2 PHV/AADT 0.0277 0.0996
Payment Split and Transaction Time Input
Transaction Time (sec) Cash 7 Ticket 4.5 ETC (headway) 2.4Payment Split Manual Lane-Baseline Base Year Year 20 Cash 83% 83% Ticket 17% 17% Manual Lane-ETC Alternative Cash 83% 100% Ticket 17% 0% ETC Lane-ETC Alternative Cash, Checks 64% 64% Credit Card 36% 36%
ETC Account Fact
ETC Account Fact Cash & Checks Account Base Year
Avg. Tags per Account 1.35 Avg. Usage per Year 160 Deposits $26.70 Avg. Balance other than Deposit $17.80 Credit Card Account Base Year
Avg. Tags per Account 1.35 Avg. Usage per Year 160 Deposits $0 Avg. Balance other than Deposit $17.80 Unit Cost of ETC Lanes $62,361 Cost of Transponders $28.85
Other Infrastructure & Traffic Details
Configuration of the Toll Plaza Total Number of Lanes (max 22) 12 Ramp Distance prior to the Toll Plaza (miles) 0.2 Ramp Distance leading from the toll Plaza
(miles) 0.2 Prevailing Travel Speed (mph) 55 Mode Split among ETC Users Auto 94.76% Truck 5.11% Bus 0.13%Average Vehicle Occupancy Auto 1.258 Truck 1.1 Bus 20
Value of Time by Mode & Toll Rate
Time Value for Each Mode ($/hr) Auto $12.75 Truck $33.41 Bus (per
rider) $12.75 Toll Manual User $2 ETC User $1.85
Fuel Consumption & Emission Rates
Assumptions about Fuel Consumption Average Milage of Consuming one Gallon of Fuel 25 Fuel Price per Gallon $1.10 Federal Tax on Gasoline ($ per Gallon) $0.18 State Tax on Gasoline ($ per Gallon) $0.18 Emission Rates during Acceleration (grams/gallon) Nox 24.7 HC 9.5 CO 209.0 Emission Rates during Idling (grams/minute) Nox 0.0 HC 0.15 CO 2.5 Cost of Air Polution ($/kg of pollutant) Nox 1.275 HC 1.275 CO 0.0063
General Assumptions
General Assumptions Inflation Rate 3% Annual Interest Rate 6% Discount Rate 6% Fee for Credit Card Transaction 2% Personal Year (PY) Hours per Unit Personal Year 1,768 PY for Information Technology 0.11 PY for Accounting (base) 0.46 PY for Accounting(ETC) 2.36 PY for Program Costs (Toll Collection) 61.04 Unit Cost per Personal Year $65,000
Result Summary for 20 Years
NPV1 = PVB2 = NPC3 = B/C4 = IRR5 =
Overall $53,403,563 $55,627,154 $2,223,592 25.02 43.07%
Toll Agency $8,644,121 $10,867,713 $2,223,592 4.89
Users $44,711,053 $44,711,053 $0
Community $48,389 $48,389 $0
1NPV: net present value, NPV = PVB - PVC2PVB: present value of benefits3PVC: present value of costs4B/C: Total benefit over capital investment, B/C = PVB/PVC5IRR: Internal Rate of Return
Result Summary for 10 Years
NPV1 = PVB2 = NPC3 = B/C4 = IRR5 = Overall $10,641,305 $12,864,897 $2,223,592 5.79 37.24%Toll Agency -$2,132,848 $90,744 $2,223,592 0.04 Users $12,758,788 $12,758,788 $0 Community $15,365 $15,365 $0
Conclusions
Electronic Toll Collection System has a really good B/C Ratio as compared against base case of conventional toll plaza.
Around 85- 90% of the benefits comes from travel time savings for commuters.
It is much more eco- friendly as emission rates are lowered due to less queues and less fluctuations in traffic flow.
Toll Violation Enforcement still has to come up with something robust to check violations and to avoid false charges.
Suggestions
ETC System is a very effective use of technology in mitigating traffic congestion.
Interoperability of various ETC Systems across USA is very much needed.
For Toll violations instead of image processing passive transponder chips can be embedded in License Plate using RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Technology.
Discussions