Evaluating an argument
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Informational Text Evaluating an Argument Informational Text Connecting to the Literature Introducing the Informational Text Vocabulary Informational Reading Focus: Evaluating an Argument Evaluating an Argument Assignment Feature Menu
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Presentation accompanies Holt Literature book
Transcript of Evaluating an argument
Informational TextEvaluating an Argument
Informational TextConnecting to the LiteratureIntroducing the Informational Text Vocabulary
Informational Reading Focus: Evaluating an Argument
Evaluating an ArgumentAssignment
Feature Menu
“The Lady or the Tiger?” describes a system of justice in which the fate of the accused is decided entirely by chance. How fair is our own system, trial by jury? Read the following persuasive essay to find out what one expert thinks.
Connecting to the Literature
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A Defense of the Jury System
Introducing the Informational Text
A Defense of the Jury System
If you were charged with a crime, would you rather have a jury of your peers or a panel of judges decide your fate?
Introducing the Informational Text
Read “A Defense of the Jury System” for one author’s views on the jury system in our country.
[End of Section]
Vocabulary Development
irrational adj.: not based on reason or logic.
superficial adj.: not deep or thorough; shallow.
obscure v.: conceal; cover up.
advocates v.: supports; argues in favor of.
conscientiously adv.: carefully and thoughtfully.
affluent adj.: wealthy.
Vocabulary
Vocabulary Practice
Fill in the blanks with words from the Word Bank.
1. On rainy days, clouds _________ the mountaintop view.
2. An _________ argument is illogical.
3. Sensitive and attentive, the nurse cared for her patients _____________.
4. Someone with a _________ view of life might be called shallow.
irrational superficial obscure conscientiously
Vocabulary
obscure
irrational
conscientiously
superficial
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When you read an author’s argument—a series of statements intended to convince you of something—you are like a juror in a trial.
Evaluating an Argument
Like a juror, you analyze the evidence presented and decide whether the argument is sound.
Understand the claim, or opinion.
Read through the article to make sure you understand the issue.
Evaluating an Argument
• Identify the author’s claim, or opinion—the thing the author is trying to prove.
• Restate the author’s opinion in your own words.
Quick Check
Jurors are drawn from both sexes, all ethnic groups, all economic backgrounds, all adult ages, all religions, and all neighborhoods within a jurisdiction. (Indeed, the only qualification a person needs to be a juror is the ability to be fair and impartial.) Consequently, a jury will reflect diverse viewpoints and experiences, rather than just the viewpoint and experiences of a single judge. The jury system thus helps ensure that a verdict will not be based on an individual’s biases or lack of understanding of particular people’s experiences.
—from “A Defense of the Jury System” by Thomas M. Ross, Esq.
What is the author’s claim?
Evaluating an Argument
Identify the support.
To present persuasive arguments, an author must support his or her claims. Look for
Evaluating an Argument
• logical appeals
• emotional appeals
Logical appeals include reasons and evidence.
Evaluating an Argument
• Reasons are statements that explain why the author holds an opinion.
• Evidence is the information that authors use to support their reasons. Evidence includes
• facts
• statistics (number facts)
• examples
• quotations from or opinions of experts
Emotional appeals play on readers’ emotions rather than their reason. Emotional appeals include
Evaluating an Argument
• loaded words (words with strong emotional connotations)
Emotional appeals can be effective but shouldn’t be relied on too heavily. Arguments that rely heavily on emotional appeals rather than logic are usually weak.
• anecdotes (brief stories)
The author claims that the jury system helps ensure a fair trial. What support does he present?
Evaluating an ArgumentQuick Check
Jurors are drawn from both sexes, all ethnic groups, all economic backgrounds, all adult ages, all religions, and all neighborhoods within a jurisdiction. (Indeed, the only qualification a person needs to be a juror is the ability to be fair and impartial.) Consequently, a jury will reflect diverse viewpoints and experiences, rather than just the viewpoint and experiences of a single judge. The jury system thus helps ensure that a verdict will not be based on an individual’s biases or lack of understanding of particular people’s experiences.
—from “A Defense of the Jury System” by Thomas M. Ross, Esq.
Evaluating an ArgumentQuick Check
Does the author use logical or emotional appeals?
Jurors are drawn from both sexes, all ethnic groups, all economic backgrounds, all adult ages, all religions, and all neighborhoods within a jurisdiction. (Indeed, the only qualification a person needs to be a juror is the ability to be fair and impartial.) Consequently, a jury will reflect diverse viewpoints and experiences, rather than just the viewpoint and experiences of a single judge. The jury system thus helps ensure that a verdict will not be based on an individual’s biases or lack of understanding of particular people’s experiences.
—from “A Defense of the Jury System” by Thomas M. Ross, Esq.
Evaluate the evidence.
A good argument must be backed up by solid evidence. As you read, ask yourself:
Evaluating an Argument
• Does the evidence directly support the author’s reasons?
• Does the author present sufficient evidence to back up generalizations and prove the claim?
• Has the author loaded the argument with emotional appeals instead of providing valid evidence?
How effective is the author’s evidence?
Evaluating an ArgumentQuick Check
Jurors are drawn from both sexes, all ethnic groups, all economic backgrounds, all adult ages, all religions, and all neighborhoods within a jurisdiction. (Indeed, the only qualification a person needs to be a juror is the ability to be fair and impartial.) Consequently, a jury will reflect diverse viewpoints and experiences, rather than just the viewpoint and experiences of a single judge. The jury system thus helps ensure that a verdict will not be based on an individual’s biases or lack of understanding of particular people’s experiences.
—from “A Defense of the Jury System” by Thomas M. Ross, Esq.
Identify the author’s intent.
Think about why the author is making this argument.
Evaluating an Argument
• Pay attention to how the author’s intent, or purpose, influences the tone of the argument.
• Look for bias, or prejudice, on the part of the author.
What is the author’s intent?
Evaluating an ArgumentQuick Check
Jurors are drawn from both sexes, all ethnic groups, all economic backgrounds, all adult ages, all religions, and all neighborhoods within a jurisdiction. (Indeed, the only qualification a person needs to be a juror is the ability to be fair and impartial.) Consequently, a jury will reflect diverse viewpoints and experiences, rather than just the viewpoint and experiences of a single judge. The jury system thus helps ensure that a verdict will not be based on an individual’s biases or lack of understanding of particular people’s experiences.
—from “A Defense of the Jury System” by Thomas M. Ross, Esq.
Create a chart.
Identify an argument’s strengths and weaknesses.
Evaluating an Argument
Evaluating an Author’s Argument
Claim or Opinion:
Logical Appeals Reason 1: Evidence:
Reason 2: Evidence:
Emotional Appeals Loaded Words: Anecdotes:
Tone:
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As you read “A Defense of the Jury System,” evaluate the credibility of the author’s arguments.
Assignment
Evaluating an Author’s Argument
Claim or Opinion:
Logical Appeals Reason 1: Evidence:
Reason 2: Evidence:
Emotional Appeals Loaded Words: Anecdotes:
Tone:
[End of Section]
The End
