Evaluate the impact of social changes and the influence of key figures in the United States from World War I through the 1920s, including Prohibition, the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, the Scopes Trial, limits on immigration, Ku Klux Klan activities, the Red Scare, Susan B. Anthony, Margaret Sanger, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the Harlem Renaissance, the Great Migration, W. C. Handy, the Jazz Age, and Zelda Fitzgerald. 18 th Amendment Prohibits sale, manufacture and distribution of alcohol. 21 st Amendment Repeals prohibitions Speakeasies: secret bar where alcohol can be purchased Alcohol and violence are related. Suffrage: right to vote 1848: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott attempt to gain the rights to vote at the Seneca Falls Convention. After the Civil War, women try to get the right to vote when African Americans get the right to vote (piggyback on the passage of the 14 th and 15 th Amendments) 2 groups of suffragists emerged: National Women Suffrage Association: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony; passing constitutional amendments for suffrage American Women Suffrage Association: Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe; convince state governments to pass legislation for suffrage Apart, the groups are not effective. Some states pass do pass suffrage laws: Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, and Colorado The two groups will unite: National American Women Suffrage Association Other states will allow women to vote, but still not universal. Women begin to march to protest lack of rights. Some suffragettes resort to extreme tactics to get the right to vote. Alice Paul The 19 th Amendment takes a couple of times to finally pass through Congress. It is not until 1920 that women get the right to vote. With the changes taking place in America, people worry about social decline. In 1925, Tennessee passes the Butler Act, which makes it illegal to teach evolution (human developed from a lower form of life over millions of years). John T. Scopes tests the Butler Act. He is arrested and put on trial and found guilty President Harding passes the Emergency Quota Act in Limits immigration to 3% of the total number of people in any ethnic group already living in the US. In 1924, the National Origins Act was passed. Lowered the quota to 2% of each national group living in the US in 1890 restricts immigrants from southern and eastern Europe. No restrictions on immigrants from the western hemisphere. Immigration restrictions limit the amount of people in the labor pool. Mexican immigrants flood into the US. In the 1920s, racism and nativism increased. Sacco and Vanzetti: two Italian immigrants who were thought to be anarchists were accused of murder and theft. Sentenced to death, executed proclaiming innocence. Nativists like the idea of eugenics. Improving heredity traits Inferior people should not be allowed to breed. Ku Klux Klan (KKK) will try to restrict immigration. Target: African Americans, Catholics, Jews, immigrants and people who have un-American values. KKK declines. Why is there a revival of racism and nativism? Economic recession Influx of immigrants Tensions between races and cultures Threatens the status quo Competition for same jobs Communism is associated with disloyalty and unpatriotic behavior. Nationwide panic that the Communists might take control of America Big Brother will start to watch people they think are a threat. A. Mitchell Palmer: US Attorney General attacked with bomb. Sets up General Intelligence Division of Justice Department headed by J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) Raided radical organizations rounding up immigrants and deporting them Advocated for birth control Trouble for mailing obscenities Shows how women are gaining more rights and gives rise to the flapper Challenges traditional ideals and glorifies youth and personal freedom Women go to work, earn a living or attend college Cars allow young people to pursue interests away from parents. Flapper: young, dramatic, stylish, and unconventional women; smoke, drink and wear revealing clothes Great Migration: African Americans move from the south to the north in search for jobs. Harlem, New York: African Americans who cultivate their artistic development, racial pride, sense of community and political organizations which led to African American arts. Claude McKay: writer Langston Hughes: writer Louis Armstrong: trumpet and cornet player; introduced jazz music (influenced by Dixieland music and ragtime) Cotton Club: famous Harlem nightspot Duke Ellington: jazz musician Bessie Smith: blues singer (soulful music about problems) Musician Father of the Blues Alabama St. Louis Blues Beale Street Blues Nicknamed the Roaring Twenties Flapper: carefree, dramatic and unconventional Alabama Married to F. Scott Fitzgerald Wrote short stories and painted