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• Evaluate the history, purpose, and methods of taxonomy.
• Explain the meaning of a scientific name.
• Describe the organization of taxa in a biological classification system.
Section Objectives:
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• Biologists want to better understand organisms so they organize them by classification—the grouping of objects or information based on similarities
How Classification BeganHow Classification Began
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TAXONOMYTAXONOMY• Taxonomy is the branch of
biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics.
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Linnaeus’s system of binomial nomenclatureLinnaeus’s system of binomial nomenclature• Linnaeus developed a method of
grouping organisms based on physical & structural similarities of organisms.
• Modern classification systems use a two-word naming system called binomial nomenclature. It is written in Latin.
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Binomial nomenclatureBinomial nomenclature• A genus (genera) consists of a group of
similar species. It is the first word in the species name and is capitalized.
• The second word, which sometimes describes a characteristic of the organism, is called the species identifier. It is not capitalized.
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Writing the scientific name
• The scientific name (species name) for each species is a combination of the genus name and species identifier.
• Genus capitalized, species is not
• It is written in italics and in latin (underline it when you write it).
• Ex. Homo sapiens, Acer ruber
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How Living Things Are ClassifiedHow Living Things Are Classified• A group of organisms is called a taxon (plural taxa).
• The taxa are – Kingdom (Kelly)
– Phylum (Payton)
– Class (came)
– Order (over)
– Family (for)
– Genus (good)
– Species (soup)
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Order of Taxonomic rankingsOrder of Taxonomic rankings•The broader a taxon, the more general its characteristics, and the more species it contains.
•The very largest, and the most broad is the Kingdom
•The next to smallest taxon is a genus—a group of similar species that have similar features and are closely related.
•The smallest taxon is species. Organisms that look alike and successfully interbreed belong to the same species.
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Dichotomous KeyDichotomous Key
• A key is made up of sets of numbered statements. Each set deals with a single characteristic of an organism, such as leaf shape or arrangement.
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Section Objectives
•Compare the six kingdoms of organisms.
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•Monera
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
• Protists
• Fungi
• Plants
• Animals
From 5 to 6 Kingdoms of OrganismsFrom 5 to 6 Kingdoms of Organisms
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• These organisms are cells that lack distinct nuclei bounded by a membrane, are microscopic and unicellular.
• Some are heterotrophs and some are autotrophs
•2 kingdoms of prokaryotic organisms: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
ProkaryotesProkaryotes
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• Ancient bacteria
• Live in extreme conditions (extreme heat, salt, acidity)
•Most of these environments are oxygen-free making this organism anaerobic.
•
Kingdom Archaebacteria (monerans)Kingdom Archaebacteria (monerans)
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Kingdom Eubacteria (monerans)Kingdom Eubacteria (monerans)• True bacteria
• They live in most habitats except the extreme ones.
• Most common
•Although some cause diseases, such as strep throat and pneumonia, most bacteria are harmless and many are actually helpful.
•
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CyanobacteriaA “blue – green bacteria,
photosynthetic; lives in salt and fresh water and on land
Prochlorobacteriacontains chlorophyll a & b
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4 Phyla of Monerans1. Eubacteria
2. cyanobacteria3. Archaebacteria
4. Prochlorobacteria
3 Basic Bacteria Shapes1. Bacillus – rod shaped2. Cocci – round shaped3. Spirilla – spiral shaped
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Monerans Reproduction Methods
1. Binary Fission: replication of DNA and divides in ½ (asexual)
2. Conjugation: bridge of protein between two cells where genetic
material is passed from one to another
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Importance of Monerans- Used to make cheese, yogurt, sour cream,
sauerkraut, vinegar, wine, and pickles- Used to clean up oil spills
- Used to synthesize medications and chemicals- Used to remove wastes and poisons from water
-Symbiotic relationship with the other 4 kingdoms
Ex: E. Coli helps us digest food and in turn it has food, shelter, and transportation
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Bacterial Diseases1. Diptheria
2. Tuberculosis3. Tetanus4. Syphilis
5. Bubonic Plague6. Typhoid Fever
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Viruses • Not a part of the classification system• NOT alive• Only act alive while within a living
organism (when they reproduce)• Cannot be stopped by antibiotics• Ex. Common cold, flu, HIV
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VirusesViruses are non – cellular particles
made of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells
Virus structure/characteristics- Capsid – core of nucleic acid
surrounded by a protein coat. The core has DNA or RNA, but never both
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Virus structure/characteristics Cont.
- Bacteriophage: viruses that invade bacteria; has a capsid, nucleic acid
core, and a tail - Viruses have varied shapes such as
rods, cubes, and tadpole – like- Examples of viruses: Polio, HIV,
Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
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Virus Structure/Characteristics Cont.
- A virus can infect every kind of organism, but are specific to each
organism (plant virus can’t infect an animal)
- A virus must have a host to reproduce- Viruses infect by attacking a host and
injecting its DNA into the cell
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Viruses Structure/Characteristics Cont.
- A virus grows by coping the host cell DNA, taking over the cell, and eventually
the host cell bursts spreading the virus to all cells (this process takes about 20 min!)
-A virus must have a host to live, feed and reproduce, can’t live outside the cell
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Viral Diseases1. Smallpox2. Measles3. Mumps
4. Flu5. AIDS6. Rabies7. Colds8. Polio
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Kingdom Fungi: Earth’s decomposersKingdom Fungi: Earth’s decomposers• Organisms are heterotrophs that do not move from place to place.
•A fungus is either a unicellular or multicellular eukaryote that absorbs nutrients from organic materials in the environment.
•They have a cell wall (made of chitin) but do not make their own food.
•
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Fungi Characteristics
-Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, multicellular (except yeast)
- Saprophytic – obtain food from decaying organic matter
- Parasitic – live directly on the body of a plant or animal
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Fungi Reproduction
Asexual through production of spores or fragmentation of the hyphae
Sexually through (+) hyphae mating type joining with (-) mating type forming a gamete
Mycelium – many tiny filamentsHyphae – individual filament of a mycelium
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Phyla of Fungi
1. Oomycota – “protist – like fungi” produce motile spores Ex: water molds
2. Zygomycota – “common molds” Ex. Molds on cheese, bread, and meat
3 Types of Hyphae1. Rhizoids – Like roots that penetrate the surface
2. Stolens – run along the surface3. Sporandiophores – form sporangia
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Phyla of Fungi Cont.
3. Ascomycota – “sac fungi” largest group, reproduce by budding which is the formation
of smaller cell from a larger one Ex: yeast
4. Basidiomycota – “club fungi” Ex. Mushroom; the basidium is a spore producing
structure, one mushroom can produce 1 billion spores
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Phyla of Fungi Cont.
5. Deuteromycota – “imperfect fungi” ; have characteristics similar to all of the other phyla,
reproduction has never been observed, Ex: ringworm, athletes foot, tomato blight, black spot
of roses
- Lichen – symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a bacteria, they help plants grow, orchids will
not grow without a lichen
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Ecological Advantages of Fungi
1. Decompose and recycle living material
2. Replace used elements and nutrients back into the soil
3. Used in baking and brewing
4. Serves as a food source for animals
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Diseases Caused By Fungi
1. Potato Blight – potato looks normal but inside is a spongy sac of dust
2. Wheat Rust – kills wheat before grains can be produced
3. Mildew – affects fruit
4. Athlete’s foot – highly contagious and easily spread
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Kingdom Protista (protists)Kingdom Protista (protists)• Very diverse with similar characteristics.
• A protist is a eukaryote that lacks complex organ systems and lives in moist environments.
• Some protists are unicellular, others are multicellular.
•Some are plantlike, animal-like, or funguslike
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Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae•All of the organisms are multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes.
•They do not move (non-motile.)
•A plant’s cells usually contain chloroplasts and have cell walls composed of cellulose.
•Instead of phyla, we call their classification Kingdom–DIVISION–class–order–family-genus-species
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Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia• Animals are multicellular heterotrophs.
• Nearly all are able to move from place to place.
• Animal cells do not have cell walls.
• Their cells are organized into tissues that, in turn, are organized into organs and complex organ systems.
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• Archaebacteria & Eubacteria contain only unicellular prokaryotes. Commonly called Kingdom Monera
• Protista contains eukaryotes that lack complex organ systems. (many are unicellular eukaryotes)
• Fungi includes heterotrophic eukaryotes that absorb their nutrients.
• Plantae includes multicellular eukaryotes that are photosynthetic.
• Animalia includes multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs with cells that lack cell walls.
The Six Kingdoms Summary