EuropIA 2014 - Analysing the impact of constraints on decision-making by architectural designers
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Transcript of EuropIA 2014 - Analysing the impact of constraints on decision-making by architectural designers
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Analysing the impact of constraints on decision-making by architectural designers
Pieter Pauwels, Tiemen Strobbe, Jeroen Derboven, Ronald De MeyerDepartment of Architecture and Urban Planning
Ghent University, Belgium
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UGent SmartLabGhent, Belgium
Ghent University
Faculty of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Architecture and Urban Planning
UGent SmartLab
Pieter PauwelsRonald De Meyer Ruben Verstraeten Tiemen Strobbe
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THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
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Constraints in designhigh number of constraints apply to architectural design projects: – urban planning regulations– energy performance regulations– fire safety regulations– budget– acoustics– orientation– wind turbulence– accessibility for the disabled– …
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What is the impact of parameters and constraints on the design process
• how do designers in practice deal with parameters and constraints?• how do designers in practice interpret incoming parameters or
constraints? • are constraints considered to be limitative (constraining), or are
they key reference points in a variety of parametric possibilities? • are constraints omnipresent during the design process or are they
considered only until they have been 'resolved'? • which parameters are chosen by designer to reply to a specific
design situation with a number of given constraints? • where does parametric freedom and parametric creativity come
from?
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the architectural design process
information / experience
The designer as a reflective practitioner – D. Schön, 1983
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the design process as a sequence of design situations or ‘snapshots’
A design situation is not considered as a design ‘problem’ that is defined by a well-structured set of constraints, and in which a number of adjustable parameters is available. Instead, a design situation is now understood as a snapshot, in terms of time, in the overall design process, in which a limited number of constraints and parameters are taken into account by a designer, in order to ‘satisfice’ the design situation, as interpreted at that moment, into an alternative design situation.
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designer as interacting decision-maker
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METHOD OF ANALYSIS: LINKOGRAPHY
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design moves and design episodes
Definition of a design move by Goldschmidt:“a step, an act, an operation which transforms the design situation relative to the state in which it was prior to that move.”
Definition of a design episode by Seitamaa-Hakkarainen:“segments of activity aimed at reaching a certain goal; [they] are usually decisions concerning design elements. Each episode contains a unique goal (design element) that will be structured and solved during an episode. When the goal is accomplished or changed, that design episode ends.”
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Use case presented at NordDesign2014 conferencePauwels P, Morkel J, Bod R (2014)
Reasoning processes involved in ICT-mediated design communication NordDesign2014
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the linkograph
Pauwels P, Morkel J, Bod R (2014) Additional Data NordDesign2014 Article.
http://users.ugent.be/~pipauwel/experimentaldataskypemorkelpauwels2013.html
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annotation of design movesusing the FBS ontology
original image in J.S. Gero. Design prototypes: a knowledge representation schema for design.
AI Magazine 11 (1990 ) pp. 26-36.
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general linkograph statistics104 design moves306 linksLink Index: 2,94
10 design episodes:1. the new idea design moves 11-20 2. web browsing design moves 21-283. plan and section design moves 29-404. Skype invite design moves 41-445. dynamic vs. classical design moves 45-646. central position of tower design moves 65-797. plan-section relationship design moves 80-918. floor-roof design moves 92-989. context design moves 99-10410. conclusion plan-section design moves 105-114
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design episodes within design episodes
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layering design episodes
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diverse design episodes over time
time
…
ICT
sketching
…
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CASE STUDY: DESIGN OF A HIGH-RISE BUILDING SITE
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context of the case study• team of two students, one design teacher• design studio Architecture & Construction, Department of Architecture and
Urban Planning, Ghent University • duration: begin October 2013 – end December 2013• four design sessions analysed:
– 23 October 2013– 30 October 2013– 11 December 2013– 18 December 2013
• task: design the refurbishment of three outdated high-rise apartment buildings using a co-housing concept
• challenge: A particularly high number of constraints was included in the design brief of this studio, including constraints regarding fire safety, building use (co-housing living units), comfort, sunlight penetration, accessibility, privacy, wind turbulence, structure, and so forth.
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method used for each of the four design sessions
• design session = weekly slideshow presentation, with drawings showing the recent status and advancements of their design.
• organised as feedback session between students and teacher
• Duration per design session: varies between one and two hours
=> Everything recorded and transcribed for linkograph study
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LINKOGRAPH STUDY
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Session 1 – 23 October 2013 linkograph
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annotation of design movesusing the FBS ontology
original image in J.S. Gero. Design prototypes: a knowledge representation schema for design.
AI Magazine 11 (1990 ) pp. 26-36.
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Session 1 – 23 October 2013 FBS statistics
451 design moves 977 links
Link Index (LI): 2,17
Issue distribution: R 74 16,4 % F 26 5,8 % Be 57 12,6 % Bs 200 44,3 % S 85 18,8 % D 9 2 %
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Session 2 – 30 October 2013 linkograph
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Session 2 – 30 October 2013 FBS statistics
616 design moves 1509 links
Link Index (LI): 2,45 Issue distribution: R 30 4,9 % F 30 4,9 % Be 97 15,9 % Bs 272 44,7 % S 163 26,8 % D 17 2,8 %
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Session 2 – 11 December 2013 linkograph
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Session 3 – 11 December 2013 FBS statistics
1189 design moves 2392 links
Link Index (LI): 2,01 Issue distribution: R 69 6,2 % F 37 3,3 % Be 126 11,3 % Bs 562 50,4 % S 269 24,1 % D 53 4,7 %
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Session 4 – 18 December 2013 linkograph
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Session 4 – 18 December 2013 FBS statistics
372 design moves 761 links
Link Index (LI): 2,05 Issue distribution: R 9 2,6 % F 4 1,1 % Be 11 3,2 % Bs 170 48,7 % S 95 27,2 % D 60 17,2 %
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‘first sight’ findings• Link Index (LI): each session has a notably high link index (from 2,01 to 2,45)
– cfr. Goldschmidt (1992) marks a LI value of 0,83 as low and a LI value of 1,73 as high– High productivity in terms of LI for all four design sessions – the second session was most productive
• Influence of ‘requirements’: – 16,4% of the design moves in session 1 was related to requirements, contrasting significantly with the
values for the other sessions (4,9%; 6,2%; 2,6%). – design requirements are apparently mainly considered at the beginning of the design process, when still
relating closely to the design brief. – Later design stages are considerably more occupied by design moves that are annotated as ‘Structure
(S)’ or ‘Expected Behaviour (Be)’. – design requirements (constraints) are communicated and considered from the design brief, after which
they are considered as ‘known’ and make place for ‘expected behaviour’.
• design moves that are annotated as ‘Function (F)’ decrease in share (5,8% -> ; 4,9% -> 3,3% -> 1,1%)– the functions and overall program of the design tends to gradually stabilise during the design process– might explain the decreasing need to return to design requirements.
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comparison of FBS statistics
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Confirmation after interviewing the students
• Interviews conducted with the student designers in order to further confirm ‘first sight’ findings
• Results:– Confirmation of findings– Additional statements about the design process:
• At the beginning: large number of constraints and requirements experienced => a burden / challenge for the students
• this gradually improved: “more building features got ‘fixed’, thereby addressing a number of constraints that did not have to be considered any more as long as these building features remained fixed”
• (co-evolution of problem and solution in practice)
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- Are constraints in architectural design considered to be limitative (constraining), or are they key reference points in a variety of parametric possibilities?
=> Both. Limitative, yet necessary point of reference in order to be able to narrow problem scope
- Are constraints omnipresent during the design process or are they considered only until they have been 'resolved'?
=> Requirements mainly handled towards the beginning of the design process. Later on, they are considered to be ‘handled’ -> remain (implicitly) present in the form of function (F), structure (S), or behaviour (Be-Bs) moves
- Where does parametric freedom and parametric creativity come from? => at every consecutive design situation, a manageable number of constraints is selected by the designers from the virtually unlimited number of constraints present from the design brief, thereby deliberately leaving open a useful number of parameters, allowing for the desired level of parametric freedom and parametric creativity.
conclusion