Europe’s Wealth of Civic Traditions

8/10/2019 Europes Wealth of Civic Traditions

1/16

Richard Butterwick-Pawlikowski 2014

Europes wealth of civic traditions:

the case of Polish-Lithuanian republicanism1

Richard Butterwick-Pawlikowski (College of Europe, atoli!"

#ithi! $ost $e$%er states of the Europea! &!io!, Europea! citi'e!ship

is !ot a popular cause #idespread c)!icis$ towards pa!-Europea!

i!stitutio!s a!d pa!-Europea! sloga!s is all too o%*ious i! $a!) $e$%er

states, especiall) i! the oldest a!d+or richest o!es !deed, the E& !ow

see$s to %e held i! highest estee$ ust %e)o!d its easter! %order .he

&krai!ia! philosopher /olod)$)r er$ole!ko has clai$ed that the

Europe fou!ded upo! faith i! the Europea! idea is !ow i! the east

(starti!g at the Polish-3er$a! fro!tier", while the Europe of rules a!d

regulatio! is i! the west2.his dise!cha!t$e!t, this se!se that the E& is

re$ote, u!respo!si*e, u!represe!tati*e, corrupt, a!d i! decli!e, elderl)

a!d haggard, a gra!d$other5, !o lo!ger fertile a!d *i%ra!t, as Pope

6ra!cis rather u!galla!tl) put it,7is, %elie*e, fed %) the perceptio! that

the E& does !ot care to seek the co!se!t of its co!stitue!t peoples .he

E& has repeatedl) ig!ored the popular will i! $e$%er states i! order to

pursue the orthodo8) of e*er closer u!io! 9 $o!etar), :scal a!d

political ;ece!trali'atio! has %eco$e a heres), rather tha! a legiti$ate

political argu$e!t4#he! the people get the a!swer wro!g, the) are told

to *ote agai!, u!til the) get it right #he! the) are allowed to *ote at all

dou%t that this was what Bro!is>4 that de$ocrac) ca! o!l) %e cured with de$ocrac)?

.alk of the de$ocratic de:cit is a! i!ade@uate respo!se to this

crisis of co!:de!ce es, i! toda)s rapidl) glo%ali'i!g world, !o $ediu$-

si'ed !atio! state ca! e8ercise u!tra$$elled so*ereig!t) t $akes se!se

for cou!tries to co$e together i! $atters which ca!!ot %e dealt with

satisfactoril) at !atio!al le*el But as /Acla* a*el put it, speaki!g to this

Parlia$e!t :*e )ears ago, agree$e!t to the pri!ciple of $ulti-la)ered


2/16


so*ereig!t) is o!l) possi%le tha!ks to ci*ic a!d political ide!ti:catio!

with it

!ha%ita!ts of the $e$%er states of the E& ca!!ot %e e8pected to

feel, still less to act o! a se!se of Europea! citi'e!ship, u!less the) feelthat the co!te!t of Europea! citi'e!ship has draw! i! o! the ci*ic

heritage of their ow! !atio!al or local co$$u!ities ! e*er) cor!er of

Europe we ca! :!d ci*ic traditio!s, reachi!g %ack ce!turies or e*e!

$ille!!ia Europea!s ha*e practised a!d de*eloped ideas of li%ert),

go*er!$e!t %) co!se!t, i!di*idual a!d shared rights, a!d duties, all

fou!ded o! the *alues of the res publica9 the co$$o! good But $ost of

this heritage is la$e!ta%l) little-k!ow! #ider appreciatio! of these

riches re@uires E& i!stitutio!s (a!d %udget holders" to pro$ote the

heritage of allparts of the Europea! co!ti!e!t i! the face of widespread

ig!ora!ce a!d preudice .his is !ot solel) a $atter of !atio!al %ias i!

school te8t%ooks 9 it is u!dersta!da%le that the 6re!ch childre! are

taught a%out the ;eclaratio! of the Rights of Da! a!d Citi'e!, that

talia!s lear! of the glories of the talia! Re!aissa!ce, the ;utch a!d

pa!ish of their 3olde! Fges, that 3reek schools cele%rate a!cie!t

Fthe!ia! de$ocrac), that cots k!ow of the ;eclaratio! of Fr%roath, a!d

that at o!e ti$e the E!glish were taught a%out Dag!a Carta

6ar $ore corrosi*e of Europea! solidarit) is the co!*ictio! that

Easter! Europea!s k!ew little or !othi!g of ci*ic *alues u!til the) were

accepted i!to Europe ow $a!) outside u!gar) ha*e heard of the

3olde! BullG t was issued i! 1222, ust se*e! )ears after Dag!a Carta,

a!d well %efore Dag!a Carta was accepted i!to E!glish law .he 3olde!

Bull pro*ided u!garia! !o%le$e! with safeguards agai!st ar%itrar)

arrest, ta8atio!, a!d $ilitar) ser*ice, as well as what would later %e

i!terpreted as a right of resista!ce #ithi! decades the 3olde! Bull had

%eco$e part of the u!garia! !atio!al !arrati*e of li%ert), a!d it

wide!ed its scope fro$ the si8tee!th ce!tur), a process that cul$i!ated

i! its talis$a!ic sig!i:ca!ce duri!g the 1H4H-4> war of i!depe!de!ceI

#ithout dou%t, still fewer Europea!s ha*e heard of P)l)p Jrl)ks

co!stitutio! of 1I10 t was draw! up i! Be!der) %) e8iled &krai!ia!


3/16


4/16


#ester! Europea!s of their ow! ci*ili'atio!al superiorit) o*er people

with u!pro!ou!cea%le !a$es e!di!g i! 9ski .he) retai! curre!c) too,

%ecause !atio!al !arrati*es i! Kithua!ia, Belarus a!d &krai!e were

co!structed accordi!g to the for$ula of Polish lords e8ploiti!gKithua!ia!, Belarusia! a!d &krai!ia! peasa!ts, a!d ulti$atel) losi!g

the lo!g struggle with Dusco*ite Russia10 Polish-speaki!g lords also

e8ploited =ewish $iddle$e! a!d Polish-speaki!g peasa!ts .he)

u!der$i!ed the trade of tow!speople, while e8cludi!g the$ fro$ the

%od) politic Dost of those tow!s, e*e! at their si8tee!th-ce!tur) 'e!ith,

were poor shadows of those of the Kow Cou!tries a!d orther! tal) .he

political s)ste$, the preser*e of the !o%ilit), did i!deed fall i!to a chro!ic

state of crisis .he cou!tr) was i! the e!d partitio!ed F!d )etQ

F!d )et the Polish-Kithua!ia! Co$$o!wealth should !ot %e writte!

oM as a failure J! the co!trar), the ci*ic repu%lica! *alues which

shaped, sustai!ed a!d re*i*ed the Co$$o!wealth could pro*ide

e8celle!t e8a$ples for the Europea! &!io! Fs well as a war!i!g of how

thi!gs ca! go wro!g11

.he sheer si'e of the Co$$o!wealth 9 at its height i! the earl)

se*e!tee!th ce!tur) it e!co$passed all of $oder! Belarus, Kithua!ia a!d

Kat*ia, $ost of Pola!d a!d &krai!e, half of Esto!ia a!d parts of Russia 9

was the pri!cipal source of its di*ersit) .he co!fessio!al co!ti!e!tal

di*ide, %etwee! Easter! a!d #ester! Christe!do$, %isected the

Co$$o!wealth Catholic a!d Jrthodo8 Christia!s si$pl) had to :!d a

modus vivendi, well %efore the Protesta!t Refor$atio! co$plicated

thi!gs further Peaceful co-e8iste!ce was a !ecessit) Religious toleratio!

was a co!ditio! for the settle$e!t of $a!) $igra!ts, i!cludi!g Fshke!a'i

=ews, .atars, araites, ;utch a!d 3er$a! De!!o!ites, cots, Bohe$ia!

Brethre!, Fr$e!ia!s, Jld-Belie*ers, a!d u!til the $id-se*e!tee!th

ce!tur), a!ti-.ri!itaria!s .oleratio! did !ot usuall) $ea! e@ualit) i!

rights or estee$ But disputes were usuall) settled peacefull) a!d

accordi!g to ci*il law ! 1???, a papal !u!cio disappro*i!gl) called

/il!ius (/il!a, /il!e, #il!o" a Ba%)lo!, %ecause ST there are Fr$e!ia!s,

Dusco*ites, Ruthe!ia!s, .atars, Kithua!ia!s, 3er$a!s a!d talia!s, %ut


5/16


6/16


weighed too lightl) /otes should %e weighed, !ot cou!ted, ra! the

pro*er% i! $a!) places o it was i! the Co$$o!wealth Both the

stre!gth of the argu$e!t itself a!d the perso!al authorit) of the speaker

were take! i!to accou!t Di!orities were persuaded to )ield to the will ofthe $aorit), %ut the $aorit) would $ake co!cessio!s to the i!terests of

the $i!orit) 9 pro bono publico. J!l) fro$ the $id-se*e!tee!th ce!tur)

did the deepe!i!g crisis of political culture tur! the i$perati*e of

co!se!sus i!to the liberum veto9 the right of a!) i!di*idual $e$%er

(with a suMicie!tl) powerful protector i! the shadows" to %ri!g

parlia$e!tar) proceedi!gs to a! e!d a!d there%) pre*e!t a!) laws at all

fro$ %ei!g passed .he defe!ders of the veto 9 a!d there were $a!) 9

argued that a si!gle *irtuous $a! could there%) pre*e!t the destructio!

of li%ert) %) a corrupted $aorit) But %) the $id-eightee!th ce!tur), the

Co$$o!wealths legislature was paral)sed trust that the a!alogies

with the dile$$as faci!g the Europea! &!io! 9 %etwee! weighted

$aorities, si$ple $aorities a!d u!a!i$it) i! its *arious fora 9 are so

o%*ious, that the) do !ot re@uire further e$phasis here

.he liberum vetowas also a! outgrowth of the libera vox9 the free

*oice, whose purpose was to secure freedo$ 6reedo$ of speech i!

political $atters at pu%lic asse$%lies, lo!g respected i! practice, %ut

e!shri!ed as a co!stitutio!al law i! 10>, was !ot $erel) a li%ert), %ut a

ci*ic dut)U the dut) of a free citi'e! to gi*e cou!sel regardi!g the pu%lic

good .he pri!ciple co$prehe!ded freedo$ of the pressV i! the e!tire

histor) of the Co$$o!wealth, !o atte$pt to i$pose ro)al or

ecclesiastical ce!sorship e*er succeeded for lo!g .he libera vox

e8e$pli:es %oth the i!di*idual a!d collecti*e di$e!sio!s of freedo$

.he rights, pri*ileges a!d li%erties which ca$e to %e regarded

collecti*el) as li%ert) deri*ed, o! the o!e ha!d, fro$ a $i8ture of

i$$e$orial custo$s, fou!di!g charters a!d co!cessio!s e8tracted fro$

pri!ces .he rule of a u!garia! ki!g, Kouis the 3reat, led to the

eMecti*e e8e$ptio! of the !o%ilit) a!d Catholic clerg) fro$ ta8atio!

without their co!se!t i! the late fourtee!th ce!tur) ! the 1420s, the

!o%le pri*ilege of Neminem captivabimus nisi iure victum 9 esse!tiall)


7/16


the pri!ciple of !o i!carceratio! without trial, e@ui*ale!t to the $uch

later E!glish a%eas CorpusFct 9 was wo! fro$ a ki!g a!8ious to secure

the successio! of his eldest so! .he law ofNihil novi, of 1?0?, laid dow!

that the $o!arch could $ake !o !ew laws without the co!se!t of thelower house of parlia$e!t, co$prisi!g the delegates or e!*o)s of the

*arious la!ds a!d pro*i!ces that co$prised the ki!gdo$ of Pola!d Fll

these li%erties ca$e to %e shared %) Kithua!ia! a!d Ruthe!ia! !o%les of

all Christia! de!o$i!atio!s i! the course of the si8tee!th ce!tur)

Broadl) si$ilar processes were taki!g place across $ost of the

Europea! co!ti!e!t Electi*e $o!archies were co$$o!V $aorit) *oti!g

i! parlia$e!tar) estates was rare owe*er, i! the course of the

si8tee!th, se*e!tee!th a!d eightee!th ce!turies, this process was

re*ersed i! $a!) places, whose $o!archs clai$ed a!d e*e! e8ercised a

$uch greater degree of ar%itrar) power tha! hitherto Repu%lica!s

regarded the growth of ro)al power i! successi*e states with horror, %ut

the so-called rise of the a%solute state was for lo!g see! %) historia!s as

a !ecessar) *ehicle of $oder!i'atio!, especiall) i! its eightee!th-ce!tur)

*aria!t of e!lighte!ed a%solutis$ ! the 6re!ch case, Bour%o!

a%solutis$ supposedl) prepared the wa) for the ratio!al, ce!trali'i!g

a!d progressi*e re*olutio!ar) a!d apoleo!ic state owada)s historia!s

te!d to e$phasi'e that pri!ces ig!ored local oppositio! at their peril14

.he ol) Ro$a! E$pire of the 3er$a! atio!, lo!g derided as a!

a!achro!istic o%stacle to a $oder! 3er$a! !atio!-state, is !ow at least

partl) reha%ilitated as a fra$ework of law a!d collecti*e securit) for

di*erse co$$u!ities i! the $iddle of Europe .he li%erties a!d pri*ileges

of earl) $oder! Stndestaatenare so$eti$es i!cluded i! the histor) of

hu$a! a!d ci*il rights1?

B) the ti$e that the drift towards ro)al a%solutis$ had %egu!, a!

alter!ati*e, repu%lica! ideolog) had %ee! reco*ered %) scholars fro$ the

sur*i*i!g writi!gs of classical a!ti@uit) a!d applied to the di*erse

li%erties a!d practices of self-go*er!$e!t e!o)ed %) co$$u!ities a!d

i!di*iduals across $ost of the co!ti!e!t .o #ester! historia!s, the %est

k!ow! cases were $ade i! the talia! cit) states duri!g the Re!aissa!ce,


8/16


duri!g the E!glish Re*olutio! of the $id-se*e!tee!th ce!tur), a!d i!

the &!ited Pro*i!ces of the etherla!ds duri!g their lo!g war of

i!depe!de!ce fro$ pai! But 9 tha!ks to the u!i*ersal la!guage of Kati!

9 a! i$porta!t co!tri%utio! to this i!ter!atio!al repu%lica! co!*ersatio!was $ade %) writers fro$ Pola!d-Kithua!ia, such as F!dr'e 6r)c'

Dodr'ewski, the author of De Republica emendanda (pu%lished for the

:rst ti$e i! full i! Basle i! 1??4" a$ glad to sa) that the *olu$es

arisi!g fro$ the proect :!a!ced %) the Europea! &!io!,Republicanism

! Shared "uropean #eritage, edited %) Wue!ti! ki!!er a!d Darti! *a!

3eldere!, co!tai! two e8celle!t essa)s o! Polish-Kithua!ia!

repu%lica!is$1 !deed, the u!dersta!di!g of repu%lica! li%ert)

ad*a!ced %) Professor ki!!er ca! %e applied at least as well to the

Polish-Kithua!ia! Co$$o!wealth as a!)where else i! Europe1I

ki!!er has @uestio!ed the lo!g-esta%lished li%eral te!de!c), to

co!trast collecti*e a!d i!di*idual freedo$U the te!de!c) to call the

for$er a!cie!t, positi*e or repu%lica!, a!d the latter $oder!,

!egati*e or li%eral .his te!de!c), while it origi!ated i! a! older

disti!ctio! %etwee! ci*il a!d political freedo$, took :r$ root i! respo!se

to the 6re!ch Re*olutio!ar) terror t was $ost persuasi*el) articulated

i! the 1>?H %) ir saiah Berli!1H .he for$er idea of li%ert) is ofte!

associated with the t)ra!!) of the $aorit)1> a!d the latter is ofte!

i!*oked to ustif) e*er greater restrictio!s placed o! popular de$ocrac)

ki!!er has e8ca*ated 9 i! his fa*ourite $etaphor 9 the co!*ictio! of

earlier, !eo-Ro$a! repu%lica! writers, $ost of the$ talia! a!d E!glish,

a few 6re!ch or 3er$a! or ;utch, that all i!di*idual freedo$s fro$ the

actio!s of a! ar%itrar) ruler are secured %) the free participatio! of

citi'e!s i! the $aki!g a!d e8ecutio! of laws o the !egati*e freedo$

fro$ go*er!$e!t is !ot a! alter!ati*e to the positi*e freedo$ to

participate i! go*er!$e!tV i!stead, the :rst depe!ds upo! the seco!d20

uch, was the co!*ictio! of Polish-Kithua!ia! repu%lica!s, who

fro$ the earl) si8tee!th ce!tur) were as steeped i! the Kati! classics as

a!) elite i! Europe uch was the ideological fou!datio! for a $i8ed for$

of go*er!$e!t, a! Fristotelia! %le!d of go*er!$e!t $o!arch),


9/16


aristocrac), a!d de$ocrac) till $ore a$%itiousl), this $orma mixtawas

!ot o!l) preached, %ut practised, a!d !ot i! a s$all cit)-state, as the

a!cie!t a!d $oder! theorists of the Dediterra!ea! co!cei*ed, %ut i! a

*ast polit) which at its 'e!ith co*ered $ore tha! a $illio! s@uarekilo$etres #e retur! to the great e8te!t of the Co$$o!wealth, which

!ecessitated !ot o!l) co$pro$ise %etwee! di*erse i!terests i! order to

agree laws %i!di!g o! all, %ut the lea*i!g of the i$ple$e!tatio! of those

laws to local co$$u!ities #he!, i! the late eightee!th ce!tur), =ea!-

=ac@ues Rousseau tried to s@uare the circle of the a!cie!t %elief that

repu%lics could o!l) Lourish i! s$all cit) states with the realit) of a still

e8te!si*e Co$$o!wealth, his a!swer was $ore dece!trali'atio!, !ot

less21Could the Polish-Kithua!ia! Co$$o!wealth teach us a lesso! i!

su%sidiarit)G

6or such a s)ste$ to work well, $uch was de$a!ded of its citi'e!s

t was sustai!ed %) deep reser*oirs of ci*ic *irtue 9 which is esse!tiall)

the willi!g!ess, i! co!se@ue!ce of the amor patriae i!culcated %)

up%ri!gi!g a!d educatio!, to sacri:ce o!es pri*ate i!terest to ser*e the

co$$o! good t also rested o! a high degree of trust, %etwee! $o!arch

a!d citi'e!s, a!d %etwee! wealthier a!d poorer citi'e!s ! retrospect, it

is perhaps surprisi!g that the Co$$o!wealths political culture

supported a fairl) successful political s)ste$ for as lo!g as three

ge!eratio!s

owada)s, we $a) well ask, whe! there see$s to %e precious little

sacri:cial *irtue a!d trust i! so$e of the $ost sta%le a!d cohere!t local

a!d !atio!al co$$u!ities withi! Europe, with ide!tities that ha*e %ee!

!urtured o*er $a!) ce!turies, what hope could there possi%l) %e for

such @ualities a$o!g Europea! citi'e!sG F!d the idea of i!culcati!g

patriotic *irtues through educatio! has %ee! tai!ted %) the fear of

i!doctri!atio! i! !atio!al hatred urel) it would %e easier to rule

Europea!s tech!ocraticall), while guara!teei!g their i!di*idual hu$a!

rights, as adudicated %) a co$pete!t a!d lear!ed udiciar)G o, !o

i!deed, a!d !ot o!l) %ecause peoples whose clear wish is repeatedl)

ig!ored %) their go*er!ors will i! the e!d re*olt agai!st the e!tire


10/16


s)ste$ .he ge!ie of popular so*ereig!t) has lo!g si!ce left the %ottle

.here is also a! old repu%lica! a8io$U the freedo$ of each a!d all ca!!ot

%e safe without the participatio! of each a!d all

.here is !o possi%ilit) here of rehearsi!g the e!dless argu$e!ts,dati!g %ack two a!d a half $ille!!ia, a$o!g philosophers, poets a!d

historia!s a%out how a!d wh) repu%lics decli!e a!d fall uMice it to sa)

that the Polish-Kithua!ia! Co$$o!wealth decli!ed precipitousl) %etwee!

the $id-se*e!tee!th a!d $id-eightee!th ce!turies ot least i! the

@ualit) of the educatio! recei*ed %) its citi'e!s Re*i*al, whe! it ca$e,

rested o! three fou!datio!s 9 all of the$ associated with a Piarist

pedagogue, ta!is1 was

passed two )ears after the F$erica! co!stitutio! a!d four $o!ths %efore

the 6re!ch .he outco$e of a co$pro$ise %etwee! the ki!g a!d his

for$er oppo!e!ts, it %le!ded a repu%lica! so*ereig!t) of the !atio! with

a Do!tes@uieu*ia! di*isio! of powers i!to legislati*e, e8ecuti*e a!d


11/16


udicial, all of which were stre!gthe!ed t struck a udicious %ala!ce

%etwee! the i!di*idual rights of citi'e!s a!d their collecti*e !eed to

defe!d the Co$$o!wealths i!depe!de!ce 6or ust o*er a )ear, orderl)

freedo$ triu$phed at ho$e, a!d the Polish Co!stitutio! was toasted %)opi!io!-for$ers i! F$erica, 6ra!ce, a!d 3reat Britai!27

.he! Russia i!*aded a!d destro)ed the Co$$o!wealth Before it

was a%le to co$plete this dis$e$%er$e!t, howe*er, the scope of the

Polish !atio! was wide!ed, i! theor), to e!co$pass all i!ha%ita!ts of the

Co$$o!wealth Flthough the !atio! of !o%le citi'e!s was *er) large,

reachi!g perhaps I? per ce!t of the populatio!, which co$pares

fa*oura%l) with $a!) !i!etee!th-ce!tur) #ester! Europea! electoral

fra!chises, it re$ai!s the case that u!til 1I>1 %urghers were

$argi!ali'ed, while the $aorit) of the populatio! was co$posed of

u!free peasa!ts 6irst, the ci*ic a!d self-go*er!i!g rights of ur%a!

citi'e!s were stre!gthe!ed, accordi!g to the e$ergi!g pri!ciple that

propert) a!d educatio!, rather tha! the accide!t of %irth, $ade a! acti*e

citi'e! .he!, the Co!stitutio! declared the peasa!tr) the $ost !u$erous

a!d useful part of the !atio!24 ts shortco$i!gs regardi!g their actual

legal a!d socio-eco!o$ic positio! were redressed duri!g the last,

desperate i!surrectio! agai!st Russia! do$i!a!ce i! 1I>4 ts leader,

.adeus' oXcius'ko, hero of the F$erica! Re*olutio!, a%olished serfdo$,

s)$%olicall) e!!o%led a peasa!t soldier a!d do!!ed a peasa!t cloak J!

top of all this, the Co!stitutio! guara!teed adhere!ts of all religious

faiths freedo$ a!d protectio!, a!d restored $ost of the political e@ualit)

of !o!-Catholic citi'e!s 6reedo$, at least i! theor), was for all2?

Fs a u!i*ersal idea, rather tha! a set of pri*ileges a!d li%erties

clai$ed %) particular co$$u!ities, li%ert) could %e e8ported %) e8iled

Polish-Kithua!ia! re*olutio!aries a!d ro$a!tics of the !i!etee!th

ce!tur) E$pire-%uilders could %eco$e e$pire-%reakers, as F!dr'e

owak has argued2.he %a!!er of 6or our freedo$ a!d )ours was

carried %) i!surrectio!aries a!d soldiers, at ho$e a!d a%road, i! causes

ra!gi!g fro$ the pri!g of atio!s of 1H4H to the eco!d #orld #ar

.heirs was !ot a freedo$ that was restricted to i!di*idual rights ts


12/16


esse!ce was a willi!g!ess to $ake sacri:ces for the co$$o! good of all

!atio!s i! the cause of u!i*ersal li%ert) t co!*e)ed a se!se of solidarit)

! Jcto%er 1>? u!garia! stude!ts de$o!strated their solidarit) with

Poles, $e!aced %) the o*iet &!io! .he) $arched to the statue of =Y'efBe$, the Pole who co$$a!ded the u!garia! ar$) i! the 1H4H-4> war

of i!depe!de!ce agai!st the co$%i!ed forces of Fustria a!d Russia !

1>?, the) %rieL) wo! their freedo$, o!l) to lose it as the Red Fr$)

rolled %ack i! &!fortu!atel), as Bro!is


13/16


ust so$e of the $a!) u!dere8plored treasures of the shared Europea!

heritage of li%ert) .he cause of Europea! citi'e!ship !eeds the$ all

otes


14/16

1 .his is a fuller *ersio! of a paper deli*ered to the co!fere!ceU 'itizen (atters )iews and

*erspectives on "uropean 'itizenship, orga!i'ed %) Dr 6er!a!do Daura Bara!diarA!, /ice-

Preside!t of the FK;E group of DEPs, at the Europea! Parlia$e!t i! Brussels o! 10 ;ece$%er

2014

2 / er$ole!ko, ;rea$s of Europe, "urozine, httpU++wwweuro'i!eco$+articles+2014-02-0-

)er$ole!ko-e!ht$l(accessed 10 ;ece$%er 2014"3.he full te8t of the speech, deli*ered to the Europea! Parlia$e!t o! 2? o*e$%er 2014, is

a*aila%le at

httpU++e!radio*atica!a*a+!ews+2014+11+2?+popeZfra!cisZaddressZtoZeuropea!Zparlia$e!t+11127

1H(accessed 10 ;ece$%er 2014"

4= C Espada, .he Dissi!g ;e%ate,+ournal o$ Democrac,, 2?, 2014, 4, pp HH->?

5 B 3ere$ek, ;e$okraca, i! *ro$esor to nie obelga. !l$abet -ronisawa /erem0a, ed =

3 ;ece$%er 2014"V Kosso!,

2omu mia cao%& Ojcz,czn,. 3wiadomo%& i aspiracje polit,czne 0ancelistw 0ozac0ich 456789

56:8;, #arsaw, 2017,pp >>-1109.he $i!ister was orace e%astia!i, speaki!g to the atio!al Fsse$%l) o! 1 epte$%er 1H71

.he $ost fa$ous cartoo!, showi!g a Cossack surrou!ded %) corpses a!d gallows, was produced

%) =ea! g!ace sidore 3Nrard .he i!cide!t $ight %e co$pared to the reactio! of el$ut

ch$idt to 3e!eral #ociech =aru'elskis i$positio! of Dartial Kaw i! Pola!d o! 17 ;ece$%er

1>H1

10ee . !)der, 0raine= ?ithuania= -elarus= 5@7A95AAA,

ew a*e!, C., 2007VR 6rost, Jrderi!g the aleidoscopeU .he Co!structio! of de!tities i! the

Ka!ds of the Polish-Kithua!ia! Co$$o!wealth si!ce 1?>, i!*ower and the Nation in "uropean

#istor,, ed K cales a!d J ^i$$er, Ca$%ridge, 200?, pp 212-7211

! a piece of this ki!d, rather tha! atte$pt to pro*ide refere!ces for e*er)thi!g that follows, co!:!e $)self to a few suggestio!s for further readi!g i! E!glishU ; to!e,


15/16

ew a*e!, C., 200I, pp 20H-42V R 6rost, .he o%ilit) of Pola!d-Kithua!ia, 1?>-1I>?, i!

>?, pp 1H7-222VF a$i_ski, .he 'lachta of

the Polish-Kithua!ia! Co$$o!wealth a!d .heir 3o*er!$e!t, i! H7, pp 1I-4?V F

3r'eXkowiak-rwawic', o%le Repu%lica!is$ i! the Polish-Kithua!ia! Co$$o!wealth (a!Ftte$pt at ;escriptio!", !cta *oloniae #istorica, 107, 2011, pp 71-?V F 3r'eXkowiak-

rwawic', Fueen ?ibert, >0, ed D B B Biskupski

a!d = Pula, a!d at httpU++wwwrefor$atio!org+co!federatio!-of-warsawht$l (accessed 1>

;ece$%er 2014"

14ee e!shall, >215 ee J *o! Freti!, Das !lte Reich= 57EC95C87, 2 *ols, tuttgart, 1>>7->IV = #hale),

/erman, and the #ol, Roman "mpire, 2 *ols, J8ford, 2011V6or a! accessi%le i!troductio!, see

Peter #ilso!, E Jpali_ski, Ci*ic u$a!is$ a!d

Repu%lica! Citi'e!ship i! the Polish Re!aissa!ce, i! Republicanism ! Shared "uropean

#eritage, *ol 1, pp 14I-I17F 3r'eXkowiak-rwawic',Regina libertas. Holno%& w pols0iej m,%li polit,cznej I) wie0u,

3da_sk, 200 (shorter E!glish ed!U Fueen ?ibert,"V R Butterwick-Pawlikowski, F ;ialogue of

Repu%lica!is$ a!d Ki%eralis$U Regardi!g F!!a 3r'eXkowiak-rwawic's Book o! the dea of

Ki%ert),2wartalni0 #istor,czn,, 121, 2014, special issue, pp 1>-HH18 Berli!, .wo Co!cepts of Ki%ert) S1>?HT, i! Berli!, Gour "ssa,s on ?ibert,, J8ford, 1>>,

pp 11H-I2

19= Dill, On ?ibert, and Other Hritings, ed Colli!i, Ca$%ridge, 1>H>, p H20 W ki!!er, ?ibert, be$ore ?iberalism, Ca$%ridge, 1>>H W ki!!er, F .hird Co!cept of

Ki%ert), Proceedi!gs of the British Fcade$), 11I, 2002, pp 27I-H

21=-= Rousseau, 'onsidJrations sur le gouvernement de *ologne et sur sa re$ormation projetJe

S1II1T, i! =-= Rousseau, Oeuvres completes, *ol 7, pp >I0-I1
http://www.reformation.org/confederation-of-warsaw.htmlhttp://www.reformation.org/confederation-of-warsaw.html


16/16

22ee Kukowski,Disorderl, ?ibert,, pp H->I23ee 'onstitution and Re$orm in "ighteenth9'entur, *oland >IV R Butterwick, *olandKs ?ast 2ing and "nglish 'ulture

Stanisaw !ugust *oniatows0i= 56B:956AC, pp 2H?-70>V R Butterwick, Political ;iscourses of the

Polish Re*olutio!, 1IHH-1I>2,"nglish #istorical Review, 120, 200?, 4H1, pp >?-I7124

ee Kukowski,Disorderl, ?ibert,, pp 1I7-2?725

ee F #alicki, 0rainian Studies, 1, 1>II, 1-2, pp 1IH->IV 6 )s)!, .he h$elM!)tsMk)i

&prisi!gU F Characteri'atio! of the &krai!ia! Re*olt,+ewish #istor,, 1I, 2007, 2, pp 11?-7>

Europe’s Wealth of Civic Traditions

Documents

Transcript of Europe’s Wealth of Civic Traditions