Europeans Explore the East

I. Gold, God, & Glory Before 1400s = Euros. (little outside contact) Motivating factors of exploration?

A. New Trade Routes New sources of wealth = #1 motivation!

Exposed to exotic spices & silks = Crusades High Demand + Low Supply = High Prices

Muslims & Italians controlled trade from East Euros. grew tired of paying high $$$$$

B. The Spread of God Crusades = hostility betw. Christians/Muslims

MUST SPREAD THE WORD OF GOD!!!

C. Technological Advances 1. Mapmaking improved (Ren.---Ptolemy)

Added info. about Af. & Asia Sea captains were inspired by new maps

2. Navigation Instruments Compass (Chinese invention – 70 CE) Astrolabe (Muslims – 800 CE)

3. Caravel (1400s) Euro. ships could NOT sail against wind Caravel = had triangular sails (Arabs)

II. Portugal Leads the Way Port. = first country to est. posts in W. Af.

A. Portuguese in Africa Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)

Determined to reach the East Spread God 1419: founded navigation school (Port.)

Canary Islands, Azores, & Madeira

B. Port. Reach Asia 1488: Bartolomeu Diaz—reached southern tip

of Af. Explored S.E. Af.

1497: Vasco da Gama—explored E. coast of Af.& reached Calicut (S.W. India) --returned to Port. (1499) w/spices --gave Port. direct sea route to India

III. Spanish Claims 1492: Christopher Columbus convinced Spain to

finance voyage across Atlantic Oct.—reached Bahamas (East Indies?) Opened up Euro. colonization in Amers.

Tensions betw. Spain & Port. 1493: Pope Alexander VI—Line of Demarcation

West of line = Spain East of line = Port. TREATY OF TORDESILLAS

IV. Indian Ocean Trade Euro. nations competed for territory (S. & S.E.

Asia)

A. Port’s. Trading Empire Port. took control of spice trade from Muslims 1514: Port. gained control of Straits of Hormuz 1510: Port. captured Goa (India) (capital) 1511: Port. sailed to East Indies

Strait of Malacca (Spice Islands) Broke Muslim-Italian trade domination 1521: Ferdinand Magellan (Philippines)

Spanish claim = 1565

B. Others Challenge Port. 1600: English & Dutch challenged Port.

Dutch = largest fleet (20,000) Formed an East India Company (est. & directed

trade) Dutch East India Company = LARGEST/DOMINATED

1619: took Spice Islands from Port. Amsterdam

1700: Dutch controlled much of Asian trade

C. British Traders 1700: British East India Co. = India (cotton) Euro. impact did not spread beyond ports

V. China Limits Euro. Contacts

Euros. sought trade in E. Asia (China & Japan)

A. China Under Ming (1368-1644) China = dominated Asia

Vassal states = paid tribute (Euros. too!) Yonglo (1398): moved capital to Beijing

Created the Forbidden City (1406-1420) 1405: funded 7 exploratory voyages

Impress the world & gain more tribute

B. Voyages of Zheng He Led all 7 voyages EVERYTHING WAS HUGE (distances & ships) S.E. Asia to E. Af. “Floating City” sailing throughout Indian Ocean 16 countries sent tribute to Ming Too much $$$$$!!!!! 1433: Voyages ended --- ISOLATION

VI. The Qing Dynasty 1600: Ming rule declined 1644: Manchus est. Qing Dynasty

A. Manchus Cont. Isolation Had to obey Chinese rules of trade

Select ports, tribute, kowtow Dutch accepted rules

1793: letter from King George III to Qing Emp. Wanted to import Brit. goods into China Qing Emp. declared China to be self-sufficient There is nothing we lack, as your principle envoy and others

have themselves observed. We have never set much store on strange or ingenious objects, nor do we need any more of your country’s manufactures.

China remained isolated until mid-1800s

VII. Contact Betw. Euro. & Japan

16th Cent. = Euro. merchants & missionaries

A. Port. in Japan 1543: Port. sailors shipwrecked in Japan

Merchants followed—brought manufactured items (firearms)

Daimyo? In their hands they carried something two or three feet long,

straight on the outside with a passage inside, and made of a heavy substance.... This thing with one blow can smash a mountain of silver and a wall of iron. If one sought to do mischief in another man’s domain and he was touched by it, he would lose his life instantly.

Japanese produced these weapons Eliminated Samurai culture

1549: Christian missionaries arrived Were accepted…at first

By 1600: over 300,000 were converted Tokugawa Ieyasu (Shogun)– upset by missionaries

1612: Ieyasu banned Christianity 1637: 30,000 peasant Christians revolted against their

daimyo Led by Amakusa Shiro

Christians were ruthlessly persecuted Euro. missionaries = killed or deported Japanese = demonstrate faithfulness to Buddhism

B. The Closed Country Policy Japanese did not like Euro. ideas but

valued their trade By 1639: “closed country policy”

Commercial contacts ended Nagasaki—only port open—Dutch & Chinese Japanese forbidden to leave Self-sufficient

1854: Matthew C. Perry & Millard Fillmore Convention of Kanagawa