From traders to rulers The first Carnatic wars(1746 - 1763)

The first Carnatic wars(1746 - 1748)• Why do you think only two students particularly those two always

fight each other out of 35 students? •

• Why do you think only British and French fight each other out of other Europeans?

• All European trading companies had a treaty that not have any war/battle neither between them nor with any Indian kings.

• Who do you think first Europeans to break the above instruction by declaring the war? British/ French

• Did they really mean the war in India to fight each other to conquer the places?

• No , absolutely not. • Than what could be the reason?

Imagine that two students hate each other and always they have a clash for every single reason. Always they tried to exchange the words or fight

seriously by hurting each other. Choose the possible reason from the following choices.

• Both are physically strong / intelligent and try to show who is more powerful?

• In order to attract the attention of others especially girls.

• Both of them must be behind a one affair (romance).

• Both the parents have a case in the court and fighting each other for lost 15 years for the asset worth of 25 crore. So parents encourage their wards to be in fights.

• Some must be playing by spoiling their ears for the fun.

Now you may able to guess the reason for war between French and English.

• The main Cause:

• In Europe: In 1744 the war of Austrian succession broke out in Europe between Austria and Prussia. While the French supported Prussia, the English stood by the side of Austria.

• In India: The war spark between France and England healed up in India also. In India it broke out between them to eager to extend their trade relations in India.

• Dupleix the French governor of Pondicherry wanted to drive away the English from India.

• Course of the war: Dupleix marched towards Madras where he defeated the English naval fleet and captured Madras.

• What did British Do?• The Nawab ordered Dupleix to return Fort St.George to

the British. • What would the response of French? • Dupleix did not obey.• Now …. What can be done? Now you were a King

Anwar-ud-din? • Anwar-ud-din sent a large army to recover Madras

(Chennai) from Dupleix. But the Nawab’s forces were defeated by the French at Santhome near Adayar in 1746. The French forces plundered Madras.

Result: The first carnatic war came to an end by the treaty of Aile-La-chappelle in 1748 and settlement was reached between English and French in the Carnatic Coast. The French left and the English got back Madras.

The Second Carnatic war (1749 -1754):

Causes:

• The result of the First Carnatic War disappointed the French fleet in India and they wanted to reduce the growing influence of British in Carnatic region.

• Dupleix began to increased his power by interfering in local dynastic politics in Carnatic region.

• He got the opportunity in the dynastic disputes in Hyderabad and Carnatic. This civil succession led to second Carnatic War.

Hyderabad civil war • The Nizam of Hyderabad died in 1748. His son

Nazir Jung became the Nizam. Muzzafur Jung his nephew opposed him.

Arcot civil war

• Anwar-ud-din , the Nawab of Arcot opposed by his cousin Chanda Sahib. Chanda Sahib wanted seize power of Arcot.

• Now we could see two parties (groups) in local politics of Carnatic region for their succession.

• Which were those parties ?

The two groups• The disappointed party - Muzzafur Jung and Chanda

Sahib.

• What must have they done in order to achieve their long thirst of power?

• Muzzafur Jung and Chanda Sahib had thought of seeking the help of Europeans. British help/French help.

• Muzzafur Jung and Chanda Sahib joined together and sought the help of the French.

• Why did they go for French’s help?

• The ruling group- Nasir Zung (Hy) and Anwar-ud-din (Ar)

• The ruling group joined the hands of English.

Course of the war:

• The French army joined the army of Chanda Sahib and Muzzafur Jung near Arcot in 1749.

• In 1749 Anwar-ud-din was defeated and killed in the war. Chanda Sahib became the Nawab of Carnatic. He rewarded Dupleix by giving the 100 villages near pondicherry.

• Anwar-ud-din’s son Mohammed Ali escaped to Tiruchirapalli and took refuge in the Fort of Tiruchirapalli.

• In or order to help Muzafar Zung Dupleix sent a strong army under the leadership of Bussy to defeat NazirZung. Nasirzung was killed in the war.

• In Mohammed Ali sought the help of the English to save him and attack Arcot.

Dilemma of British – ‘to come back or to sack’

• To help Muhamad Ali was difficult for British, Because French looked very confident under Dupleix leadership.

• What were the British do?• If they go help Muhamad Ali to Tiruchanapalli- with full

pledge army. What would Dupleix do?• Soon they march towards Tiruchanapalli, next thing

Dupleix would do would be to attack Madras and drive them away altogether.

• Only one British army officer had a slight hope to save Madras that was Robert Clive.

• Let see what did he do?

Efforts of Robert Clive • Robert Clive 19 year young British

army officer who loved fights always analysed the movements and tactics of Dupleix.

• First thing he did was kept strong army in St.Gearge under weak British general Lawrence and took small troop to Tiruchanapalli to help Muhamad Ali .

• He reached Tiruchanapalli and gave him a moral support and told him to hold on for some time.

• Soon Clive left Turuchanapalli.

• What kind of help is that. Instead of being with him for some time , why did he hurry to Madras?

The famous seize of Arcot 1752

• The main intention of Robert Clive was to drag the attention of Chanda Saheb and Dupleix toward Tiruchanapalli and attacking Arcot which is near to Madras.

• Now what did Chand Saheb and Dupleix do?• Soon Chand Saheb left Arcot with his army to hold

Tiruchanapalli. • Robert Clive was ready to seize Arcot and

Loawrence disagree with. Why because…… • Robert Clive left strong army in St.George and with

200 British Soldiers and 300 sepoys he marched towards Arcot. He seized the Arcot without much efforts.

Defeat of Chand Saheb and Frech

• Later Chand Saheb left with French Army to defeat British . But the troop of Chand Saheb was crushed by the attacks of Robert Clive and Lawrence.

• In the war Chand Saheb and his son were dead. Soon British reached Tiruchanapalli and defeated French.

• Muhamad Ali was made as Nizam of Arcot. British won the Second battle of Panipat and Robert Clive was called the real founder of EEC.

• Results: The English emerged successful in the war which ended with the Treaty of Pondicherry in 1755. Mohammed Ali was declaredthe Nawab of Arcot.

Third Battle of Karnatic

• Cause: The Seven Years War in Europe was the immediate cause for the third Carnatic war.

• Course of the war: Count-de-Lally was the French Governor.• He captured Fort St David at Cuddalore with a view to annexe

Chennai.• He attacked the ruler of Tanjore. He called Bussy from Hyderabad• to attack Madras. • Robert Clive sent his General Sir Eyre Coote to fight against the

French. A war took place between the French and the British at Wandiwash where Count-De-Lally was defeated by Sir Eyre Coote. The English captured the French territories.

• Sir Eyre Coote was honoured with the title “Hero of Wandiwash”

Causes for the success of the English:

• There was lack of co-operation among the French officers.But the English worked unitedly. So they won the war.

• The British were lucky to have able generals like Lawrence, Clive and Eyre Coote.

• The French were not successful in Europe. So they were unable to compete with the British in Carnatic.

• The British Naval power was superior in comparison with the French Naval power in Europe. So they were unable to

• compete with the British. • The English East India Company was a private company. But

the French East India company was a public company. So• the French were unable to mobilise their resources.• French neglected her Generals ideas.

Battle of Plassey 1757 • Bengal was a Subha

of Mughals.

• Alivardhi Khan become independent ruler- Had maintained relationship with British.

• Murshidabad was the Capital of Bengal.

• Alivardhi Khan was succeded by Sirj-Ud-Daula, 20 years young man.

Siraj –Ud-Daula

• How did the battle come about?

– Siraj was weak, inexperienced and self

willed.

– Hated British and wanted to interfere with

their matters.

– British were also responsible- Misused the

trade permits given by Mughals.

– Did not pay the taxes to Nawab.

– Without Nawab’s permission they extended

their fort and placed mounted Guns on

Fort. William.

Black hole tragedy

• Impatient Nawab attacked fort Willam in 1756 when British were busy in Karnaticwars.

• He captured Kolkotta and took 146 British as prisoners and locked into an 18 by 15 feet room.

• Only 23 survived the night. The British weren't ready to forgive and forget.

• Colonel Robert Claive sent huge army from Madras to Culcutta under Admiral Watson.

• Who was Siraj-Ud-Daula?

• Which was the capital city of Bengal?

• Name the fort of British at Culcutta?

• Why did British get angry on Siraj-Ud-Daula?

• Why did Siraj get angry on British?

• When was Battle of Plassey was faught?

• What was Black hole tragedy?

• How did British respond the black hole tragedy?

• Where do the French come into the picture?

• French helped Siraj-Ud-Daula.

• Soon British hold the Fort William and defeated French and Siraj-Ud-Daula.

• In order to dethrone him Claive made a secret alliance with his minister Mir Jafar.

At the battle field – Battle of Plassey

• Both the armies pitched their army in the Plasseybattle field.

• Robert Clive led the British army.

• The battle broke out on 23rd June 1757.

• Mir Jazar betrayed Siraj-Ud-Daula and supported British force.

• The result was – British won the war and Mir Jafar was made as the Nawab of Bengal.

• Mir Jafar made as Nawab of Bengal. Zafar granted 24 parganas to Robert Clive as a token of respect.

Mir Jafar (1758-1761)

• He did not enjoy his role of Nawab being a poppet of British.

• He proved himself quite unfit to govern by spending most of his time in amusements.

• Being in want of more money he came up with few measures. – Granted Hindu traders to have free trade in Bengal.

– Made a secret treaty with Dutch.(Chinsura)

– Plundered Hindu bankers who were with British.

• Soon Mir Jafar was dethroned and Mir Qusim was made as a Nawab of Bengal.

Mir Qusim (1761-1765), Battle of Buxar

• Mir Qusim began his reign well

– He paid all debts of Mir Jafar.

– Strengthen the army

– Concentrated on pubic works

– Shifted his capital city from Murshidabad to Mongyar.

• After some time he wished to become a ____

Free Nawab from British.

Preparation for the battle

• Mir Kasim asked the share of taxes collected for free trade. British just refused his demand.

• He made a secret alliance – Shah Alam II , The Mughal emperor and Shuja-Ud-Daula of Oudh joined Nir Kasim to defeat British.

• The Joined army met the British at Bauxar in October 1764.

• 60,000 the joint army was defeated by 7000 well trained British army.

Results

• Battle of Buxar was the very crucial victory for British. They directly involved in Indian politics and came up with their own policies. – The joint army sued for Allahbad peace treaty.– Again Mir Jafar became the Nawab of Bengal.– Mughal emperor Shah Alam granted ‘Diwani rights’ to

British. (Right to collect the revenue of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa).

– Shuja-Ud-Daula of Oudh was given annual pension.– British introduced ‘Dual system of Administration’ in

Bengal. – Robert Clive became the governor of Bengal region.

What was Diwani Rights? Duel system of Admistration?

• Diwani Rights was the revenue license issued to British by the Shah Alam, The emperor of Mughal. According this right British collected the revenue over Bengal, Bihar and Orissa regions. They also had the right to increase the taxes on their wish.

• The Dual system in Bengal was introduced by Robert Clive. This Dual Government in Bengal held a great advantage for the British: they had power without responsibility. The Nawab and his officials had the responsibility of administration but Collection revenue was done by British.

Anglo- Maratha Wars

War/Battle Year Who V/S who Result

First Anglo-

Maratha War

1775-1782 British and Marathas

British supported Raghunath

Rao

Marathas- All Maratha under

the leadership of Nanan

Phadnavis

Treaty of Salbai.

Both agreed to help each

other.

Second Anglo

Maratha War

1803 British and Marathas

Lord Wellesley and Dualat Rao

Sindia and Raghuji Bonsley

Treaty of Bassein .

British got many territories of

Ma rathas

Third Anglo –

Maratha war

1817-1818 British and Marathas

The five Maratha Chiefs

Peshwa , Sindia, Holkar,

Gaikwad, Bhonsley

Marathas were defeated

later they became the

subordinate to British till

Indian Independence.

Anglo- Mysore Wars

War/Battle Year Who V/S who Result

First Anglo-

Mysore War

1767-69 British and Hyder Ali

British –Marathas-Nizams of

Hyderbad and Arcot

Hyder Ali-French

Hyder Ali defeated Nizam of Arcot and

went till Madras.

But the war won by British. (colonel

Smith)

Second

Anglo-Mysore

War

1780-1784 British and Hyder-Tippu Sultan

British Under Sir Eyre Coot

Mysore army Under Hyder Ali,

Tippu Sultan and French

Hyder Ali and Tippu annexed many places

of British but Hyder Ali died in the war.

Tippu sued for Mangalore Peace treaty in

1784

Third Anglo

Mysore War

1790-1792 Brtish and Tippu Sulatn

British-Lord Cornwallies, King and

Travencore, Nizams and Marathas.

Mysore Army –Tippu Sultan

British won the war

Tippu sued for Srirangapattanam Peace.

Tippu was humiliated. ½ of his dominions

taken, he had pay the war expenses of

British.

The fourth

Anglo-Mysore

War

1799 British and Tippu Sultan

British-Lord Wellesley , Marthas,

Nizams

Mysore Army- Tippu Sultan and

French army

British won the war

British attacked Mysore from Bombey

and Madras.

Tippu went defeat Bombey army and he

was defeated.

Rushed save Srirangapatnam but he died

in the war in 1799.

Subsidiary treaty/ Allience

• What is Subsidiary alliance?• A military treaty between Indian kings and British

army. It was military offer for Indian kings by the British to secure their state from neighbour’s attack.

• Who introduced it?– Lord Wellesley

• Why was it Introduced? – By the late 18th century, theMughal Empire lost

power. India was left with a great number of states, most small and weak.

• Do you think Indian kings accepted this doctrine? – Many week rulers welcomed this idea.

• Did British really mean to secure week Indian kings? What was the hidden agenda behind this doctrine?– Bring all Indian Kings under their military power and bring

the direct rule on them.

The main principles of a subsidiary alliance• An Indian ruler entering into a subsidiary alliance with the

British had to accept British forces within his territory and also

agreed to pay for their maintenance.

• If Indian rulers failed to make the payments or if they not able to pay?

– Some part of their territory was to be taken away by the British as a

penalty.

• The ruler would accept a British Resident in his state.

• What was his role in the King’s court?

– To monitor the king’s military movements and secret treaties.

• An Indian ruler who entered into a subsidiary alliance would not

enter into any further alliance with any other power, nor would

he declare war against any power without the permission of the

British.

• The ruler would not employ any Europeans other than the

British

• What do you mean by that?

– To stop the growth of their enemies especially French.

In return for the ruler accepting its conditions, the Company undertook to protect the state from external dangers and internal disorders.

• If an Indian king had not accepted this doctrine?

– War against that particular kingdom for all possible reasons.

• List out some Indian kings who surrendered to Subsidiary treaty?

– The Nizam of Hyderabad was the first to enter into such an alliance. Martathas (five chiefs), Nizam of Arcot, King of Travencor.

• Was there any Indian king who stood opposite to this doctrine?

Tippu sultan, Keeping it as a main reason they troubled him till Mysore falls into Subsidiary alliance .

The Subsidiary alliance doctrine laid the foundation of the political sovereignty of the British in India.

Doctrine of lapse • What lesson did British learn from Battle of

Plassey and Buxar?

• They learnt to adopt many unfair policies to grab the territories.

• Which policy was very successful experiment to bring many Indian kings under their control?

• Subsidiary Alliance

• In order to subjugate many more territories British came up with policy of ‘Doctrine of lapse’

• What was ‘Doctrine of lapse?

• Doctrine of lapse was a formula devised by Lord Dalhousie (1848–56) to annex the Indian territories with questions of succession to Hindu Indian states.

Load Dalhousie

• According to Hindu law if a ruler/king did have mail heir (Son) he could adopt a person who would then have all the personal and political rights of a son.

• Why did British come up

with such policy?

– To stop adopting male heirs.

• If they don’t adopt who would rule after his death?

• According to the Doctrine of Lapse after their death the kingdom directly come under British rule.

• If you were a king would you agree with the British policy of Doctrine of Lapse? Why?

• Why do you think Indian rulers took this issue very personally?– Because it was a matter of customs which followed

from many generation and too religious. It hurt their self esteem image.

• Which of the kingdoms were dethroned by adopting Doctrine of Lapse? – Satara, Jhansi, Berar, Kanpur, Nagpur and Awadh.

• If you were a king what measures would you take to protest this policy?– All disappointed rulers joined together with one voice

and revolted against British to get their rights back. This movement let to sepoy mutiny/the first war of Indian Independence in 1857.

Reasons for the success of British.