Europeans Claim Muslim Land

Geopolitics Def – Taking land for strategic location Ex. – Russia – Crimea (access to Black

Sea) Ex. Oil in Persia, Arabian Peninsula

Ottoman Empire Steady decline 300

yrs Weak Sultans Corruption Inflation 1830’s – Greek

Independent Serbia Balkans

Crimean War (1854-1856) Britain and France

joined Ottomans Russians Lose Ottomans still weak and

losing land Russians aided Slavic

people in Independence

Great Game War Waged over India Britain and Russia Afghanistan – Center of

Struggle 1881 – GB withdrew from Afg. 1921 – GB not beyond Khyber

Pass Soviets – Nonaggression pact

with Afg. 1979 – Soviets invaded Afg.

Egypt Muhammad Ali –

Broke away from Ottomans

1831 – Gained control of Syria and Arabia

Reforms in military and economics

Cash crop – Cotton Instead of food crops

Suez Canal Isma’il – Construction of Connect Red Sea and Mediterranean Built w/ French $ Opened in 1869 – Still in debt Could not

pay British insist to take over canal 1882 – British Occupy Egypt

Persia Russia and GB compete for Persian ruler started to allow businesses to

buy right to operate in certain areas Ex. Anglo-Persian Oil Co. Rich oil Fields in

Persia Tobacco in Persia

1890 – Persian ruler sold concession to export tobacco

Tobacco Boycott – Unrest 1907 – Russia and GB took and divided into

Spheres of Influence

British In India

British East India Company Ruled India Own Army – British and Sepoys India – “Jewel in the crown”

Must produce raw materials Must buy British goods No Indian competition with British goods Railroads helped Goods – Tea, indigo, coffee, cotton, jute, opium

Impact on India (Bad) British held political and economic power British restricted Indian-owned industries Cash crop – Hurt self-sufficiency

Reduce food production Famine

Racism threatened way of life

Impact on India (Good) 3rd largest RR India = modern economy Road network Telephone lines, dams, bridges, etc. Sanitation and public health Schools and colleges

Sepoy Mutiny 1857 – Indians rebel Cartridges with beef and pork fat Hindus

(cows sacred), Muslims (don’t eat pork) Did not accept cartridges Put in jail

rebelled marched to Delhi Captured city Spread

Took Brit E. Ind Co. 1 year to recover

Hindus and Muslims split Hindus preferred British rule to Muslim rule 1858 – British took direct control of India Raj – British Rule over India from 1757-

1947

Nationalism in India Ram Mohun Roy – Modern thinker, wanted

modernization Must change, or will always be ruled Didn’t want 2nd class in own country