EUROPEANS AND THE “NEW” WORLD

AP 1

Native Americans

Came to Americas across Bering Strait.

Following big game.

Great Diversity

Native Americans of N. America

Environment Shapes Culture

Clothing

Housing/dwellings

Hunter/gatherers vs. sedentary

Gender roles: Men hunters & warriors

Woman = agriculture

Native American Empires

More complex societies are in Central and South America A. Aztecs B. Incas C. Mayans

Review

How did the first people get to the Americas?

What was the biggest factor in shaping Native American cultures?

Where (in the Americas) were the most developed civilizations?

European Motivations for Exploration

• Looking for new trade routes to Asia.

How European Sea Exploration is Possible

1. New technology

a. Astrolab b. Better Maps c. Better ship—the Caravel

2. Development of Nation States

a. Can raise $ (sea voyages are expensive)

Portugal Leads the Way

Prince Henry the Navigator

School for Sailors

Portugal (Cont.)

1st conquer islands off shore (Azores, Canary, Maderias).

Then head south (trying to get to Asia) and come in contact with Africa.

Start to get slaves from Africa and use them on islands to grow sugar.

Portugal’s Explorations

Spain

Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella unites Aragon and Castile (creates Spain).

Reconquista = Driving the Moors (Muslims) from the Iberian peninsula.

Religious spirit on Reconquista (along with desire for wealth from trade) leads to Spanish exploration.

More Review

What factors motivated European exploration?

What developments led to Europeans being able to explore the world by sea?

What country took the lead in European sea exploration and where did they go?

What led to the unification of Spain?

What was the Reconquista and how did it play a part in Spanish exploration?

Christopher Columbus

From Italy

Convinced Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to sponsor his voyage.

Proposed going west (rather than south) to find a more direct sea route to Asia.

Columbus and Ferdinand and Isabella

1st Voyage of Columbus

1492

1st lands on an island in the Bahamas.

Next lands on Cuba and Hispaniola.

Today Hispaniola is divided into two countries: Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

4 Voyages of Columbus

Impact of Columbus’s Voyages

World’s Collide!

Europe becomes aware of a “new world.”

Greatly impacted world history by connecting Europe and Africa with the Americas and setting in motion the Columbian Exchange.

Columbian Exchange

Refers to the exchange of goods between the new world and the old that was set in motion by the voyages of Columbus

Treaty of Tordesillas

Pope draws an imaginary line to divide exploration claims between Portugal and Spain.

Other Europeans Explore the Americas

John Cabot

Amerigo Vespucci

Spanish Motivations

3 G’s

Gold God Glory

Conquistadors

“Conquerors”

Spanish soldiers who conquered the natives of the New World.

Reasons for success: Guns, Germs, and Steel

Cortes and the Aztecs

Hernan Cortes led conquistadors who conquered the Aztecs

Pizzaro and the Inca

Why the Conquistadors were able to conquer the People of Central and South America

Guns, Germs, and Steel.

In other words, superior technology, horses, diseases.

Smallpox is the big killer.

New Spain

Spanish Interaction with Natives

Viewed natives as inferior.

Forced to work

Forced to convert to Catholicism

Justified harsh treatment on belief that natives were heathens.

Importation of Slaves

Since disease killed so many of the Native Americans, the Spaniards (and Portuguese) began using African slaves as a labor force in the Americas.

Types of Spanish Settlement

Missions

Presidios

Haciendas

Father Junipero Serra

Spanish Priest

Set up 1st mission in what is today Calif.

(1769 in San Diego)

Later helped start many more.

Racial Intermixing

Women only 10% of immigrants from Spain.

1st Settlement in what is today US = St. Augustine (Florida) 1565.

Encomienda System

Much like European feudalism.

Govt. gives Spaniards great tracts of land in which natives must labor for the landlord.

Rebellion (s)

Pueblo Revolt

A.k.a—Pope’s Rebellion

1680 around what is today Santa Fe New Mexico.

Read PDF file for details.

Wrap Up

Diversity of Native Peoples of the Americas prior to the arrival of Europeans.

Motivations for European Exploration

Significance of the voyages of Columbus

How the Spanish viewed (and treated) Native Americans.

Characteristics of Spanish settlements in the New World.

Primary sources

They have no arms, and are without warlike instincts; they all go naked, and are so timid that a thousand would not stand before three of our men. So that they are good to be ordered about, to work and sow, and do all that may be necessary, and to build towns, and they should be taught to go about clothed and to adopt our customs.

"Journal of the First Voyage of Christopher Columbus, 1492-1493," in E.G. Bourne, The Northmen, Columbus and Cabot, 985-1503 (New York, 1906), 114, 145-146, 182

Truly great and wonderful is this, and not corresponding to our merits, but to the holy Christian religion, and to the piety and religion of our sovereigns, because what the human understanding could not attain, that the divine will has granted to human efforts. For God is wont to listen to his servants who love his precepts, even in impossibilities, as has happened to us on the present occasion, who have attained that which hitherto mortal men have never reached. For if anyone has written or said anything about these islands, it was all with obscurities and conjectures; no one claims that he had seen them; from which they seemed like fables. Therefore let the king and queen, the princes and their most fortunate kingdoms, and all other countries of Christendom give thanks to our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, who has bestowed upon us so great a victory and gift. Let religious processions be solemnized; let sacred festivals be given; let the churches be covered with festive garlands. Let Christ rejoice on earth, as he rejoices in heaven, when he foresees coming to salvation so many souls of people hitherto lost. Let us be glad also, as well on account of the exaltation of our faith, as on account of the increase of our temporal affairs, of which not only Spain, but universal Christendom will be partaker. These things that have been done are thus briefly related. Farewell.

Spanish SettlementMostly men, so lots of

race mixing.

Missions=Churches to convert natives

Presidios = forts to guard territory

Stretch from Present West coast of USA to bottom of South America.