EUROPEAN UNIONS COUNTRIES. ITALY: EUROPES BOOT San Marino Vatican City It is in the South of Europe...
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EUROPEAN UNION’S COUNTRIES
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ITALY: EUROPE’S “BOOT”
San Marino
Vatican City
It is in the South of Europe and it borders the Mediterranean Sea. It borders France in the North-West, Switzerland and Austria in the North and Slovenia in the North-East. Its west coast is wet by Tyrrhenian Sea, while the east one is wet by Adriatic Sea, in South-East Italy is wet by Ionian. Two litttle indipendent states are also included: Vatican City and San Marino.
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Italian territory is subdivided
in:
continental Italy
peninsular Italy
insular Italy
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The territory is mainly made by mountains and hills. The widest plain is
the Padan Plain.
Mountain Plain
Hill
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Friuli Venezia Giulia
Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Sicily
Sardinia
Aosta Valley
From an administrative point of view Italy is subdivided into
21 REGIONS
5 of them have a “special statute”:
•Friuli Venezia Giulia;
•Aosta Valley ;
•Sicily;
•Sardinia;
•Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
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Agricolture, silviculture, fishing Manufacturing sector
Mineral sector Building and public works
Services Energy and water
PRODUCTIVE SECTORS IN ITALY.
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The religion that prevals in Italy is Catholicism.
However there are minorities of:
•Protestantism•Hebraism•Islam•Buddhism•Hinduism
In Italy there are 60.157.214 inhabitants.
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Main cities: ROME: THE CAPITAL
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VENICE MILAN
FLORENCENAPLES
OTHER IMPORTANT CITIES:
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FROM MONARCHY TO REPUBLIC
1848
“Albertino Statute” 1942-1945
The Resistance:The partisans
1946The Constitution
The Republic1922-1943
The dictatorship:The fascism
1940-1945The war
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The first shape of the italian Constitution dates back 4th March 1848 and
it is the “Albertino Statute”, issued by the
king Carlo Alberto of Savoy
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ALBERTINO STATUTE
On 17th March 1861 the king Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy “king of Italy thanks to God and
nation’s will” extends the “Albertino Statute” to the territories of the United Italy.
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The “Albertino Statute” admits the separation of powers: legislative, executive, judicial.
THE KINGEXECUTIVE POWER LEGISLATIVE POWER JUDICAL POWER
APPOINTSAPPOINTS
APPOINTS
MINISTERS SENATE OF THE KINGDOM
CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES
MAGISTRATES
ELECTS
PEOPLE
(only rich and male people can vote)
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The way to the suffrage in Italy begins when the Nation was not a unitary state.
1872: threshold of electoral maturity from 25 to 21.
Can vote citizens that can read and write.
1848: vote to men oven 25 who could read and write and payed at least 40 lires of taxes.
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1882: the right to vote to aged literate men is recognized.
1912: all 21 years men who can read and write can vote; illiterate people can vote from 30 if they did the military service.
1919: all 21 years male citizens can vote. Minors who have done the military service can vote as well.
The electorate rises to 11 millions.
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From 1922 to 1943: FASCIST DICTATORSHIP
Suppresses personal freedom and leads the country to World War II.
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•Abolition of every freedom (of print, of demonstration, …)
•Abolition of municipal and provincial elections.
•Foundation of Great Council of Fascism (Supreme Unit)
•Imposition of Fascist Party like the only one.
In 1926 the “fascistissime” laws come into force.
•Establishment of capital punishment.
•Foundation of secret police (OVRA).
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World War IIFrom 1939 to 1945
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In 1942 Partisans put on their arms: the Italian Resistence was born and it opposes to the
Nazi-fascists
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4th MAY 1945:
THE END OF THE WAR FOR ITALY.
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THE PARTISANS CELEBRATE WITH THE ALLIES THE LIBERATION FROM NAZI-
FASCISM.
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THE WAR IS OVER AND THE POWER PASSES INTO THE HANDS OF NEW PARTIES.
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• Universal suffrage for men and women, who are 18 years old.
1946
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may 1946
local elections: the first
opportunity to vote for Italian
women.
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MonarchyRepubblic
The Italians are again called to vote for the institutional Referendum between the Monarchy and the Republic, and for the election of the Constituent
Assembly.
2nd JUNE 1946
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The Republic winsVOTE TO WOMEN
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CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
AT WORK
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1st JANUARY 1948: ITALIAN CONSTITUTION
BECOMES EFFECTIVE...
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RIGID: it may be changed only unanimously and trough special procedures.
LONG: it includes both the rules of civil life and of law.
VOTED : it was chosen by the representatives of the people.
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CITIZENS
PARLIAMENT
THE PRESIDENT OF REPUBLIC
PARLIAMENT
LEGISLATIVE POWER
GOVERNMENT
EXECUTIVE POWER
COURT
JUDICIAL POWER
In a common session with the regional representatives they elect
IS THE CHAIRMAN OF THE “MAGISTRATES GOVERNING COUNCIL”
APPOINTS THE PRIME
MINISTER
CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES Senate of Republic
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The Italian Republic is representative and
parlamentary.
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The Representative Democracy is a form of government in which citizens appoint their representatives in parliament.
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The right to vote is the utmost expression of the popolar sovereignty.
The soverreignty belongs to the people and it is exerced in the forms and the limits provided
by the Constitution (art 1 Const.).
The exercise of the sovereignty occurs in two ways:
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• The iniziative of popular law (art. 71 Const.).
• The right of popular petition (art. 50 Const.).
1. DIRECT DEMOCRACY
that is implementated with:
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2. The referendum: citizens express their own opinion with an abrupt alternative (yes or no) about a precise question.
• There are different types of referendum:
– Abrogative (art.75 Const.)– Constitutional (art. 138 Const.)– Territorial (art. 132 Const.)– Consultative
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2. REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
(elections).
• The vote (art. 48 Const.) is:– personal and equal– free– secret– a civic duty
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WHO HAS THE RIGTH TO VOTE?
a) Aged citizens can elect the Chamber of Deputies
b) Citizens over 25 can elect the Senate
“Electors are all citizens, men and women, when are aged” (Art. 48 Const.)
In particular:
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WHO HAS NOT THE RIGHT TO VOTE?
a) Those who are declared bankrupt
b) People considered dangerous for the security
c) Submitts to prisons measures
d) Interdicted from public charges
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WHO CAN BE ELECTED?
a) All 25- years voters are eligible to the Chamber of Deputies.
b) All 40-years voters are eligible to the Senate.
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The electoral law is proportional and has the following characteristics :
Proportional principle;Possibility of coalition;Premium of national majority for the
Chamber of Deputies (340 seats, 55%) and regional for the Senate.
Dams: coalitions 10%, allied parties 2%, non allied 4%;
Lock of preference.
HOW IS ANYONE ELECTED?
The electoral system in force (2006)
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What is a Parliamentary Republic?In the political system, said parliamentary Republic, the
Parliament is the only institution to hold the representation of
popular will.
• Parliament is a complex, collective, constitutional body, that operates several legislative (art.72) and political control functions (relationship of trust art. 94);
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Parliament
• The system outlined in the Constitution (artt. 70 and 94) provides:
• A perfect two roomed: the two Chambers are in a position of absolute equality in terms of functions and powers.
Italian Parliament is divided into:- Chamber of Deputies - Senate of Republic
and is elected every five years by citizens.
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The Chamber of Deputies is composed of 630 members, all chosen by universal suffrage.
The seat of the Chamber is Montecitorio Palace.
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The Senate of the Republic is composed of 315 members some of them are life senators and some others for law in a variable number.The seat of the Senate is Madama Palace.
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The legislative power in Italy is
up to Parliament that has the power to emanate the
laws. Every law has
to be approved in the same text
by the two Chambers.
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Executive power is up to the Government that has the power to apply laws.
The Government casts 5 years and has the tasks:
•To make law and order be respected;•To hold the foreign policy of the State; •To direct the military forces;•To direct the public services and the public administration.
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Italian Government is composed of the President of the Council and of the Ministers that together
compose the Council of Ministers.
The official residence of the Government is Chigi Palace in Colonna Square in Rome.The residence for official occasions is instead Villa Pamphili in Rome.
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The judicial power is a constitutional organ that
can solve a civil, penal and administrative controversy,
by applyng the law; this power belongs to the
Magistracy. The Magistracy constitutes an
autonomous and indipendent organ from
any other power and it is a Constitutional Organ.
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In Italy the organ of selfgovernment of Magistracy is the Superior Council of Magistracy, presided by the President of the Republic.
1. The Superior Court of Cassation is the judge of lost application in Italy. The residence of Court of Cassation is the Justice Palace, called “Palazzaccio” in Rome.
THE MAGISTRACY IS DIVIDED INTO THREE DEGREES:
2. The Court of appeal is a college of second degree that judges on sentences of ordinary court. It resides in the chief town of each district.
3. The Court of Assize is a college that judges on penal matters and it is composed of eight judges and presided by a councilor magistrate of court of appeal. The Court of Assize has competence to judge the worse crimes.
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The President of the Italian Repubblic is the head of the state and
rappresents the national unity.The Constitution explains all tasks and
powers of the President of the Republic, that in detail are:
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• In relationship with external representation (to accredit and to receive diplomatic functionaries, to ratify international treaties, etc.);
• In relationship with the exercise of the parliamentary functions ( to designate up to five life senators, etc.);
• In relationship with legislative functions (to promulgate the laws approved in the parliament, to issue decrees, legislative decrees and rulers, ecc.);
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• In relationship with the exercise of the sovereignty of the people (to hold a referendum, etc.);
• In relationship with the executive function and the government’s policy (to designate the President of the Council of ministers and ministers, to be the chairman of the Supreme Council of Defense, etc.);
• In relationship with the exercise of the jurisdiction (to be the chairman of C.S.M., to designate three judges of Constitutional Court, to grant the grace, etc.);
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Thanks for your attention
THE END