European Technology: Flat Panel Displays - Display … tEchnology: flat panEl displays 03 dear...

European Technology:

Flat Panel Displays

German Flat Panel Display Forum

6th Edition

DFFGerman Flat Panel Display Forum

Lyoner Strasse 1860528 Frankfurt am MainGermanyPhone +49 69 6603-1633Fax +49 69 6603-2633E-Mail [email protected] www.displayforum.de

VDMA Verlag GmbHPhone +49 69 6603-1569Internet www.vdma-verlag.com

www.displayforum.de

A working group within

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Umschlag_2008.indd 1 21.10.2008 11:56:28 Uhr


Flat Panel Displays


6th Edition


Innentitel_Contents.indd 1 21.10.2008 10:59:29 Uhr

02 EuroPEan TEchnoloGy: FlaT PanEl DisPlays

Editorial 3

Introductory Message 5

Get into the Flat Panel Display Business with the German Flat Panel Display

Forum (DFF) 7

Flat Panel Display Market Looks for New Sources of Growth 10

The European Display Market – Exciting Times for the Display Industry 12

OLEDs, Flexible Displays and the Future 14

Meet the Organic and Printed Electronics Experts at OE-A 16

Flat Panel Display Technologies 19

Emerging Display Technologies 24

The Production Process 27

Profiles of DFF Members 33

Competence Matrix 52

Members of the German Flat Panel Display Forum 56

Glossary 62

Display Societies and Networks 66

Imprint 68

contents

Innentitel_Contents.indd 2 21.10.2008 10:59:29 Uhr

EuropEan tEchnology: flat panEl displays 03

dear reader,

the Flat Panel Display (FPD) industry has under

gone tremendous growth since 2000, from

24.5 bn. US$ in the early days of the DFF to over

100 bn. US$ to date. Europe is now the largest

enduser market for flat panel displays. Having

been the mainstream technology for desktop and

notebook monitors in the consumer electronics for

quite some time, FPD’s have now also conquered

the TV applications. Europe is a very well estab

lished and demanding market for a vast number

of nonconsumer applications such as displays for

the automotive sector, health care or mechanical

engineering industries. In contrast to consumer

electronics, displays for such applications have

to meet superior technical requirements and are

developed in close cooperation with the enduser.

Europe finally is a cradle for the evolution of new

technologies. The display community is looking

full of curiosity at the development of flexible

displays, printed backplanes and emerging tech

nologies such as electrowetting displays.

The dff – the German Flat Panel Display Forum

brings together European expertise in flat panel

displays – research experts and materials, compo

nents and equipment supplier base work together

with display manufacturers, system integrators

and end users in order to share experiences and

knowledge to promote the European display com

munity.

Two years ago, the DFF introduced its new vision

and mission and today that strategy has blos

somed and membership numbers have increased.

The member service projects are well established

and led by the DFF motto to provide services to all

parts of the FPD value chain. That same strategy

permits fast and easy access for the members

and maximizes the value companies’ gain from

membership.

This is already the sixth publication of the re

nowned European Flat Panel Display (FPD) Indus

try Directory under the guidance of the DFF. The

first part of our new branch directory “European

Technology: Flat Panel Displays” is arranged to in

troduce you to the industry association DFF. Using

the company profiles and the competence matrix

in the second part of this brochure, you can get to

know the broad expertise and capabilities of our

members. We hope this publication serves you as

a successful medium to find the right partner for

your business needs!

November, 2008

Gundersheim, Germany

Munich, Germany

Editorial

peter Bullen isft GmbH, DFF Chairman “Applications”

robert isele BMW AG, DFF Chairman “Technologies”

Editorial.indd 3 21.10.2008 11:05:35 Uhr

Reed Exhibition.indd 4 21.10.2008 11:13:44 Uhr


Jochen homann State Secretary, Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology for the 6th edition of the branch directory “European Technology: Flat Panel Displays”

More than a century after the German physicist

Karl Ferdinand Brown invented the “Braun tube” –

or cathode ray tube – a new technology has be-

come a worldwide success story.

Flat panel displays have now become the standard

technology as a visual medium for information

and communication technologies. They can be

used in an enormous range of applications that

go far beyond the mass markets of televisions,

personal computers and mobile telephones.

For example, in the future, flat panel displays will

play an increasingly significant role in motor vehicle

applications. Experts estimate that, in the future, up

to seven individual displays covering a total surface

of up to 0.5 square metres could be installed in

motor vehicles – these would include the tradition-

al display instruments as well as driver assistance

and entertainment systems. The advertising indus-

try is also utilising the technical advantages of flat

panel displays for advertising purposes. And FPDs

are also becoming increasingly common in control

systems for transport and buildings.

The issue of energy efficiency is growing in impor-

tance for all applications of flat panel technology.

German industry is making a decisive contribution

to the development of energy-saving displays.

While liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are already

relatively energy-efficient, it is both necessary and

possible to achieve substantial energy savings in

this technology – for example, by using different

technologies and improved materials for liquid

crystals and display screens.

Further, in addition to inorganic light-emitting

diodes (LEDs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)

are playing an increasingly prominent role in flat

panel technology. OLEDs have key characteristics

– such as their flexibility and their extremely thin,

transparent surfaces – that are of tremendous

advantage in certain technological applications.

introductory Messageby Mr. Jochen Homann

The German Federal Government works pro-

actively to establish the appropriate underlying

conditions for fostering successful technological

developments and innovations like those that

have already taken place in the flat panel display

industry. For example, the Federal Government has

unveiled a national, interministerial strategy to

promote innovation – the High-Tech Strategy for

Germany. Through this strategy, the government

aims to boost Germany’s capacity for innovation

and to lead Germany to the top ranks of tomor-

row’s key global markets. Through 2009, a total of

approximately € 15 billion is being allocated for

cutting-edge technologies – which include the

information and communications industries –

and for comprehensive measures that cut across

technologies and sectors.

With its expertise in systems and production,

Germany plays a key role in the global flat panel

display industry as an important supplier of

materials, devices and innovative technologies.

This branch directory compiled by the German Flat

Panel Display Forum provides an excellent over-

view of what Germany has to offer in this field.

I wish the German Flat Panel Display Forum much

continued success in reinforcing the industrial

foundations for innovative flat panel display tech-

nologies in Germany, Europe and the entire world.

November, 2008

Grusswort.indd 5 21.10.2008 11:15:36 Uhr

Productronics

Electronics have revolutionized the way we communicate, work, live. Ubiquitous

computing, ambient intelligence, biochips, electronic dust will shape our future.

Electronics have always been a key for growth. Innovative equipment and materials

for the production of electronics are prerequisites for affordable and reliable products

– the Productronics industry has a decisive enabling role for the future of electronics.

The Productronics Association unites virtually the entire process chain of electronics

production – from semiconductors to PCBs, from assembly to photovoltaics. We are

part of the German Engineering Federation VDMA.

Meet the players in this innovative business!

Find out more at

www.productronics.org

WeLinktheElectronicsProduction EquipmentIndustry

Pict

ure

: Dar

ren

Bak

er

Anzeige Productronics.indd 6 21.10.2008 11:14:14 Uhr


The vision of DFF, the Flat Panel Display Associa

tion within VDMA, is to enable its members

to attain and sustain a leading position in flat

panel display (FPD) industries. DFF catalyses and

expands a network of excellence across the entire

value chain, leading to new business opportuni

ties.

Of German origin, the DFF now is a growing

international organisation of nearly 70 member

companies and institutions from all parts of the

flat panel display community:

• research institutes,

• materials’ and components’ suppliers,

• manufacturing and process equipment

suppliers,

• flat panel display and module manufacturers,

• system integrators and distributors, and

• display end users.

get into the flat panel display Business with the german flat panel display forum (dff)

DFF members saw the growth of FPDs almost

from its infancy to a multibillion dollar industry.

From 24.5 Bn. US $ worldwide FPD revenues in the

founding days (2000), the FPD industry grew at a

compound annual growth rate of over 20 %, reach

ing worldwide FPD revenues of almost 120 Bn.

US $ in 2008. Until 2011, they are expected to

grow to over 140 Bn. US $. With a market share

of 90 %, the FPD industry is driven by thinfilm

transistor liquidcrystal displays (TFTLCDs). TV

currently is the growth driver and the main ap

plication regarding revenues and area share with

an annual growth rate of 24 % between 2007 and

2012.

However, organic electronics already entered the

display business some time ago and first large size

applications are available on the market: displays

based on selfemissive organic light emitting

diodes (OLEDs) are seen as a serious competitor to

the well established LCDs by many experts. OLEDs

can not only be used as displays but do also have

a significant market potential as energy efficient

solid state lighting.

Moreover, displays are utilized in various new appli

cations like electronic books (ebooks / epaper)

and electronic shelf labels (ESL), enabled by e. g.

electrophoretic or electrochromic display technol

ogies. These displays do not have to be rigid any

more, but can be flexible if an organic substrate

or a metal foil is used as a substrate. The market

for flexible displays is expected to be one of the

largest growing markets growing from US $ 140

million in 2008 to over US $ 2 billion in 2012.

What can dff do for you?

No matter in which part of the value chain you are

active, no matter in what display technology or

application you are interested, DFF has something

to offer to you!

Revenue (Bn. US $)

150

125

100

75

50

25

0

127.2

105.4

135.9

61.7

72.2

85.1

119.2

42.3

Figure 1: The FPD industry: A multibillion dollar market. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) between 2008 and 2011 is 4 percent (Isuppli, May 2008).

141.4

the fpd industry: a multi-billion dollar market

20092007 20102004 2005 2006 20082003 2011

Welcome to DFF.indd 7 21.10.2008 11:16:51 Uhr

08 EuropEan tEchnology: flat panEl displays

Our mission contains five elements:

1. DFF provides a unique networking platform of

leading companies driving the FPD industry.

2. DFF provides a unique source of information for

FPD market participants.

3. DFF assists in identifying and assessing

business opportunities at all levels of the FPD

value chain and application areas.

4. DFF assists to design the supply chains for the

innovative FPD technologies of the future.

5. DFF promotes entrepreneurial competence and

excellence.

The services provided to our members are tailored

to give you a maximum benefit and value for

money, and are thus grouped into five Member

Service Projects:

among all players along the FPD valuechain. DFF

also organizes specialized meetings dedicated to

a target group within the DFF. In 2007, the DFF

Automotive Platform was founded and is now

meeting regularly to discuss topic relevant to the

automotive industry.

News Services

Making the right decisions depends on being well

informed. It’s all about keeping track of today’s

ever increasing information flow. With its quar

terly newsletters and focus reports, DFF supplies

its members with information critical to the FPD

industry:

• Current industry trends, relevant market and

technological developments

• Industry standards, directives, legislation,

political boundary conditions

DFF members can also take advantage of our

personal counseling services.

Training and Education

DFF is not only focused on growth and develop

ment of member corporations but also of the pro

fessionals within them. We offer our own courses

including handsontraining and group work for

professionallevel further education. Current

training programs include an FPD basics work

shop (technologies & applications) and a display

metrology workshop.

Sales and Marketing Support

By organizing joint stands at international FPD

trade fairs and conferences, DFF supports its

membership in its marketing and communications

activities. By exhibiting within a “DFF Pavilion” a

company may save almost 50 percent of direct

exhibition cost and greatly simplify its inhouse

planning and organization of a trade show parti

cipation. The DFF allinclusive package increases

your visibility within a strong group of related

companies.

Member services

Wor

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&

dff

ad

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new

s se

rvic

es

trai

nin

g &

Ed

uca

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fair

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con

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com

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Figure 2: The pillars of DFF’s member services: The five service projects, which are constantly available for our members.

Networking

The global FPD business is booming. Creating

the right partnerships becomes essential, both

between companies as well as between compa

nies and research organizations. With its regular

Working Group Meetings, currently three meet

ings per year, each focusing on a certain topic,

DFF facilitates the development of joint strategies

and roadmaps for the FPD industry. The meetings

provide an effective networking and communica

tion platform, fostering information exchange



flat panel displays – Big opportunities in Europe

The European supply industry for FPD materials,

components and manufacturing equipment is

one of the most innovative ones in the world.

Many basic inventions and developments in FPD

technology, from Liquid Crystals and polymer

lightemitters (pOLEDs) to thin film transistors

(TFTs), have been made by European scientists.

Moreover, Europe has, besides North America, the

largest market for flat panel displays worldwide –

in the consumer and automotive sector as well

as in mobile communications and machinery and

plant manufacturing.

While the highly automated production of TFT

LCD panels for consumer products like portable

computers, desktop monitors or TV sets is mainly

located in Asian countries, the laborintensive

backend assembly of modules and sets has

moved closer to the local market, i. e. Eastern

Europe. FPDs for noncommodity markets like the

automotive, telecommunication or the mechani

cal engineering industry can also be produced

costeffectively in Europe. To continue and further

develop the economic success of these application

fields, innovative FPDs are indispensable. Several

approaches are taken to expand the European flat

panel display production – MED and Plastic Logic

in Dresden and Polymer Vision in Southampton.

A close cooperation between panel manufactur

ers and their local customers will lead to mutual

advantages: The possibility of joint developments

will result in lower production costs and faster

access to the domestic market, while simplified

logistics enable further cost reductions.

Figure 4: Increasing your company’s visibility in concert with a strong group: DFF joint exhibition booths, e. g. during SID Display Week.

German Flat Panel Display Forum (DFF)

The German Flat Panel Display Forum is a

working group within VDMA and was founded in

February 2000. Today, almost 70 members from

all parts of the flat panel display value chain are

a part of DFF, and as a memberdriven associa

tion, DFF is guided by an active Board, comprised

of industry and research institute executives.

DFF is an integral part of the VDMA division

“Innovative Business” and expands the activities

of VDMA in the field of new technologies such

as organic electronics, productronics and micro

technologies.

Since the member companies’ business as well

as DFF activities cover the broad range from

industrial research and development all the

way to production, integration, distribution and

usage of displays, two chairmen are representing

DFF:

Peter Bullen, isft GmbH,

takes responsibility for the

“market pull” side as DFF

chairman “Applications”.

Robert Isele, BMW AG,

speaks for the “technology push”

segment as DFF chairman

“Technologies”.

Figure 3: Meet new business partners and enhance industry exposition of your organization at the DFF Working Group Meetings.



paul semenza Vice President, iSuppli Corporation

Paul Semenza is responsible for manag-ing the North American and European analyst teams at DisplaySearch. Prior to joining DisplaySearch, Paul managed dis-play research at iSuppli and Stanford Resources. Paul has worked at the National Research Council and the US Congress Office of Technology Assess-ment. Paul has Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in Engineering from Tufts Uni-versity, and a Master’s degree in Public Policy from Harvard University.

flat panel display Market looks for new sources of growthPaul Semenza, Senior Vice President, DisplaySearch, an NPD Group Company

The successes of the flat panel display industry

can be seen everywhere, from the new televisions

displacing older CRT (cathode ray tube) sets in the

home, to the proliferation of full-color, video-ca-

pable screens in mobile handsets, portable media

players, and automotive infotainment systems.

However, having passed the milestone of $ 100

billion in revenues in 2007, the flat panel display

market is likely to enter a slower growth period.

After growing by 17 percent in 2007 and what

is likely to be a similar amount in 2008, Display-

Search expects revenue growth to fall to less than

5 percent per year from 2009 to 2012.

slowdown coming

The industry has based its growth on several key

markets: the PC market, first in notebook PCs and

then conversion of CRT desktop monitors to flat

panels; the TV market, which has seen rapid con-

version to flat panels in developed economies; and

mobile handsets, in which the smartphone concept

has proliferated from business to consumer mar-

kets. To some extent, the industry is suffering from

its own success. Most of the key markets are near

saturation; one notable exception is the conversion

to flat panel televisions in the emerging econo-

mies. The high levels of saturation in key markets

are a major component of the growth slowdown.

Related factors are prices and product mix. Due to

investments in new manufacturing plants and

equipment, along with very competitive market con-

ditions, the prices of a given size of flat panel tend to

fall dramatically over the long term. A key method

of maintaining revenue growth in this environment

is to move users to ever-larger screen sizes. Here

again, the industry has been successful: typical

notebook sizes have increased from 10 to 15 inches,

monitor sizes from 15 to 20 inches and larger, and

TV sizes increase very rapidly, to the point where

they approach 40 inches in some markets. However,

there is also a saturation point, at which the typical

consumer decides they have a large enough display.

The flat panel display market is increasingly

dominated by the thin-film transistor liquid crystal

display (TFT-LCD), which is approaching 90 percent

of the flat panel display market measured by value.

The fact that this technology is so dominant means

that manufacturers and their equipment and

materials suppliers have an industry standard,

which allows them to drive down manufacturing

costs. On the negative side, it also means that the

manufacturers have to struggle to differentiate

themselves in a commodity industry.

The main approach that TFT-LCD panel makers

have taken to separating themselves from their

competition is through building manufacturing

capacity. This allows them to be at the leading

edge in terms of efficiency, to drive down their

costs through volume purchases, and to be the

first to produce the largest panels, which often

carry a high profit margin early in their life cycle.

Although there are over a dozen large TFT-LCD

manufacturers, the top four account for over

70 percent of manufacturing capacity.

going for growth

While TV, desktop monitors, notebook PCs, and

mobile phone handsets will continue to account

for the majority of revenues in the flat panel

display industry, growth in all of these categories

except for notebooks is slowing down. Over the

next few years, many of the fast-growing ap-

plications will be in mobile devices. The leading

contender for growth at this point is the emerging

product category of the mini-note PC, which are

notebook PCs with screens 10 inches or less, typi-

cally without any fixed drives, and typically under

$ 500. These products are expected to fill the gap

between standard notebook PCs and handheld or

tablet devices. From a display industry perspec-

tive, they are attractive because the panel sizes are

large compared to most mobile devices, but can be

made efficiently in fully-paid off factories.

Another fast-growing application is the digital

picture frame, which also uses displays smaller

than 10 inches (although some are larger) and

takes advantage of the ubiquitous nature of digital

Flat-Panel-Display-Market.indd 10 24.10.2008 8:33:27 Uhr


cameras. Rapid growth is also expected for mobile

devices including portable navigation devices,

which can be used in or out of the automobile,

other automotive displays, and portable media

players, led by Apple’s iPod line.

The application that is drawing the most attention

from panel makers investing in 8th generation and

higher TFT-LCD fabs is public display. This is the

one application that has the long-term potential

to be bigger than TV, in that the available market –

in terms of units and screen size – is not limited by

the number of homes. Public display takes advan-

tage of the growing digitization of advertising and

other public information, the desire of advertisers

to be able to finely target potential customers by

time and location, and the growing need to share

transportation and other forms of public informa-

tion. While revenues for public display applica-

tions are currently modest, many panel makers see

large potential demand. One of the important as-

pects of this market is that the display purchase is

part of a larger system of hardware, software, and

content, and that the purchase decision is based

on expected return on investment, both of which

could mean less cyclicality in demand. However,

prices will need to fall well below current levels to

drive mass adoption.

new technologies to Boost growth?

One other way for the overall flat panel display

industry to increase its potential growth rate is to

commercialize new technologies that could create

new markets or add sufficient value to existing

markets that higher revenues could be realized.

With the increasing dominance of TFT-LCD, this

has become a very difficult challenge.

The most promising new technology for the past

several years has been OLED displays. This tech-

nology promises improvements in image qual-

ity, power consumption, physical size, and cost,

compared to LCD. However, the growth of OLED

has been slower than one might expect given

these benefits. While significant progress has been

made in material lifetime and device performance,

there is still room for improvement, and produc-

tion of the most advanced type of OLED, the active

matrix version, is still quite limited. More challeng-

ing to OLED has been the ability of the large, well-

funded TFT-LCD industry to make improvements in

performance and cost so as to blunt the advan-

tages of OLED. A key challenge for OLED is that all

of the applications it currently is targeting are also

served by LCDs, which makes OLED a replacement

technology.

A class of display technology that has the potential

for growing the overall market is flexible displays.

Such displays could be more rugged, and used in

many different types of applications not served by

glass-based displays. Many different display types

have been demonstrated in flexible formats, but

the leading contender is electrophoretic, which

works via reflection.

The TFT-LCD industry is not staying still either.

One key area of technology development is solid

state backlighting, most notably using inorganic

LEDs. Such approaches enable wider color gamuts,

faster response time, and the potential for thinner

panels and lower power consumption. Reducing

power consumption is particularly important to

panel makers, as they have focused on “green”

products, and as there is broad awareness that

standard TFT-LCDs are very inefficient.

The key issue for technology developments is not

only whether they will succeed in the market. It is

also whether they will produce additional growth

or only displace older technologies. It is likely that

the display industry will need a combination of

new applications and technologies to accelerate

revenue growth.

Figure 1: Flat Panel Display Market Revenues and Growth (Source: DisplaySearch, 2008).

flat panel display Market revenues and growth

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

US$ Billions

YoY Growth

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

–10

–201998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20102009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Initial Strong Driver Stable Growth Mature

Growth (%)

11 19 24 21 30 44 62 75 84 102 122 133127 136 138 142 145 148

– 73 % 26 % –13 % 43 % 47 % 41 % 21 % 12 % 22 % 20 % 5 %4 % 2 % 1 % 3 % 2 % 2 %

Revenues (million US$)

Flat-Panel-Display-Market.indd 11 24.10.2008 8:33:28 Uhr


It’s interesting to get the chance to step back

from the daily and weekly news from the display

industry and look at the long term trends in the

European market for displays.

One of the significant trends has been the move

of TV manufacturing into the countries of Central

Europe, driven and encouraged by the relocation of

LCD and PDP module making into those countries.

High quality colour TFT LCDs used in TVs, computer

monitors and notebook computers are made first

by constructing a ‘cell’, a sandwich of a transistor

array on one sheet of glass and a colour filter on

another, with liquid crystal material in between.

This cell is then fabricated into a ‘module’ that

includes the backlight unit, polarisers, metalwork

and electronics. The module is then built into a TV

set with the addition of more metalwork, extra

processing, a power supply, a remote control, a

casing, loudspeakers etc.

the European display Market – Exciting times for the display industryBob Raikes, Managing Director, Meko Ltd. (UK)

In the days when CRT was the dominant TV display

technology, more than half of the TVs sold in

Europe were built in Turkey, even though they may

have been sold under other brands. (Turkey has a

special deal with the EU to eliminate the duty that

is normally payable on TV import to the EU). Sets

were also made in the UK, Spain, Italy, Germany

and France.

However, if you are making the LCD or PDPs in

Central Europe, it doesn’t make much sense to

ship them to Turkey (or elsewhere) for assembly

into sets. The increased logistics cost more than

offsets any saving in labour costs.

Over the last year, the trend to assemble in the EU

has developed and accelerated, so when we com-

pleted a store check recently, almost all the flat

panel TVs were made in the EU, with only a very

small number made in Asia (China and Japan) and

the only products from Turkey being sold under

brands owned by the Turkish makers (Finlux and

Grundig are two of the brands). As a result of these

changes, there is now a large TV set assembly

business in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland

and Slovakia and there have been reductions in set

manufacturing in the other EU countries.

While module assembly has moved to Europe,

historically all the cells have been made in Asia

(Japan, Korea, Taiwan and China). However, one

company, Videocon of Italy, has been looking at

making LCDs in Europe. The company has a plan

to build an LCD cell and module plant in Italy suit-

able for making 32" and 37" LCDs for TVs. The EU

recently approved aid for this plant after a request

from the Italian government, although difficult

economic conditions at the moment may slow

down the progress of the project.

The TFT LCD makers have taken over the note-

book market, the desktop monitor market and

now TV. The desktop monitor market in Europe

has proved to be a tough one over the last few

Bob raikes Managing Director

Bob Raikes is the Managing Director of Meko Ltd. Meko is the leading specialist on display markets in Europe and produces reports, newsletters and conferences. www.meko.co.uk

25

20

15

10

5

0

30

Q2 07 Q3 07 Q4 07 Q1 08 Q2 08 Q3 08 Q4 08 Q1 09 Q2 09 Q3 09 Q4 09 Q1 10 Q2 10 Q3 10 Q4 10 Q1 11

Millions

Desktop Monitor Flat Panel TV

large area lcd demand in Europe

Figure 1: Large area LCD demand in Europe (actual up to Q1 08 – balance is forecast; Meko Ltd., 2008).

Bob Raikes.indd 12 21.10.2008 11:18:58 Uhr


years. Computer buyers are increasingly looking

to buy notebook PCs, and are not generally using

these with separate monitors (even though there

are good ergonomic reasons why they should).

Furthermore, LCDs don’t get fuzzy as they age,

although they do get dimmer. This can mean that

replacement cycles are longer. As a result of these

factors, there is little growth in the desktop moni-

tor market in Western Europe although there are

still growth opportunities in Central and Eastern

Europe.

There is healthy growth in the notebook PC

market, but the impact on the LCD display market

is more limited in Europe as most notebook com-

puters are imported from Asia (although Fujitsu

Siemens makes many notebook PCs in Augsburg,

Germany).

Digital signage is a growth area for LCD and PDP

makers, although LCD is starting to dominate. In

this market, the main opportunity for European

businesses is in the integration systems. Although

a lot of the displays come from Asia, in a digital

signage application, there are opportunities for

service, support, installation, mounting, special

cabling and housings.

There is a large and growing business in the soft-

ware and networking side of the digital signage

application as well as in hardware. Meko’s forecasts

for digital signage in Europe have lower growth

than those for some markets such as the US and

the main reason for this is that the market is so

fragmented, which can mean much smaller scale

projects over which to spread the development

cost of the applications and content. This makes

it harder to develop a business case for the use

of digital signage. However, many factors are

being improved and the market will take off very

strongly in time.

Europe is making significant progress in develop-

ing OLED technology and in small, low power and

flexible displays, especially when these factors

come together in a single display! 2008 has proved

to be a significant year for Microemissive Displays

which has established mass production of its

OLED displays for head mount displays in Dresden,

Germany. The firm has shipped more than 100,000

displays now and is optimistic that its proof of

production capability will allow it to attack high

volume markets such as viewfinders.

Plastic Logic also is adding to the ‘display cluster’

effect in Dresden and is building a production

facility in the city that is intended to be able to

produce more than a million 10" (or equivalent)

electronic paper displays in 2009. The displays will

exploit the firm’s solution-processable polymer

semiconductor technology.

Other European LCD technology companies that

are also reaching production status are Nemoptic

of France and ZBD of the UK, both of which have

new ways of using existing LCD manufacturing

technology to make zero power displays for point

of sale and e-book applications. Both companies

are moving into the industrialisation and mass

production phase. Philips spin-out, Liquavista, has

also won funding in March 2008 to support the

move of its electrowetting technology which is

also intended for low power and mobile applica-

tions.

These are exciting times in the European display

industry!

250

200

150

100

50

0

400

2006

Thousands

public displays in Europe

2007 2009 2010

350

300

2008

Figure 2: Market for public displays in Europe (actual up to Q1 08 – balance is forecast; Meko Ltd., 2008).

Bob Raikes.indd 13 21.10.2008 11:18:59 Uhr


lawrence gasman is the principal analyst and co-founder of NanoMarkets, where he conducts his own industry analysis in display, photovoltaics and materials markets as well as managing the NanoMarkets research team. NanoMarkets (www.nanomarkets.net) is a market research firm specializing in analysis and fore-casting of thin-film, organic and printed electronics markets. Mr. Gasman’s lat-est book is a survey of nanotechnology commercialization.

olEds, flexible displays and the futureLawrence Gasman, Principal Analyst, NanoMarkets

The display industry is currently under pressure

to find new sources of revenue and increase

profitability. The transition from CRT to FPD is

now moving inexorably towards completion and

the economies of scale that the FPD industry has

found in using ever-larger substrates seems to

be petering out. For these reasons and others the

display industry is seeking new technologies that

can boost its future prospects. There are several

potential directions in which the display industry

might look for new profits, but OLEDs and flexible

displays look particularly promising. Flexible dis-

plays may use OLED technology, but in the short

term seem more likely to be based on e-paper.

olEds

OLED displays first started to appear in the early

1990s. By 2004, firms such as Philips, DuPont and

Kodak had quit the business. Active matrix (AM)

OLED displays presented technical difficulties and

LCDs kept getting better. Eventually, OLEDs found

a home at the low end of the display market; in

small displays for the MP3 and cell phone sub-dis-

play market primarily.

But 2008 is proving a breakout year for OLEDs.

They have started to be used in cell phone main

displays (a 1.1 billion unit market) and early in

2008 the first OLED TVs appeared. A strong inter-

est has also developed in OLED lighting; OLEDs

present a low power lighting alternative in a

world of costly energy and they complement more

ubiquitous HB-LEDs well; the former are flood-

light-like, the latter spot-light-like. The low-power

aspect of OLEDs is attractive in the mobile display

space too, since the power densities of mobile

power sources can never quite keep up with all the

new features that are being added to mobile com-

munications and computing devices, even with

the latest power management tools.

Meanwhile display manufacturers have been

retooling for the next generation of AM OLEDs

which offer better cost/performance measures.

We have also seen the recent commercialization of

small molecule OLED inks, which makes it a little

more likely that printing can be used extensively

to fabricate low-cost OLEDs. However, for OLEDs to

reach their potential, they will have to reach and

exceed a variety of performance bars imposed by

the marketplace. The principal dimensions along

which OLEDs must prove themselves are: product

lifetime, resolution, durability, and of course, cost.

And these are the areas where much of the OLED

R&D is focused.

flexible displays and E-paper

Most OLED displays today use glass substrates

and consequently they are rigid devices. However,

the prospect for the flexible display created on

metal foil or (less expensively) plastic summons

up images of low-cost R2R manufacturing, which

again may include printing. However, flexible back-

plane technology is currently at a stage where it is

not really capable of supporting high-quality video

of the kind that OLEDs can provide. This is one rea-

son why flexible displays have, at the present time,

come to be so strongly identified with e-paper.

E-paper is a display concept that seeks to emulate

paper as closely as possible, but particularly in the

clarity with which it presents text. This includes

an emphasis on outdoor readability, a character-

istic in which few other display technologies (and Figure 1: Revenue projections for OLED displays and lighting (Source: NanoMarkets, 2008)

revenue projections for olEd displays and lighting

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

0

Revenue (million US$)

2009

805

35

2008

700

0

2010

926

152

2011

1,102

443

2012

1,333

1,533

2013

1,640

2,618

2014

2,049

3,688

2015

2,541

5,156OLED Lighting

OLED Displays

OLEDs Flexible Displays.indd 14 21.10.2008 11:19:18 Uhr


definitely not OLEDs) excel. Early e-paper products

were novelties such as flexible or ultra-thin clocks

and watches, but the thrust of the first major

commercialization of e-paper products is now

coming in the form of electronic book readers. As

with OLEDs, e-paper has taken a big leap forward

in the past year. Amazon.com has made its version

of an e-paper reader a centrepiece of its business

plan. This reader is not flexible (although it has a

flexible frontplane) but another reader produced

by Polymer Vision and which may well be on the

market by the time this article is published, is at

least foldable.

the future

While the term OLED describes a particular tech-

nology, e-paper is really a class of display technolo-

gies that exhibit paper-like features. The most

common e-paper technology is electrophoretic,

but there are a variety of other possibilities includ-

ing especially electrochromic technology and

specialised forms of liquid crystal. Unfortunately,

what all of the widely used e-paper technologies

have in common in addition to being paper-like is

that they are typically a monochrome technology.

Most e-paper companies already have well-

developed programmes to bring colour to e-paper,

but the current state of the art in colour e-paper

tends to be rather pallid and unattractive.

E-paper’s ability to be seen in bright sunlight is an

obvious and big advantage for a mobile display

and one that can’t be duplicated by OLEDs. But

most of us moved past the monochrome cell

phone display a long time ago.

So the bottom line today is that we have flexible

displays based on e-paper, whose addressable

markets (in signage, for example) are limited by

a lack of colour. And we have OLED displays that

can match or beat the most vibrant colour of the

best LCDs. Eventually, this must change. Improved

colour e-paper is surely on its way, perhaps using

some extension of today’s colour filter technology,

perhaps using new approaches to e-paper such as

electrowetting. Similarly, flexible backplanes that

can support the impressive video of which OLEDs

are capable are also likely to appear. Perhaps we

will speed up these backplanes with a new genera-

tion of organic electronics using rubrene transis-

tors and based on some kind of organic CMOS

concept. Or perhaps they will use silicon as they do

today, but applied using novel printing methods

suitable to flexible substrates.

The technological challenges, however, shouldn’t

be allowed to obscure the marketing challenges.

E-paper book readers are a very “cool” concept, but

they will only become a high volume consumer

product if people can be convinced to give up on

real paper for both books and newspapers. There

are lots of environmental and other reasons why

they might do this, but the difficulties in persuad-

ing them to do so should not be underestimated.

Similarly, OLEDs have excellent video refresh rates,

making them suitable for the mobile video that

many in the wireless industry hope will drive their

next revenue surge. But who would really want

to watch “Star Wars” on a screen a few square

centimetres in size? Potentially, the addressable

market for mobile video could be expanded, by

rollable OLED displays that one could travel with,

unfurl and plug into a cell phone or PDA to create

a display that might be the size of a small televi-

sion. But by just how much would rollable displays

expand the “handheld video” market? No one

knows!

For now, the marketing challenges associated with

OLEDs are heightened by the fact that in almost

all of the markets in which they currently com-

pete, OLEDs compete with LCD technology and the

advantages of OLEDs are not always that obvious.

And, as I have already mentioned, the current gen-

eration of e-paper is hurt by the poor quality of the

colour it can offer. But the display firms that are

supporting these technologies have their eyes on a

future in which flexible OLED and e-paper displays

find markets that only they can serve.

Figure 2: Revenue projection for e-paper (Source: NanoMarkets, 2008)

revenue projection for e-paper

5,0004,5004,0003,5003,0002,5002,0001,5001,000

5000

Revenue (million US$)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 20152008

173 281556

916

1,587

2,478

3,628

4,806

OLEDs Flexible Displays.indd 15 21.10.2008 11:19:19 Uhr


Meet the organic and printed Electronics Experts at oE-aDr. Klaus Hecker, Organic Electronics Association (OE-A)

The vision of the Organic Electronics Association

is to build a bridge between science, technology

and application and to leverage the emerging

technology of organic and printed electronics.

OE-A provides a unique platform for national and

international cooperation between all companies

and research institutes involved in the organic

electronics value chain.

Founded in December 2004, more than hundred

members from Europe, the US, and Asia joined

OE-A. Our members are:

• component and material suppliers

• equipment and tool suppliers

• producers/system integrators

• system integrators and distributors

• end-users

• research institutes

The global interest in organic and printed elec-

tronics is booming. Almost every branch of our

economy will be affected, if not revolutionized, by

organic electronics. At the same time, organic elec-

tronics is still very much in its infancy. Although

the technology has a huge potential, market fore-

casts are bright and first products have entered

the market – materials, equipment, processes and

applications have to be developed and improved.

Electronics everywhere!

The combination of a special type of polymer

materials with low-cost, large area fabrication

processes (such as printing) enables thin, light-

weight, flexible and low-cost electronics. This

means integrated circuits, sensors, displays,

memory, photovoltaic cells or batteries can be

made out of plastic.

Initially, products like simple games, diagnostic

sensors, batteries and electronic books using

organic electronics already entered the market.

Additional products such as a mobile phone with

a rollable display, flexible solar cells or radio fre-

quency tags are expected in 2008. Clearly, organic

electronics are on the way from research activities

to production.

Figure 1: “Electronics Everywhere”: Concept study of a smart blister pack for pharmaceutical applications. Smart drug pack-ages can help the patient to avoid non-compliance. Another advantage is the quick identification of the blister, covering the problem of anti-counterfeiting. (Source: plastic electronic)

Figure 2: Electronic devices can be printed on commercial off-set machines (Source: pmTUC)

organic Electronics, what is it about? Organic Electronics stands for a revolutionary, new way of electronics: Thin, lightweight, flexible, produced at low cost, enabling single use, ubiquitous electronic devices and new applications.

There’s no doubt that this indus-try moves at an incredible speed, acts globally, and is seeing its first products reach the market now. There are many approaches on the material and process side. The resulting questions – organic or inorganic, printed or not – are still under discussion, but the outcome is clear: a new way of electronics enabling fresh applications beyond the classical approach.

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0 2008 2010 2012 2014

Figure 3: The global market of organic electronics is expected to reach 34 billion US$ within the next seven years. (Source: Nanomarkets 2007)

revenue projections for organic Electronics Markets ($ billions)

Meet the organic.indd 16 21.10.2008 11:21:08 Uhr

www.lope-c.com

International Conference and Exhibition for the Organic and Printed Electronics IndustryJune 23-25, 2009 | Congress Center | Messe Frankfurt, Germany



Tremendous opportunities open up for companies

that invest in this field regardless of whether they

are material providers, equipment makers, produc-

ers or system integrators. On the other hand,

large efforts and a close collaboration of all part-

ners along the value chain are necessary to make

organic electronics a true success story.

What oE-a can do for you

networking

OE-A provides an effective networking and com-

mu nication platform for its members. Meetings

are held quarterly in Europe and North America

to serve the local member companies. In order

to further build a truly global network, we also

organize roundtable discussions and roadmapping

meetings in Asia.

Market and technology information/roadmap

OE-A provides its members with up-to-date mar-

ket and technology information. Dedicated Work-

ing Groups focus on applications and technologies

and help create a roadmap for organic electronics.

Additional teams work on strategies and guide-

lines for quality control and measurement of

organic electronics devices.

Our expertise arises not only from our member-

ship, but also from close cooperation with leading

market intelligence corporations and related

international associations.

Figure 4: Printed logic circuits for RFID tags. (Source: PolyIC)

support in research activities

OE-A fosters and promotes the expansion of

R&D activities on different levels. OE-A is in close

contact with national and European funding

authorities and works together with them to de-

fine future funding programs for R&D. In addition

OE-A initiated a project to develop multifunctional

organic electronics demonstrators.

increasing your visibility

OE-A is present on trade shows and conferences,

publishes brochures and articles in international

journals, and thus promotes the innovations of its

members in many different ways.

Figure 5: Organic Electronics giveaway demonstrator. This set of eight samples of organic and printed electronics is provided with each OE-A brochure.

organic Electronics association (oE-a)The Organic Electronics Associa-tion is a working group within VDMA and has been founded in December 2004. OE-A is an information and communica-tion platform and represents the whole process chain in organic electronics. Our members are international leading companies and institutions, ranging from R&D institutes, component & material suppliers, equipment & tool suppliers to producers/system integrators and end-users. They all work together to promote the establishment of a competitive production infra-structure for organic electronics. The Vision of OE-A is to build a bridge between science, technol-ogy and application.

OE-A is an integral part of the VDMA division “Innovative Busi-ness” and expands the activities of VDMA in the field of new technologies such as flat panel displays, productronics and micro technologies.

Dr. Klaus HeckerOrganic Electronics Association (OE-A)A working group within VDMA e. V.Lyoner Strasse 1860528 Frankfurt am MainGermanyPhone +49 69 6603-1336Fax +49 69 6603-2336 E-Mail [email protected] www.vdma.org/oe-a www.oe-a.org

lopE-c: oE-a’s annual conference & Exhibition

To provide the premier marketplace for organic

electronics is a key task of OE-A. Together with

Messe Frankfurt Ausstellungen GmbH we organ-

ize the large-area, organic and printed Electronics

convention (lopE-c),

the premier international event for scientists,

engineers, manufacturers and investors in the field.

Organic and flexible displays and backplanes are a

central topic of LOPE-C (www.lope-c.com)

interested in organic Electronics?

The OE-A provides the international platform for

the organic and printed electronics community

and helps the industry to grow. If you want to

learn more about the OE-A, feel free to contact us

at [email protected]



Figure 1: Classification of flat panel display technologies.

Figure 2: Operating principle of an LCD pixel using twisted nematic (“thread-like”) liquid crystal molecules (Courtesy of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).

flat panel display technologies

As discussed in the previous chapters, flat panel

displays are utilized in a multitude of products

and applications. However, each one has different

technical requirements and specifications for an

electronic display. A cash terminal (ATM machine)

for example requires a display with a very narrow

viewing angle to protect privacy, while a television

set should ideally have a wide viewing angle in or-

der to allow multiple users to enjoy the program.

A single display technology meeting all technical

requirements does not exist – each one has its

pros and cons. This chapter gives an overview.

One can roughly divide displays into self-emissive

displays, which act as a light source themselves,

and non-emissive displays which need an external

light source to function. Moreover, a display is

characterized by a light modulation or -generation

technique and a driving scheme (active or passive

matrix driving; AM and PM). AM and PM can there-

fore be used in conjunction with different light

modulation or -generation techniques. Currently

available flat panel display (FPD) technologies are

shown in Figure 1.

liquid crystal displays (lcd)

Liquid crystals were discovered already in 1888,

but it took about 80 years before the materials

and electronics were advanced enough to practi-

cally use them. Back in 1971, the twisted nematic

cell (TN-cell) was invented by Martin Schadt and

Wolfgang Helfrich, two researchers from Switzer-

land. The TN-cell is currently the most widely used

type for active matrix LCDs.

As shown in Figure 2, a TN-cell consists of two par-

allel glass substrates, typically only 0.7 to 0.35 mm

thick, which are coated with optically transparent,

electrically conductive films of Indium-Tin-Oxide

(ITO) on their inner surfaces. These ITO films form

electrodes which are coated with a transparent

orientation layer made from an organic material

(e. g. polyimide, only several nanometers thin).

Between these films sits a mixture of liquid crystals.

On their outer sides the glass substrates are coated

with polarizer films, perpendicularly aligned.

LCDs are non-emissive and the liquid crystal cell

acts as a “light valve”. In the transmissive mode light

sources are backlights (e. g. cold cathode fluorescent

lamps [CCFL] or LEDs), while the reflective mode

uses ambient light reflected by a mirror foil behind

the display. So-called transflective LCDs (often used

in cell phones or car stereos) use both light sources.

In a TN-cell, the optically birefringent liquid crystals

cause a rotation of polarization in the incident light

by about 90 degrees when the cell is activated by

an electric field applied through the ITO-electrodes.

When the cell is inactive, the light passes through

without modification (a so-called normally-white

cell). Vice versa, by using parallel polarizing films on

either side of the display, one obtains a normally-

black cell, which allows the light to pass only when

an electrical field is applied.

Early displays for calculators or wrist watches

mostly used the TN mode. In 1984 the super-

twisted nematic (STN) mode was invented, which

vastly improved the contrast ratio. In this mode

the LC molecule twists the polarization plane of

the light by 270 degrees. The response charac-

teristic of the material is steeper resulting in a

better black and white appearance of the display,

compared to TN materials.

Flat Panel Display Technologies19 19 21.10.2008 11:21:56 Uhr


Figure 3: Ruggedized LCD module. (Picture courtesy of i-sft)

Figure 4: Top view on three pixels of an AM display. The thin film transistors (TFT) are used to drive each pixel separately. (Picture courtesy of University of Stutt-gart, LfB)

Different developments (cf. e. g. MLA, DSTN, FSTN,

CSTN) significantly improved the display perform-

ance and even made the other LC phases, smectic

(“soap-like”) and cholesteric (“cholesterol-like”) LC,

usable for display applications. Common disad-

vantages of LCDs like narrow viewing angles, slow

response times, temperature and shock sensitivity

are steadily being improved.

The LCD technology is an established, mature

technology for a broad range of applications. The

new Generation 5, 6, and 7 production fabs enable

the production of large screen sizes (up to 52

inches) in diagonal. For desktop PC monitor appli-

cations LCDs are already the dominant technology.

The large LCDs have the potential to replace the

cathode ray tubes (CRT) in the TV sector as well, if

lower manufacturing costs can be achieved.

passive matrix driving scheme

Early displays which had only a few elements were

built with segments or pixels connected together

electrically in a multiplexed manner. (Pixels are the

crossing points of “data columns” and “scan rows”

in dot matrix displays.) This allowed for a reduc-

tion in the number of driver chips and connecting

wires, while giving reasonable performance for

small displays.

A big advantage of these passive matrix (PM)

displays is their low-cost producibility which

facilitates a broad range of applications. Most seg-

ment 8, alphanumeric and small graphic displays

are using this multiplexing scheme. However, with

increasing numbers of row lines to be multiplexed,

the contrast of the displays decreases because

the driving voltage is present less time at a single

pixel. Without a storage element the driving volt-

age drops very fast.

active matrix driving scheme

With the larger number of lines multiplexed

together, the liquid crystal material is not driven

often enough, and starts to relax back into its

natural state. Furthermore, passive driven displays

have a rather long response time (>100 ms), result-

ing in a “smearing effect” when images change

quickly. The solution to this is to change from pas-

sive to active matrix driving – one that addresses

each pixel separately. The commonly used method

today employs a thin film transistor (TFT) for each

pixel. Silicon transistors directly integrated into

each pixel (Figure 4) amplify the driving signals,

whereas the voltage is stabilized by capacitors

between the drive pulses. The AM driving scheme

allows the display material to be constantly driven,

with the transistor circuit providing a short-term

memory for the image-state of the display.

silicon types used for active matrix displays

The most common type of active matrix display

in use today is one fabricated from hydrogenated

amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) deposited on a glass

substrate. It is used in most high-performance

notebook computers, monitors, and even in hand-

held video games for children.

However, the size of crystalline grains in amor-

phous Si is rather small, which results in rather

low electron mobility and therefore big transistors

and large pixels. The demand for higher resolu-

tions and therefore smaller pixel sizes especially

for small high-density camcorder and projection

applications has driven efforts to manufacture

TFTs with polycrystalline silicon (p-Si). Low Temper-

ature Poly Silicon (LTPS) is commonly prepared by

recrystallizing a pre-deposited amorphous silicon

layer by an Excimer Laser Annealing (ELA) process.

There has been a considerable development in the

field of microdisplays (Figure 5) which have to uti-

lize even smaller transistors with a single-crystal

silicon substrate. They integrate display material

directly over the top of the silicon. The technology

was enabled by a combination of events in the

integrated circuit industry:



Figure 5: Microdisplay employing silicon substrate. (Picture courtesy of IBM Germany)

Figure 7: Schematic cross-section of a Plasma Display Panel (PDP). Dimensions not to scale. (Picture courtesy of IMM)

Figure 6: Competing with CRTs and LCDs: Plasma displays for TV applications. (Picture courtesy of Conrac GmbH)

• significant reduction of cost for processed

silicon wafers,

• greatly increased number of circuits that can be

put on an individual die,

• improvement in yield of these large die, and

• inclusion of chemical-mechanical-polishing

(CMP) as a standard IC process.

These events enabled a number of companies

to create these small format displays. If liquid

crystals are employed, this type of display is called

Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) display. Targets are

head-mounted virtual-reality displays and projec-

tion applications.

plasma display panels (pdp)

One technology that has been very successful

for large-format displays is the Plasma Display

Panel (PDP). This technology has the benefits of a

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), but can be built in a much

thinner structure. Plasma Displays are typically

filled with a gas such as neon, and driven in a row-

column passive-matrix manner. They require high

voltages to ignite the plasma, and careful current

limiting to prevent display heating. Since the

actuation mechanism ionizes gas at each pixel,

PDPs create radio frequency emissions, which

must be carefully controlled.

PDP technology is important for large area view-

ing, but due to the size limitation of the plasma

channels, small high-resolution displays cannot be

realized, so PDPs will not be significant for port-

able and handheld devices in the future. Manufac-

turing costs will decide which technology, LCD or

PDP, will be the winner for the large format display

market (e. g. TV sets).

Vacuum fluorescence displays (Vfd)

VFDs are an established technology still widely

used as low information content displays in audio-/

video devices or household appliances. The VFD

technology uses the fluorescence of phosphors

under electron bombardment similar as in cathode

ray tubes (CRT). However, the device structure is

quite different from CRTs and resembles the clas-

sical triode: Electrons evaporate from the metal

cathode, a filament with around 10 µm thickness.



Figure 9: Closeup of a full-color LED display. (Picture courtesy of Osram Opto Semiconductors)

Figure 8: Schematic cross-section of a Vacuum Fluorescence Display (VFD). Dimensions not to scale. (Picture courtesy of IMM)

They are accelerated by a grid voltage around 50 V.

VFDs can be easily identified by the honeycomb

structure of that grid which is fabricated by etch-

ing a very thin steel foil. As soon as the electrons

penetrate the anode at around 100 V, light is being

emitted. VFDs are robust, reliable, with a high

contrast ratio and long life span. One disadvantage

is their large spatial dimensions compared to the

active display area.

Electroluminescence displays (Eld)

ELDs have a very simple device structure and can

entirely be built employing solid state thin film

technologies. Between two electrically conducting

slabs (e. g. glass with structured ITO stripes in ma-

trix configuration) with applied insulating layers a

thin electroluminescent layer is deposited. Doped

zinc sulfate ZnS, or strontium sulfate SrS with

a rather broad emission spectrum (“white”) are

used as EL compounds. Conventional color filters

generate RGB colors. With the EL layer being only

about 100 µm thick, fully transparent displays, like

for OLEDs, can be achieved. Typical driving voltages

are chosen around 200 V AC at up to 10 kHz which

necessitates rather expensive driver ICs. With an

AM driving scheme (AMEL) employing a transis-

tor matrix on a silicon substrate, high-resolution

microdisplays have been demonstrated.

light Emitting diodes (lEd)

(Inorganic) Light Emitting Diodes (LED) are

widely used as large-area video walls or displays

for tickers. These LED displays are commonly

monochrome or multicolor and are composed of

commercially obtainable LEDs. Meanwhile high-ef-

ficiency blue LEDs are available, making full-color

large-area LED displays possible. LEDs exhibit

high luminescence, high efficiency and long life

time, which makes them particularly attractive for

outdoor use. However, LEDs are rather spacious.

Therefore, medium-sized displays for monitors or

PDAs are not feasible with this technique. Mono-

lithic integration of LEDs on a single chip, however,

can be used for virtual (monochrome) displays.

MEMs (dMd)

Another microdisplay-oriented technology is

based on Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems

(MEMS). In these types of displays, silicon and

other materials are machined using standard

semiconductor processes to make miniature me-

chanical structures. In the case of a Digital Micro-

mirror Device (DMD), the structure is a mirror

supported by a hinge, which can be actuated by

placing a charge on plates connected to an under-

lying memory cell. The size of each mirror is about

the width of a human hair. This device has gained

acceptance widely in portable business projectors

and home theater projectors.



Figure 11: Schematic cross-section of a passively driven Organic Light Emitting Diode (PM-OLED). Dimensions not to scale. The stack of organic layers is about 150 nm thick. (Picture courtesy of IMM)

Figure 10: Schematic cross-section of a Field Emission Display (shown here: microtip-FED). Dimensions not to scale. The stack of organic layers is about 150 µm thick. (Picture courtesy of IMM)

field Emission displays (fEd)

In an effort to create a thin CRT display, several

companies have been developing Field Emission

Displays (FEDs). FEDs resemble thin CRTs, but

without the heating element in the cathode; in

addition, they are organized in a one cathode per

pixel passive matrix organization. Like the Plasma

Displays Panels, FEDs typically require a high

voltage to operate, anywhere between 200 V and

6 kV. These displays can be very thin, but thus far

the production costs of manufacturing facilities

have kept them out of mainstream commercial

products.

organic light Emitting diodes (olEd)

One of the most promising display technologies

to come along in the past 25 years are Organic

Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs). Light emission

from thin films of small molecule organo-metallic

compounds was first discovered by Kodak in 1987.

Three years later, a research group at Cambridge

University, UK, observed similar properties in con-

jugated polymers, consisting of long carbon chains

with alternating single and double or triple bonds.

Meanwhile, oligomers and dendrimers are also

utilized as OLED materials.

An OLED is made from a stack of organic layers,

forming a p-n junction, similar to an inorganic LED.

When a voltage is applied in forward direction,

light is emitted from the region where injected

holes and electrons recombine. As the organic

material is very susceptible to water vapor and

oxygen, thorough encapsulation is indispensable.

OLEDs are self-emissive, highly efficient, and show

excellent optical properties. They have high po-

tential to be mass-produced on flexible substrates

which would enable processing in a roll-to-roll

manner. Moreover, the possibility to simply print

the organic material makes fabrication very inex-

pensive.

A wide range of applications from simple mono-

chrome large-area lighting to full color, video-

capable graphic displays can be covered by OLED

technology. Commercialization started in 1999

with the introduction of a multicolor OLED display

in a car stereo.

Figure 12: Among the first products for large size AM-OLEDs: the 14 inch OLED TV with WXGA resolution, ready for commer-cialisation shows a thickness of only 3 mm (for the module). (Picture: VDMA)



E-paper

Several technology candidates have laid claim to

the e-paper nomenclature, including electrophore-

tic, electrochromic, electrowetting, cholesteric

liquid crystal, as well as some other novel display

approaches. A quick summary of these various

approaches:

The most successful e-paper technology to date is

used in electrophoretic displays. This means that

visible images are formed by rearranging charged

pigment particles using an applied electric field.

Perhaps the most well-known manufacturer of

electrophoretic displays is E Ink, whose frontplane

technology utilizes tiny titanium dioxide particles

that are dispersed in a hydrocarbon oil. Pigments

and charging agents are added to the oil, giving

the particles an electric charge. When a voltage is

applied, the particles migrate to the surface bear-

ing the opposite charge from the particles. Images

can be created by way of an active or passive

matrix backplane by applying appropriate voltages

to the display, creating patterns of reflecting and

absorbing light.

Another approach to electrophoretic displays has

been developed by Sipix. SiPix e-paper is created

by inserting electrically-charged white particles

and dielectric fluid within SiPix’s Microcup design.

Once the e-paper is laminated to a patterned

conductor with adhesive (see illustration below,

courtesy of Sipix), the e-paper display may be

driven. The Microcups serve the same function as

the microcapsules employed by E Ink.

A third approach to create color electrophoretic

displays was recently demonstrated by Bridge-

stone using their Quick-Response Liquid Powder

Display (QR-LPD).

Still in startup mode, Zikon has developed the

proprietary REED technology (Reverse Emulsion-

based Electrophoretic Display). The REED technol-

ogy takes advantage of properties associated with

self-assembled nano-droplets in electrical fields.

Emerging display technologiesMark Fihn, Veritas et Visus

The technology takes advantage of two phases: a

continuous phase which is non-polar and insulat-

ed; and a dispersed phase, which utilizes self-as-

sembled nano-droplets, polar dyes, polar solvents,

and surfactants. REED can also take advantage of

chiral-electric properties, whereby the droplets are

polarizable at certain frequencies.

Electrophoretic solutions suffer from limitations as-

sociated with motion video and full color rendering,

although all of the manufacturers are developing

solutions to address both of these limitations.

At least three different e-paper technologies have

been developed based on the concept of electro-

chromism. Electrochromism is a chemical reaction

whereby colors are changed reversibly when a

charge is applied. An example of an electrochromic

material is polyaniline which can be formed either

by the electrochemical or chemical oxidation of

aniline. If an electrode is immersed in hydrochlo-

ric acid which contains a small concentration of

aniline, then a film of polyaniline can be grown on

the electrode. Other electrochromic materials

Mark fihn, Veritas et Visus

Mark Fihn is publisher & editor-in-chief at Veritas et Visus, which provides in- depth news and information about the focused topics in the displays industry. Five topics currently are the bedrock for the Veritas et Visus newsletters: Flexible displays, display-related standards and regulations, 3D displays, high-resolu-tion displays, and touch panels. Prior to Veritas et Visus, Mark worked for three years at the market research firm Dis-playSearch. He additionally participated for 15 years in computer system and LCD-related procurement and strategy at Texas Instruments and Dell Computer while living in the United States and Taiwan. Mark was educated at St. Olaf College (Northfield, Minnesota), the American Graduate School of Interna-tional Management (Phoenix, Arizona), St. Edward’s University (Austin, Texas), and in the University of Texas at Aus-tin’s doctoral program in International Business.

Figure 1: Existing products (upper row) and prototypes (lower row) of e-paper displays show the (possible) features like rollable and curved displays (on the left), low power and high contrast (e. g. for mobile phones, upper row) as well as full color displays.

Emerging Display.indd 24 21.10.2008 11:24:26 Uhr


include tungsten oxide (WO3), which is the main

chemical used in the production of electrochromic

windows or smart windows. Several companies,

including Ntera, Acreo, Siemens, and Aveso have

developed electrochromic displays, but so far they

have not ventured into color e-paper displays,

focusing instead on small monochrome devices for

smart cards and similar devices.

Electrowetting technology also allows much faster

switching speeds than most other electronic paper

technologies, enabled by use of selectively charg-

ing hydrophobic and hydrophilic materials. The

technology is particularly compelling for flexible

substrates because there are no moisture/gas

permeation issues, peak fabrication temperatures

are only 90°C, only four main process steps are

required, images are bistable and Lambertian,

even on a curved surface, and they can show ultra-

high brightness. Several entities are known to be

working on electrowetting displays: LiquaVista is

the most advanced, but others, like PVI, adt, the

University of Cincinnati and Linkoping University

in Sweden have also demonstrated electrowetting

solutions.

cholesteric liquid crystal displays (ChLCDs) have

been around for several years, but until recently

have been relegated to markets needing low-cost,

bistable, and monochrome display solutions.

Several companies have recently demonstrated

flexible color ChLCDs. Kent Displays leads the

industry in the development and commercializa-

tion of ChLCD technology and have demonstrated

fully printed solutions. Other companies involved

in ChLCD development work are Nemoptic, Fujitsu

Frontech, Hitachi, Fuji Xerox, ZBD Display, and

Image Lab.

Qualcomm is commercializing a MEMs approach

based on Interferometric Modulation (IMOD)

technology, which requires no backlighting and

can be viewed in bright sunlight and in a wide

range of environments. The IMOD displays work

by reflecting light so that specific wavelengths

interfere with each other to create pure, vivid

colors. The phenomenon that makes a butterfly’s

wings shimmer is the same process that gives the

Qualcomm displays their color.

polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (pdlc)

More than a decade ago, Taliq tried to commercial-

ize PDLC displays. PDLCs consist of liquid crystal

droplets that are dispersed in a solid polymer ma-

trix. By changing the orientation of the liquid crys-

tal molecules with an electric field, it is possible to

vary the intensity of transmitted light. Although

numerous other companies have attempted

to do so, the technology is mostly relegated to

such things as privacy windows and automobile

sun-roof solutions, introduced by companies such

as Kent Optronics and Saint Gobain. The Kent

Optronics solutions employ a variation called poly-

mer-stabilized cholesteric-texture (PSCT) coating.

Blue phase lcs

Samsung Electronics announced that it has de-

veloped the world’s first “Blue Phase” LCD panel –

which will offer more natural moving images with

an unprecedented image-driving speed of 240 Hz.

The Samsung Blue Phase mode does not require

liquid crystal alignment layers, unlike today’s most

widely used LCD modes such as twisted nematic,

in-plane switching or vertical alignment. The new

Blue Phase mode can make its own alignment lay-

ers, eliminating the need for any mechanical align-

ment and rubbing processes. The Blue Phase mode

features a superior response rate, allowing images

to be reproduced at 240 Hz or higher without the

need for any overdrive circuit. Samsung intends to

commercialize the technology by 2011.

ocB lcds

Optically Compensated Bend (OCB) is a technology

that realizes performance capabilities comparable

to those of cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, offer-

ing fast response time and wide viewing angles

which have been the challenge of conventional

liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Toshiba Matsushita

Display Technology has led the industry in the

development of OCB LCDs and has been applying

the technology in both amorphous silicon and

low-temperature poly-silicon TFT LCDs.

laser projection

Several companies, led by Novalux, are working

to develop technology that exploits a new type of

laser architecture that matches the micro-mirrors

of a DLP light engine with an array of lasers to re-

place the more conventional lamp solutions used



in projection TVs. These mirrors switch on and

off thousands of times per second, and the lasers

shine on the mirrors in varying intensity, mixing

the fundamental red, green, and blue. The result

is a high color gamut with high contrast ratios.

Mitsubishi is the first company to commercialize

the technology, although reduced market penetra-

tion by rear-projection TVs makes the future of the

technology uncertain.

3d technologies

Volumetric displays (from companies such as

Actuality systems) are those that emit, redirect,

diffuse, or re-image light from a localized true

volume as integrated over the system’s refresh

rate. Examples of volumetric displays include

swept-screen multi-planar displays, projection

onto a stack of LC panels, two-step up-conversion

in doped solids, and even projection into fog.

holographic displays (which some consider to be

a form of volumetric display) utilize lasers to re-

construct objects whose scattered light is received

by a photographic plate during recording. The

front, sides and back of the object can be recorded

on three, four or more photographic plates. Such

holograms can give 360 degree views of the ob-

ject. The main difficulty of such displays has been

due to the enormous information content of the

holograms as well as the difficulty of representing

a full color spectrum.

stereoscopic displays create a right eye-view and

a left-eye view that are reconstructed with the use

of special glasses, which can be based on differ-

ences in color, time, or sequence. Stereoscopic

displays are currently the most common and are

commercially available in LCD, PDP, and as both

rear and front projection systems.

autostereoscopic displays create multiple view-

points so the viewer does not have to wear special

glasses. This can be accomplished by headtrack-

ing solutions or by reducing resolution to enable

multiple viewpoints.

Figure 2: Stereoscopic display (left) and holographic display (right). (Picture courtesy of SeeReal Technologies GmbH)

applications/ tV pc auto- industrial handheld White public personal requirements motive devices goods displays/ smart digital displays signage

Resolution <100ppi >100ppi <100ppi <100ppi >150ppi <100ppi <100ppi <100ppi

Size 10–100˝ 10–20˝ <10˝ 10–20˝ <10˝ <10˝ >20˝ <10˝

Color Full color Full color Color Color Full color Mono Full color Mono

Temperature +5 – +50 +5 – +50 –40 – +90 –40 – +90 –20 – +70 0 – +50 –40 – +50 +5 – +50

Power Consumption high low/med. low/med. high low high high low

Sunlight Readability no no yes maybe yes no yes yes

Typical Volumes large large small small large small small large

Flexible no no maybe maybe maybe maybe no yes

Weight heavy light medium medium light medium heavy light

Thickness mixed thin mixed mixed thin mixed thick thin

Environmental medium medium harsh harsh medium harsh harsh harsh

Recyclability green green medium medium green medium medium medium

Video Capability yes yes mixed no mixed no yes no

Viewing Angle critical not critical not not not critical not

Lifetime long medium long medium short long medium long

applications of flat panel displays and their requirements towards the technologies and display properties



the production processThere are numerous publications describing flat

panel display device architectures and perform-

ance, but manufacturing processes and yield

issues naturally remain company secrets in this

intensely competitive market. We want to give you

a brief, schematic overview of the materials, equip-

ment, and processes involved in flat panel display

production, so that an assignment of the company

profiles in the second part of this publication to

the process chain is possible.

Although there is quite a number of different

display technologies employing different device

architectures and driving schemes, one can find

overall similarities: Simply speaking, most displays

basically consist of three parts:

• a backplane, where transparent electrodes

(called anode, mostly consisting of Indium Tin

Oxide [ITO]) are patterned onto a transparent

substrate (glass or plastics),

• a light modulating (in the case of LCD this is

the liquid crystal cell with polarizers and color

filters) or light emitting element (VFD, ELD,

PDP, FED, OLED), characteristic for the display

technology used, and

• a counter electrode (cathode), mostly a simple

metallic structure either patterned directly onto

the emissive layer (in the case of OLED) or on

an additional substrate containing color filters,

polarizers (e. g. in LCDs).

• the fabrication of the essential display part

between the electrodes, where a large variety

of chemical and physical procedures and

treatments, strongly dependent on the display

technology used, are necessary, and finally,

• the assembly of a display module which is then

ready to be integrated into an application. Wire

bonding, packaging, and final testing is required

here,

• with the ever increasing penetration rate of LCD

monitors or LCD/PDP television sets warranty

and repair becomes an issue as well, and finally

the disposal, recycling or recovery of end-of-life

panels (e. g. according to the Waste of Electrical

and Electronic Equipment Directive [WEEE] form

of the EU).

We want to describe the production steps briefly

naming the basic processes and materials involved.

Nevertheless, for simplicity we have to focus on one

sample technology, to be more precise a display

technology plus a driving scheme (active or passive).

From the technological point of view, the flat panel

display market is dominated by Liquid Crystal Dis-

plays (LCD), which make up nearly 90 percent of flat

panel displays produced. The production techniques

for LCDs show a high standard of maturity and

are well established. In general, production yields

greater than 90 percent are achieved.

The most promising new display technologies, on

the other hand, are displays based on organic light

emitting diodes (olEd). OLEDs are self-emissive

and show excellent optical properties as well as

low power consumption. They have high potential

to be mass-produced on flexible substrates which

enable a wide range of new applications. Most

other flat panel display technologies, like LCD, PDP

and FED, have three-dimensional structures that

have to be kept either in a vacuum state or have

to be filled with gas or liquid crystals. In contrast,

all that is needed for an OLED device is in princi-

ple a stack of solid organic films on a substrate.

Although OLED is still an emerging technology re-

quiring a considerable amount of time and effort

to further develop the technology itself as well as

the implementation into methods of production,

we have chosen it as the sample technology for

this paper.

AM backplane. (Picture courtesy of Merck)

This results in three basic steps for display manu-

facture:

• the fabrication of the backplane, employing

deposition and patterning techniques similar to

the ones used in the semiconductor industry for

the production of integrated circuits (IC),

The Production Process.indd 27 21.10.2008 11:25:04 Uhr


Flat panel displays are used in a wide spectrum

of products ranging from simple alpha-numeric

low-information content displays to large area,

high-resolution, color video-displays. These high-

information content displays are actively driven

(aM), most of them employing the so-called Thin

Film Transistor technology (TFT) where every

pixel is addressed by an individual transistor. This

results in a better contrast and a higher switch-

ing speed – important criteria for high quality

displays. We want to focus on this driving scheme,

since more and more applications will demand

larger, high-resolution, full color displays. However,

in contrast to the LCD technology, at least two

transistors instead of one have to be produced for

each pixel for AM-OLED displays, as they are cur-

rent-driven.

Display fabrication has to be carried out in a clean-room environment. (Picture courtesy of Optrex Europe)

aM-olEd display fabrication step i:

the aM backplane

Since display manufacture deals with the creation

of structures of the size of a few microns on large

panels of the size of almost up to several square

meters, a high degree of precision in manufactur-

ing technology as well as cleanliness is required.

Most of the manufacturing steps have to be car-

ried out in a cleanroom environment. Clean room

requirements are as follows: The lithography areas

with wet etch are commonly Class 10. Much of the

area for sputter and CVD loading is Class 100, with

the rest being Class 1,000–5,000.

Extensive automation of production steps them-

selves and handling as well further reduces pollu-

tion. AM backplane manufacturing technology has

quite some similarities to integrated circuit (IC)

processes in the semiconductor industry. Instead

of silicon wafers rectangular glass substrates are

used for volume production of flat panel displays.

The extremely competitive market situation e. g.

in the LCD industry makes manufacturing costs

and therefore production yield a key issue. As a

result, like in the semiconductor industry, sub-

strate sizes were increased even more dramatically

to get better yield for large panels. Today, genera-

tion 5, 6 and 7 lines with substrate sizes larger than

1,100 x 1,250 mm2 are being built.

Of course, the substrate size considerably affects

capital expenditure for the LCD production line

itself. OLEDs, however, do not target the tradi-

tional LCD markets (desktop monitors, notebooks)

immediately, so smaller substrate sizes down

to 400 x 400 mm2 are sufficient. Moreover, with

the use of flexible plastic substrates, roll-to-roll

OLED-display processing becomes possible, with

a high potential to decrease manufacturing costs

substantially.

Substrate sizes in flat panel display manufacturing.

Generation 2 400 x 500


Generation 3.5 600 x 720


Generation 5 1,100 x 1,250





glass substrate size (approx.) [mm2]



Wet cleaning

Physical Cleaning Brush Scrubbing Removes stubborn particles, not suitable for smaller particles, effect is proportional to brushing pressure

Jet Spray Suitable on patterned, hydrophilic, and soft surfaces, requires caution regarding static charge: ineffective without high water pressure

Ultrasonic Cavitation Accelerating effect of chemical washing is conspicuous, has difficulty eliminating particles, requires caution regarding cleaning unevenness due to generation of standing waves

Megasonic (1 MHz) Can eliminate submicron particles when used with chemical cleaning fluid, strong rectilinear propagation of sound waves, requires caution around jig structure

Chemical Cleaning Organic Solvent Suitable for eliminating multiple contamination of organic substances; solvent is chosen de-pending on contaminant; difficult with high level of cleaning

Neutral Detergent Suitable for contamination from particles and organic substances, no damage to material being cleaned; difficulty is that interface activator adsorption layer remains

Chemical Cleaning Fluid Depending on the orientation constituent, it acts in etching, oxide decomposition, hydrophilic surfaces, and ionization, suitable for all contaminants; needs chemical management

Pure Water Eliminates chemicals after chemical processing; cleaning capability depends on water purity, insufficient for particles and organic substances

dry cleaning Ultraviolet Ozone Eliminates organic contaminants at the adsorption film level; improves coverage prior to resist application

Plasma Oxide Applies to eliminating organic substances such as photoresist; not suitable for particles and non-organic contaminants, low throughput

Non-oxide Eliminates slight organic and inorganic contaminants; allows for highly clean surface, equipment is expensive; low throughput; limited application

Laser Localized selective cleaning; not suitable for full surface cleaning

Cleaning processes used in TFT production. [Thompson]

Photolithography in the cleanroom. (Picture courtesy of Optrex Europe)

In a first step, the substrates have to be cleaned.

Cleaning processes are one of the key factors

in achieving higher yield. Around 80 percent of

the defects come from particles on the substrate,

which are almost impossible to completely

eliminate. Cleaning prior to deposition and resist

coating is very important in TFT manufacture.

The thin film transistors themselves consist

of stacked layers of doped either amorphous

(α-Si) or polycrystalline (p-Si) silicon and insulat-

ing SiO2 layers which are subsequently deposited

and patterned onto the substrate. At the present

time, only the plasma enhanced chemical vapor

deposition (PECVD) method is used for forming

the precursor α-Si film in production lines. CVD

equipment is already available for motherglass

substrates as large as generation 7.

The low process temperature (<400°C) of α-Si has

led to its initial dominance in large-area AM-LCD

technology. Substantial experience and infra-

structure in large-area α-Si manufacturing for

solar cells has been made during the oil crisis of

the 1970s. α-Si allows overall pixel sizes of approx.

100 x 100 µm.

category cleaning Method feature



The demand for higher resolutions and therefore

smaller pixel sizes, especially for small high-den-

sity camcorder and projection applications, has

driven efforts to manufacture TFTs with polycrys-

talline silicon (p-Si). Since grain sizes are bigger

and electron mobility increases, transistors can

be made smaller resulting in pixel sizes an order

of magnitude lower than in α-Si. However, the

standard method of tempering α-Si requires

temperatures as high as 900°C (High Temperature

Polysilicon, HTPS) i. e. beyond the melting point

of glass and therefore needs expensive quartz

substrates. The panel size with this method is

limited to approx. 8 inches. Another way to pro-

duce p-Si layers is to anneal α-Si locally with UV

radiation from an excimer laser (ELA). This method

requires process temperatures below 400°C, so

that ordinary glass substrates can be used (Low

Temperature p-Si, LTPS). Another advantage using

this technique is the possibility of processing built-

in p-Si drivers directly onto the motherglass, which

further reduces cost and enhances reliability.

Subsequent photolithography, etching and doping

process steps common to IC fabrication form the

TFT array. Considering three RGB subpixels and

the fact that for AM-OLED at least two transistors

are needed for every pixel (Fig. 1) one has to form

approx. 2 x 4 million transistors for an SXGA reso-

lution (1,280 x 1,024) display. Approx. 20 photo-

lithography steps are needed to form the TFT

substrate. If the yield for every step is 95 percent,

the overall yield for an error-free TFT panel is only

32 percent which makes it already very expen-

sive. TFT testing is very important. A very elegant

method is the contactless test with an electron

beam.

Afterwards, the transparent anode (mostly made

of Indium Tin Oxide [ITO] which has a considerably

low sheet resistance) is sputtered onto the sub-

strate connecting the TFTs to the “outside world”.

For the following deposition of the OLED materials

an extremely flat ITO layer is of vital importance.

Another cleaning step followed by an optional

plasma or ozone treatment and subsequent depo-

sition of a buffer layer by spin coating or thermal

evaporation makes the backplane ready for OLED

processing.

Figure 1: Cross section and circuit diagram of an AM-OLED device [Kimura]. At least two TFTs for each pixel have to be used because OLEDs are current-driven.

cathode

adhesive layer (sio2)

Bus line

tft glass

light

olEd

anode(ito)

inter-layer(polyimide)

The basic materials for OLED displays: Small molecule and polymer OLEDs. (Picture courtesy of Covion)

Signal lineSupply lineCathode

OLED

Anode

DrivingTFT

Storagecapacitor

SwitchingTFT

Capacitorline

Scanline



aM-olEd display fabrication step ii:

the organic layers

Referring to the chemical structure, the terms

“small molecules” and “polymers” are commonly

used to classify OLED materials. Small molecules

consist of organo-metallic compounds with a metal

core (e. g. Al, Ir) surrounded by organic ligands (e. g.

hydroxyquinolate, phenylpyridine). Efficiency and

emission wavelength can be tuned by substitution

of the ligands. Small molecule films, just a few ten

nanometers thick, are fabricated using vacuum

sublimation. In a (hot wall) reactor the solid organic

material is thermally evaporated and deposited on

the (cooled) substrate surface.

Light emitting polymers (LEPs), with polypheny-

lenevinylene (PPV) being the most prominent

one, consist of long conjugated carbon chains. By

introducing side-chains efficiency and color can

be tuned. As LEPs are soluble in organic solvents

(e. g. xylene), thin films can be manufactured by

spin coating or even simple printing techniques.

Recently, other processes based on local heating/

contact printing (Laser Induced Thermal Imaging,

LITI) and photolithographic techniques were dem-

onstrated as well.

Whereas the vapor deposition exhibits advantages

especially for multilayer structures, cost-effective

coating of large areas is viable with the soluble

polymers. On the other hand, the deposition of

multilayer structures is more difficult in the latter

case since mutual mixing of the solutions must

be avoided. Despite the structural differences of

both OLED types the overall working principle is

the same.

In contrast to LCD panels which are driven by con-

trolling a voltage, OLEDs are diodes and therefore

have to be driven by controlling a current. This ne-

cessitates one additional TFT for current switching.

Distinct differences of OLED processes in compari-

son to other display technologies also arise through

the high sensitivity of the organic substances: OLED

rapidly degrade and are finally destroyed when

exposed to water vapor or oxygen. Therefore, the

entire OLED processing step has to be carried out in

inert gas atmosphere (Ar, N2). Moreover, a thorough

encapsulation of the organic layers is crucial to

performance and lifetime of the display.



Potential low-cost OLED fabrication with reel-to-reel process. (Picture courtesy of Fraunhofer Institut FEP)

Another problem arises as ordinary exposure tech-

niques cannot be used for patterning because ex-

tremely thin films of organic material are involved.

Since fine patterning of RGB pixels is required to

obtain full-color displays, partial deposition using

a metal mask has been used for patterning the

small molecule. For the polymers type printing

techniques (like ink-jet printing, IJP) can be em-

ployed. Considerable progress has already been

achieved in this field. The overall thickness of the

stack of organic layers is approximately 150 nm.

Another way to introduce full color in OLED

displays is to use white organic emitter material

together with color filters or -converters like in

LCDs. A structured emitter is not necessary for this

type of OLED-display (as well as for monochrome

devices, of course). However, through absorption

of the filters, efficiency drops. Furthermore, the

color filters are quite expensive and have to be

properly aligned to the underlying TFT backplane

which increases the panel costs significantly.

aM-olEd display fabrication step iii:

Module assembly

Actually, if compared to LCD fabrication, module

assembly for an OLED display starts with the appli-

cation of the metal cathode. A thin calcium layer

with an aluminum film on top, to protect the Ca

and to enhance conductivity, acts as cathode. No

post cathode deposition patterning is required as

the pixels are defined at the anode level which in

turn is connected to the drive electronics.

It is more common, however, to regard the encap-

sulation of the device as the first step of OLED-

module assembly.

Today, thin glass panels glued on top of the device

are used for encapsulation of the organic layers.

Various types of resin together with getter materi-

als – they absorb water and oxygen that diffuse

into the device – are employed. Better methods,

especially for OLEDs on flexible substrates are

under development. After the delicate organic

substances have been sufficiently encapsulated

the device can be taken out of the inert gas envi-

ronment and processing proceeds in the clean-

room.

The following steps are more or less similar to the

ones used in LCD fabrication. The substrate is cut

into single display panels either by scribing it with

a simple hard-metal wheel and subsequent break-

ing or, more advanced but also more expensive, by

laser cutting which results in very smooth edges.

In order to reduce background reflections of the

cathode, which actually acts as a mirror, and to

enhance contrast, optical filters and polarizers are

applied.

Electrical contacting of the ITO either directly or

with prior metallization by applying an aniso-

tropically conducting resin or by employing wire

bonding techniques is the next step. Advanced

methods directly connect the driver ICs to the ITO

lines (Chip on Glass, CoG) or even make the incor-

poration of the drivers into backplane production

possible (cf. p-Si).

After this, the display is not susceptible to particles

anymore and can be taken out of the cleanroom.

Packaging basically employs common mechanical

and electrical techniques like wiring the display to

a printed circuit board (PCB) with driver-ICs on it,

attaching connectors and finally putting the de-

vice into a housing. After a thorough final inspec-

tion the display module is ready for shipping.



companies

ACS Motion Control 34

AIXTRON AG 35

Applied Materials GmbH 36

EuropTec Holding AG 37

Fresnel Optics GmbH 38

HÜTTINGER Elektronik GmbH + Co. KG 39

Inova Semiconductors GmbH 40

i-sft GmbH 41

Laborchemie Apolda GmbH 42

M.Braun Inertgas-Systeme GmbH 43

Merck KGaA 44

Novaled AG 46

Optrex Europe GmbH 47

PVA TePla AG 48

Toppan Printing Co (UK) ltd 49

research institutes

Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Polymer

Research 50

profiles of dff Members

UP_Liste.indd 33 21.10.2008 11:27:27 Uhr

Delivering powerful control solutions, software

tools and application support services for machine

control customers worldwide

ACS Motion Control is a global manufacturer of

high performance multi-axis motion and machine

control systems that combine power and precision

to deliver the most flexible, cost-effective and user-

friendly control solutions. Established in 1985, ACS

Motion Control has its international headquarters

in Israel, with North American headquarters in

Plymouth, Minnesota and an Asian support center

in South Korea. Backed by an ISO9001-certified

design and manufacturing capability with an on-

going commitment to quality control and reliabili-

ty testing, ACS Motion Control delivers its products

through an international distribution network

that provides sales support and customer service

worldwide.

The market – high performance production,

test and inspection systems

ACS Motion Control systems were developed

for production, test and inspection equipment and

have been extensively deployed in flat panel dis-

play production and inspection equipment, solar

panels production and inspection, semiconductor

manufacturing, electronic assembly, general sub-

micron automated test equipment, advanced dig-

ital printing, medical imaging, and robotics.

ACS products provide:

• Advanced gantry control

• Fast move & settle

• Sub-micron standstill jitter

• Resonance compensation

• Disturbance rejection

• Frequency response measurement

MC4U – customized multi-axis modular control

system

The MC4U (Machine Control for You) modular

system is designed to provide a full solution for

applications that require high performance, multi-

axis machine and motion control.

The MC4U includes a multi-axis controller with

network capabilities, regulated power supply and

up to 8 digital universal drives. It can also function

as a CAN open network master controlling up to

an additional 64 distributed axes and I/O nodes,

providing complete control of all machine automa-

tion functions (motion, logic, power and data), re-

sulting in shorter development cycle time, reduced

risk and lower costs. The MC4U free software sup-

port package includes a rich set of powerful tools

with full simulation capabilities for easy setup,

tuning, application program development, debug-

ging and diagnostics.

PLC programming – The MC4U is PLCopen compli-

ant and, in addition to ACSPL+ motion program-

ming language, can also be programmed in one of

IEC61131-3 standard PLC languages.

ACS Motion ControlAdvanced multi-axis machine control systems

Internet www.AcsMotionControl.com

NASDAQ: ACSEF

International Headquarters ACS Motion Control Ltd.Ramat Gabriel Industrial Park, POB 5668, Migdal Ha’Emek 10500, Israel Phone +972 4 6546440 Fax +972 4 6546443 E-Mail [email protected]

North American OfficeACS Motion Control Inc. 14700 28th Ave. North, Suite 25 Plymouth, MN 55447, USA Phone +763 559-7669 Fax +763 559-0110 E-Mail [email protected]

Asia Customer Support Center ACS Motion Control KoreaDigital Empire Building D-191, 980-3, Youngtong-dong, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Geonggi-do, Korea, 443-813 Phone +82 31 202-3541 Fax +82 31 202-3542 E-Mail [email protected]

German RepresentativeTechnische Beratung Dr. BaumWindschläger Strasse 43 77652 Offenburg Germany Phone +49 781 70600 Fax +49 781 9320889 E-Mail [email protected]

34 ACS MotIon Control

High Performance Multi-axis Motion & Machine Control

www.AcsMotionControl.com

ACS.indd 34 21.10.2008 13:45:13 Uhr

AIXTRON AG

Kackertstrasse 15–1752072 AachenGermanyPhone +49 241 8909-0Fax +49 241 8909-40E-Mail [email protected] www.aixtron.com

ContactMarkus Schwambera Phone +49 241 8909-446 Fax +49 241 8909-313 E-Mail [email protected]

AIXTRON Gen2 OVPD® Mass-Production Equipment

AIXTRON Gen1 OVPD® Pilot-Production Cluster

AIXTRON is one of the world’s leading manufacturers of equipment for the deposition of compound semi-conductors, multi-component oxides, metals, SiGe and organic materials. AIXTRON reactors are the world’s most widely used produc-tion tools for large-scale compound semi-conductor production. They enable effi-cient manufacturing with lowest cost of ownership and have been proven in pro-duction for more than twenty years. Since 1983 the AIXTRON Group has supplied more than 1,000 MOCVD tools to the compound semiconductor industry and has established a world-wide service and distribution network with subsidiaries in 8 countries and representations in more than 15 countries.

In 2004 AIXTRON installed the first Gen2 OVPD® Mass Production equipment for OLED display manufacturing at RiTdisplay Corp., Taiwan. The technical breakthrough of the OVPD® technology was achieved in 2005 with the qualification for OLED mass production.

For the following two years, AIXTRON closely collaborated with renowned light-ing companies such as Osram and Philips within the scope of the European and German government funded projects Olla and OPAL. The latest reference is an AIXTRON Gen2 OVPD® production system at the Center for Organic Materials and Electronic Devices Dresden (COMEDD) for the development of OLED devices. COMEDD is led by the Fraunhofer Insti-tute for Photonic Microsystems (IPMS).

OVPD® technology is based on an inven-tion by S. R. Forrest et al. at Princeton University. It is exclusively licensed by AIXTRON from Universal Display Corp.

Key Benefits of OVPD® Technology

Productivity

• High throughput due to high deposition rates

• Scalability based on proprietary Close-Coupled

Showerhead (CCS®) Technology

• Gen1, Gen2, Gen3.5 motherglass size equip-

ment available

• Ongoing scaling towards future market require-

ments

Low Running Cost (CoO)

• High organic material utilization (> 60 %)

• External source configuration

= low maintenance

• Heated deposition chamber

= low maintenance

High Yield

• Stable and reproducible deposition rates

• Precise control of multi-layer device fabrication

• Excellent uniformity

• High material quality

• Precision control of layer composition

(co-hosting/-doping)

• High precision mask alignment

(qualified in LCD industry)

• Active temperature control of substrate and

shadow mask

• Particle management

– Reduced condensation on chamber walls

– No moving parts inside deposition chamber

Flexibility

• Flexible Cluster Tool or In-Line Architecture

• SEMI/MESC Standard

• Enabling Superior Novel Device Structures

Advanced Control

• Fully computerized process control

• Easy transfer of production process from system

to system

OVPD® – Organic Vapor Phase Deposition Equipment for OLED Manufacturing

AIXTRON combined its proprietary Close Coupled

Showerhead (CCS®) with the OVPD® technology to

accommodate mass production requirements. In

collaboration with UDC AIXTRON has developed

and qualified OVPD® production tools addressing

the requirements of OLED manufacturing.

Organic Vapor Phase Deposition (OVPD®) is an

innovative technology for the thin film deposition

of small molecular organic materials. It utilizes the

advantages of gas phase deposition, where the

materials are transported to the substrate by an

inert carrier gas.

AIXTRON 35

www.aixtron.com

Aixtron.indd 35 21.10.2008 11:33:01 Uhr

Introduction

AKT, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Applied Materi-

als, Inc., the global leader in Nanomanufacturing

Technology™ solutions, is a leading supplier of

systems, processes and services to the flat panel

display (FPD) manufacturing industry, focusing on

applications that serve the Thin Film Transistor

Liquid Crystal Displays (TFT-LCDs).

PECVD System for Amorphous Silicon Application, AKT-55K PECVDMax. Substrate Size: 2,200 × 2,500 mm2

Electron Beam Array Tester, AKT-55K EBTMax. Substrate Size: 2,200 × 2,500 mm2

Sputtering System for TFT Array, AKT-PiVot 55KV PVDMax. Substrate Size: 2,200 × 2,500 mm2

Applied Materials GmbHDisplay Business Group AKT

Feldkirchen Office Philipp-Hauck-Strasse 6 85622 Feldkirchen GermanyPhone +49 89 90507-211 Fax +49 89 90507-210

Technology CenterAKT Inline Display DivisionSiemensstrasse 100 63755 Alzenau Germany Phone +49 6023 92-6068 Fax +49 6023 92-6440

AKT Headquarters3101 Scott Blvd. P. O. Box 58039 Santa Clara, California 95054 USA

Phone +1 408 6549700 Fax +1 408 9862720 E-Mail [email protected] Internet www.appliedmaterials.com

www.appliedmaterials.com

36 APPlieD MATeriAlS

Products & Technology

AKT, an Applied Materials company, is the leading

supplier of PECVD systems and Color Filter sput-

tering systems to the FPD industry. The AKT PECVD

systems and NEW ARISTO sputtering systems are

the market leaders in the TFT-LCD industry and are

installed at virtually every major TFT-LCD manu-

facturer in Japan, Korea, Taiwan and China. AKT al-

so provides PECVD systems, “PX” PECVD special-

ized for LTPS TFT applications. The AKT’s electron

beam array tester provides fast and flexible test

sequences that has significant advantages over

competing technologies. Designed to apply critical

conductive and reflective coatings, our NEW ARISTO

system is used at each generation for ITO deposi-

tion for color filter application. The newly devel-

oped PVD system “PiVot” has a vertical platform

for metal and pixel ITO applications, using innova-

tive rotary target.

AKT is a global company with extensive sales, serv-

ice and facilities near its customers’ manufactur-

ing plants. The company develops and manufac-

tures its systems in Santa Clara, California – in the

heart of Silicon Valley, Alzenau, Germany, Feld-

kirchen, Germany and Tainan, Taiwan. To support

the growing worldwide customer base, the Com-

pany has sales and service offices located in Japan,

Korea, Taiwan, China and North America.

ITO Sputtering System for Color Filter ApplicationAKT-NEW ARISTO 2200Max. Substrate Size: 2,200 × 2,500 mm2

Applied_Materials.indd 36 21.10.2008 11:34:15 Uhr

The EuropTec Group is a leading supplier of techni-

cal glass components. Originally based in Europe,

EuropTec developed in the last eight years its

outstanding competences in glass coating, preci-

sion machining, bending, printing and assembling

of glass to multifunctional display-filters in other

areas of the world.

One stop shop for display filters

Since the late nineties it has been obvious that the

display industry even on the small and medium

enterprise level is a global sourcing and supplying

business. This is why EuropTec has started since

almost ten years to work intensively not only with

European suppliers and customers but also with

its own presence in Asia and in the USA. Conse-

quently EuropTec is today, despite its European

name and its Swiss origin, a global company, high-

ly focused and specialized on high quality filters

for the display industry.

Display filters at a glance

• etched glass filters with enhanced non sparkling

resolution (EagleEtch)

• combined etched and AR coated glass for en-

hanced resolution and contrast (EagleEtch Plus)

• antireflective coated filters for TV-sets or

computer monitors (EuropFilter Luxar)

• printing on display glasses with custom logos,

frames and further design patterns

• assembling and integrating of touch panel

functions (EuropTouch)

• combined glass & plastic laminates for vandal

proof applications (EuropSafe) e. g. for ATMs

• EMI shielding: coatings and mesh type

• functional films on glass.

Performance to our customers

EuropTec’s spirit is based on speed, quality and in-

novation. The EuropTec staff knows that sales and

engineering cannot be separated. Consequently

our sales staff is competent to design products

with customers and to lead new projects into its

industrial production.

Managing light and radiation through glass is

EuropTec’s core competence in the glass field.

EuropTec’s customers may expect global service

and working logistics from our global and local

subsidiaries – EuropTec stands for global business

and local service.

EuropTec Holding AGGlass and Polymer Technologies

Aeschwuhrstrasse 21 4665 Oftringen SwitzerlandPhone +41 62 78877-77 Fax +41 62 78877-79 E-Mail [email protected] Internet www.europtec.com

Subsidiaries:EuropTec AG, CH-4665 OftringenEuropTec Kft, HU-8900 ZalaegerszegEuropTec GmbH, D-36844 GoslarEuropTec Türkei CAM, TR-DenizliEuropTec USA/Eagle Glass, US-ClarksburgSchröder Spezialglas GmbH, D-EllerauEuropTec Asia, CHN-Suzhou

www.europtec.com

EurOPTEc HOldInG 37

EuropTec.indd 37 21.10.2008 11:34:45 Uhr

www.fresnel-optics.de

38 fresnel optics

fresnel optics GmbH

flurstedter Marktweg 1399510 Apolda Germanyphone +49 3644 50110fax +49 3644 501150e-Mail [email protected] www.fresnel-optics.de

United States:Reflexite Display Optics 500 Lee Road Suite 500 Rochester, New York 14606 Phone +1 585 647 1140 Fax +1 585 254 4940 E-Mail [email protected] Internet www.display-optics.com

Fresnel Optics GmbH and Reflexite Display Optics

offer our customers diverse precision products and

services in the field of microstructured polymer

optics.

Backed by modern industrial infrastructure and

a highly motivated workforce we manufacture

optical films, light guides and backlights for use

in all size flat panel display market segments. Over

the years the cooperation and drive to satisfy

customer requirements has created a one-stop

dependable unit supplying OEM customers through-

out the TFT-LCD display sector.

Optical Film Products

Reflexite Display Optics in Rochester, NY, specializes

in the production of standard and custom optical

film products utilizing a selection of engineered

substrates and resins to enhance brightness and

environmental performance in demanding FPD

applications.

Components and BLU Assembly

Fresnel Optics GmbH expertise in the fabrication

of custom molded components for displays,

particularly light guides, and backlight assembly

capabilities complement our film manufacturing

capabilities.

In close cooperation with our business partners in

the display sector, Fresnel Optics GmbH today

manufactures:

• Custom microstructured and patterned flat

Light Guide Plates from 1 mm to 10 mm thick;

• Wedge or tapered Light Guide Plates 1 mm to

10 mm thick for special-purpose display applica-

tions;

• Light Guides & Backlight Assembly for 5" to 20"

display modules featuring extremely high BLU

brightness, uniformity and thermal stability for

consumer and industrial display applications;

• Lenticular components for consumer and non-

consumer 3D applications;

• Complete display assembly services.Company ProfileFresnel Optics GmbH and Reflexite Display Optics are subsidiaries of Reflex-ite Corporation. Utilizing the Manage-ment of Light® concept, together we offer our partners a variety of micro-structured optical components and sub- assemblies designed & replicated for custom applications. The Management of Light® principle for enhancing cus-tomer satisfaction is not just a motto but serves as our guideline for long term successful business relationships.

Customer Applications• Display Backlight Films• Engineered Diffusers• Flexible Displays• Automotive • Solar Energy• Architectural Lighting• Safety & Security• Military Displays• Medical and BioOptics• Vision Systems

Reflexite Collimating Films (RCF) condition light

output of transmissive backlit displays. Manufac-

tured in our Class 10,000 clean room facilities,

standard and custom RCF film products are availa-

ble for Mobile, Notebook, Monitor and LCD-TV dis-

plays. RCF film is available in different dimensions

and can be converted to fully meet our customers’

requirements.Our business is the:MANAGEMENT OF LIGHT®

Fresnel.indd 38 21.10.2008 11:36:13 Uhr

HÜTTINGER Elektronik

GmbH + Co. KG

Bötzinger Strasse 8079111 Freiburg GermanyPhone +49 761 8971-0 Fax +49 761 8971-1150 E-Mail [email protected] Internet www.huettinger.com

Company ProfileHÜTTINGER Electronic is a worldwide leader in the manufacturing of DC, MF and RF power supplies for induction heating processes, CO

2 laser excitation

and plasma applications. Founded in 1922, the company employs over 650 employees in subsidaries and representa-tive offices around the world. Since 1990, HÜTTINGER is a member of the TRUMPF Group.

SubsidariesPoland HUETTINGER Electronic Sp. z o. o.47, Marecka St.05-220 Zielonka, PolandPhone +48 22 7613-800 E-Mail [email protected]

ChinaHÜTTINGER Electronics Ltd. Shanghai Rep. Office11H, Century Ba-Shi Building398 Huai Hai Zhong RoadShanghai 200020, ChinaPhone +86 21 6385-1238 E-Mail [email protected]

JapanHÜTTINGER Electronic K.K.Shinyokohama Tobu AK bldg. 7F3-23-3 Shinyokohama, Kohoku-kuYokohama City, Kanagawa 222-0033JapanPhone +81 45 470-3761 E-Mail [email protected]

United States of AmericaHUETTINGER Electronic Inc.47273 Fremont Blvd.Fremont, CA 94538, USAPhone +1 510 657-2784 E-Mail [email protected]

Empowering Productivity

With more than 650 employees worldwide,

HÜTTINGER Electronic is Europe’s largest manu-

facturer of power supplies for induction heating,

plasma and CO2 laser excitation. As a member

of the TRUMPF Group and with subsidiaries in

Poland, China, the US and Japan, HÜTTINGER offers

a broad sales and service network around the

globe. A team focused on customer-specific solu-

tions works on projects that need individual cus-

tomization.

HÜTTINGER’s expansive product portfolio offers

a broad range of power supplies for processes re-

quiring direct current, medium or radio frequency:

From 300 Watts to 500 Kilowatts, the generators

match a broad variety of plasma and induction

heating processes. Be it large area coatings or pre-

cise heating applications, all processes have one

thing in common: Their need for a reliable power

source. Partner with an expert in the field –

HÜTTINGER Electronic!

Power for micro and macro technology

Plasma technology covers an enormous scope

of applications. It’s used in the manufacturing

of solar cells as well as storage media and semicon-

ductors. Systems for large area coating, CO2 laser

excitation and web coating also depend on plas-

ma. HÜTTINGER is the world market leader in gen-

erators for large area coating and for the critical

coating processes used in the flat panel display

production. High precision process control and a

supreme arc management help you to obtain opti-

mum results in terms of film quality and homoge-

neity.

However, we’re not just in clean rooms. You’ll find

our products being used to coat flat glass and

to cut steel sheets in plants throughout the world.

For instance, our RF generators power the CO2

lasers made by TRUMPF, the world’s leading manu-

facturer of industrial lasers for metal fabrication.

From the delicate world of microelectronics to the

challenging environment of an industrial factory,

HÜTTINGER leads the way.

Tradition and high-tech

Precise, fast, efficient and reliable – induction

heating enjoys many advantages compared to

traditional heating processes. And provides exactly

the desired surfaces and characteristics. For years,

HÜTTINGER power supplies have been a crucial

element in these traditional heat treating systems.

They can be found in numerous applications such

as hardening, soldering or melting.

Beyond these traditional industries, induction

heating is also used in many leading edge tech-

nologies. For instance, zone floating is one of the

first steps in the production of high purity silicon,

which is being used for wafer production in the

semiconductor industry. A process with stringent

requirements on stability and uptime. Equally de-

manding are the high-tech areas of metal evapora-

tion, crystal growing and epitaxy. The leaders in

these markets trust HÜTTINGER’s high reliability

power supplies.

Global service for local support

At HÜTTINGER, we strive to provide you with the

highest possible level of support. In today’s global

economy, you need a partner with a presence eve-

rywhere your products are used, not just where

they’re made. That’s why we maintain subsidiaries

and service agents throughout the world.

www.huettinger.com

HÜTTINGER ElEKTRoNIK 39

Huettinger.indd 39 21.10.2008 11:37:41 Uhr

www.inova-semiconductors.de

40 Inova SemIconductorS

Inova Semiconductors GmbH

Grafinger Strasse 26 81671 münchen GermanyPhone +49 89 457475-60 Fax +49 89 457475-88 e-mail info@inova- semiconductors.de Internet www.inova- semiconductors.de

Founded: 1999

Certified as to DIN EN ISO 9001:2000

Inova Semiconductors GmbHInova Semiconductors GmbH is a fabless semiconductor manufacturer headquar-tered in Munich, Germany.

The company was founded in 1999 and specializes in the development of state-of-the-art products for Gigabit/s serial data communication. The products are manufactured at leading factories in Europe and Asia and sold through a wide-spread world-wide distribution network.

Pioneering Digital Display Links

With the introduction of its first product in 2000 –

the GigaSTaR link – the company has been focus-

ing on the interconnection between graphic sourc-

es and displays. The unique capability of estab-

lishing reliable long-distance display links – either

through STP copper or fiber optic cable also in

harsh environmental conditions – has made the

GigaSTaR link technology popular in the industry.

On production floors, it connects displays with

computers across distances of up to 50 meters,

transmitting digital graphics together with the

signals of the common Universal Serial Bus (USB).

GigaSTaR enables simple and loss-free signal repe-

tition (repeaters). The technology is also employed

in passenger infotainment systems in trains,

buses, subways and other public transportation

means. The ability to deliver graphic signals in per-

fect digital quality from one single source (= video

server) to 60 and more TFT displays throughout

the train has made GigaSTaR the preferred tech-

nology for so called passenger infotainment

systems among major train manufacturers and

equipment suppliers around the world.

With the launch of the “Digital Display Link (DDL)”

in 2003, Inova Semiconductors has added another

product to its portfolio that is even more dedicat-

ed to display applications. The DDL’s built-in return

channel plus extra bi-directional sideband chan-

nels provide for applications in which additional

signals – like analog/digital audio, RS232, PS/2 or

even USB – have to be transmitted in addition to

the digital video signal (DVI), e. g. for digital KVM

extenders, “digital signage” applications or LED

video walls.

Making it into the Car

In 2007, Inova Semiconductors added a new prod-

uct to its portfolio, the “APIX” (Automotive Pixel

Link), designed to fulfill the demands of high-reso-

lution in-car video applications. Meeting the high-

est automotive EMI requirements, APIX can be

used to establish multiple display links with a

bandwidth of up to one Gbit/s over a single pair of

copper cable. Adjustable output drive and preem-

phasis current facilitate the adaptation to various

cables and distances of below one to more than 15

meters.

In addition to connecting TFT displays to graphic

units, the APIX link can also be used to connect

CCD/CMOS camera sensors of upcoming single-/

multi-view driver assistance systems to a central

processor unit or directly to a TFT display, e. g.

for rear-drive cameras. Similar to the GigaSTaR tech-

nology, the APIX products feature built-in bi-direc-

tional sideband channels which provide for the

transmission of additional control signals at a data

rate of up to 18 Mbit/s. This way, a remote camera

link can be established. The camera signal, bi-direc-

tional I2C bus plus the supply for the camera require

no more than a tiny two-pair copper cable.

The APIX INAP125T/R24/12 devices are AEC-Q100

qualified and “on the road” in first automobiles

as of 2008. Moreover, Fujitsu Microelectronics has

launched first graphic- and display-controller

products that feature an integrated APIX interface.

Further semiconductor manufacturers will follow

to present graphic products with an integrated

APIX interface. Just recently, Inova Semiconductors

has introduced the first APIX solutions with field

programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The company

offers a complete IP package for the Xilinx Auto-

motive (XA) Spartan® 3E family enabling FPGAs to

communicate with other modules that contain

either an embedded or discrete APIX function.

A dedicated protocol, known as AShell, which is also

part of the IP package, ensures flawless and pro-

tected data transmission over the APIX interface.

The APIX link has not only proven to be the ideal

solution for video and network applications in cars.

It has also aroused a lot of interest in other market

segments, such as consumer camera systems.

Inova.indd 40 21.10.2008 11:38:06 Uhr

Your vision is our mission!

In order to satisfy the high requirements of its

international clientele, i-sft GmbH develops and

produces high-end customized display modules

for mission critical applications. Most of their

customers need the utmost in consistency and

efficiency when operating under extreme environ-

mental conditions where high temperatures and

mechanical-wear drastically reduce a display’s

reliability. i-sft has its own individual Best-of-

Bench solutions to deal with such extremities.

Applications with optical elements that are used

in the world’s most extreme climates need to be

resistant to dazzling sunlight, extreme tempera-

tures and severe mechanical shock. i-sft uses a

complete range of harmonized custom-made

products that are compatible with each other.

Using their own developed e³ technology the

backlight materials will not degrade under severe

temperatures and don’t suffer under the sputter-

ing effects caused by ignition in conventional

lamps. In fact i-sft has completely replaced the

classical ccfl tube with its own developed e³ tech-

nology. e³ is a unique patented design merging

high-energy with efficiency whilst staying environ-

mentally friendly. i-sft uses no standard or mass-

production elements but special components re-

searched and developed by their own people. Long

term availability is practically guaranteed and all

parts can be re-produced for many years.

The company

i-sft is an independent private company based in

Gundersheim in Germany some 40 miles West of

the Main metropolis Frankfurt. A modern infra-

structure, spacious clean rooms (class 100) and the

most intricate test and measurement equipment

allows i-sft to comfortably develop, manufacture,

test and prepare display modules for distribution

on a global basis.

Today, i-sft is a thriving industrious company

supporting many display applications for the world’s

industries and defences with its high-end display

technology. Such applications include field radars,

field computers, mine seeking robots, cockpit

displays, amphibious and land vehicles, aircraft trans-

port loaders, marine applications, POI/POS, ATMs,

and many other confidential projects. For more

details contact us as above.

i-sft produces a line of unique displays which reflect the parameters i-sft has been developing for many years. These ready-made serial displays not only present excellent values but can be adjusted to meet the requirements of the customer needing mission critical components. Available in most standard sizes, these display modules can be avail-able at short notice or even re-designed avoiding high costs involved in producing a completely new module. All display modules are built to sustain the stress of harsh environments for as long as 50,000 hours on a round-the-clock basis.

i-sft GmbH

An der Weidenmühle 2 67598 Gundersheim GermanyPhone +49 6244 9197-300 Fax +49 6244 9197-333 E-Mail [email protected] Internet www.i-sft.de

www.i-sft.de

I-sFt 41

ISFT.indd 41 21.10.2008 11:39:40 Uhr

42 Laborchemie apoLda

www.laborchemie.de

Laborchemie apolda Gmbh (Lca)

Utenbacher Strasse 72 99510 apoldaGermanyphone +49 3644 875-0Fax +49 3644 875-242e-mail [email protected] www.laborchemie.de

OVERVIEWAt LCA, we provide manufactures of liquid crystal mixtures with high-quality LC compounds and intermediates, custom-ized to their specifications. Located in Thuringia, Germany, we develop and pro-duce syntheses of various LC substances for key customers in Europe and Asia. LCA focuses on R&D activities and is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Heyl Che-misch-pharmazeutische Fabrik, an inde-pendent manufacturer of specialty chemicals and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients.

Our customers’ individual package sizes range from grams to tons and we pro-duce approximately 5t LC compounds and intermediates on an annual basis. To meet the growing demand for LC sub-stances, we will continue to invest in re-search and further expand our synthesis capacities.

A TEAM OF EXPERTSIn our R&D department, chemists and engineers channel their experience into the development of specialty chemicals. Our high-tech equipment demands spe-cialist know-how from our engineers and technicians. We employ experts from a wide range of educational back-grounds, whom we extensively educate in development, production, quality con-trol, customer services and sales, allow-ing us to fulfill our customers’ individual requirements.

Laborchemie Apolda welcomes new busi-ness partners for the development and production of LC substances. Please feel free to contact our specialists directly for any queries regarding sales, research and development or general information:

Sales GermanyMs. Beate OswaldPhone +49 3644 875-237E-Mail [email protected]

International sales & marketingMr. Alexander HeylPhone +49 3644 875-248Cell. +1 281 460 5200E-Mail [email protected]

Research & developmentDr. Thomas DöhlerPhone +49 3644 875-243E-Mail thomas.doehler@ laborchemie.deInternet www.laborchemie.de

COMMITTED TO HIGH QUALITY

At LCA, we are committed to developing and pro-

ducing single components for LC’s in high purity.

In order to ensure high-quality delivery at any time

• We have implemented a Quality Management

System certified according to the DIN EN ISO

9001:2000 standard

• We have established an Environmental Manage-

ment System according to DIN EN ISO 14001

• We continuously improve our development and

production processes to adapt to recent research

results.

In the last few years, we have successfully passed

regular audits of our facilities conducted by official

agencies such as the US FDA and German regula-

tory authorities; we are accredited by the Japanese

Health Authority, and we have successfully complet-

ed individual audits performed by our customers.

Equipped with state-of-the-art analytical instru-

ments, our dedicated quality team guarantees the

delivery of LC components according to our cus-

tomers’ specifications. LCA regularly trains all staff

in development, production, sales and services in

order to ensure full customer satisfaction.

STATE-OF-THE-ART EQUIPMENT

For the production of LC compounds and their

intermediates, we employ the most recent techno-

logies, including organometallic catalysis and

quantum-chemical methods.

The following methods of synthesis are available

at our high-tech production facilities:

• Acylation and Alcylation

• Bromination

• Cyclisation

• Chlorination with thionylchloride

• Hydrogenation (< 6 bar)

• NaBH4 reduction

• Use of H2S (hydrogen sulfide)

• Use of BF3 (borontrifluoride gas)

• Williamson synthesis

• Grignard reactions

• Cross couplings (Suzuki coupling)

• Ionic hydrogenation

• Micro reaction technology

• Lab-scale cryochemistry

We have designed our production facility to meet

the special requirements of chemical synthesis

processes. Efficiently preventing any cross contam-

ination, our in-house white room design areas

have been equipped with separate air conditioning

and air-handling systems. Distributed over three

floors, our production area has a size of 4,200 m2,

our designated chemical storage area encompass-

es approx. 1,100 m2 and our warehousing facilities

approx. 550 m2. Whatever the quantities, com-

plexities or requirements, our advanced technical

equipment, high-tech methods and proven stand-

ardized operations will ensure the efficient pro-

duction of all LC substances.

DEVELOPMENT

LCA’s services include synthetic and process devel-

opments, ranging from technical research and lab

processes to pilot production and process optimi-

zation. When it comes to developing and produc-

ing new LC substances, mixture manufacturers

and trading companies have various options:

• Commission us to develop a certain compound,

completely outsourcing all development steps

to our highly qualified development staff.

• Develop the required compound in-house and

order the production of their substances with

us according to exact specifications.

• Partially develop products in-house and also

take advantage of our development and produc-

tion services – whatever is most convenient.

Our development and production departments

collaborate closely in order to

• develop new synthetic pathways

• adapt existing procedures and enable the

upscaling of lab processes

• produce small quantities, e. g. sample

substances for universities.

Through our close partnerships with German

research institutes and high-tech enterprises,

we strive to utilize the most up-to-date research

results, development and production services.

laborchemie.indd 42 24.10.2008 8:41:43 Uhr

• UV-ozone cleaning

• Heat treatment in vacuum and/

or atmosphere (convection)

• hotplates

• plasma cleaning

• getter pasting

• dispensing, e. g. UV glue

• lamination UV curing

From concept to completion – we undertake

design through to installation and commissioning

at our international customers’ – all under one

roof by an innovative project management and

design team.

Our capabilities extend from the preparation

of specifications for new R&D systems or produc-

tions lines to provision of bespoke equipment.

Quality

MBraun manufactures the highest quality prod-

ucts tested and measured for maximum results.

All glovebox systems for standard application up

to mass production lines are fully tested as well.

MBraun earned world-wide recognition through

years of working together with our valued custom-

ers to ensure that our product quality exceeds ex-

pectations.

MBraun Inertgas-Systeme GmbH – from research

to production, a pioneer in development and

manufacturing of turnkey solutions for OLED/

PLED applications.

We serve customers predominantly in the

following markets and/or applications:

• AM/PM Displays

• Organic Photovoltaic

• Organic Lighting

• Organic Electronics (RFID tags)

MBraun has over 30 years of experience in devel-

oping and manufacturing of containment systems

and gas purifiers for working under controlled at-

mospheres, e. g. in Nitrogen or Argon atmospheres

without residual oxygen, moisture and solvents.

We cater to anything from simple standard sys-

tems to fully integrated production lines – all

geared to help provide the best solution to suit our

customers’ application.

Our designed and built solutions include glove-

box technology and gas purification systems,

thin film deposition, dispensing systems, material

handling, substrate treatment and solutions for

encapsulation.

MBraun’s core technologies for working under

controlled atmospheres are:

• glovebox and containment /

enclosure technology

• gas purification system for removal of oxygen,

moisture and other contaminants, e. g. solvents

• fast cycle load locks

• laminar flow system with gas purifiers (class 10)

We specify, design, manufacture, integrate and

install process equipment, such as:

• thin film deposition

• inkjetting

• spin coating

• extrusion coating

Experience meets innovation … M.Braun

Inertgas-Systeme GmbH

Dieselstrasse 3185748 GarchingGermanyPhone +49 89 32669-0Fax +49 89 32669-105E-Mail [email protected] www.mbraun.de www.mbraun-oled.de

Managing Directors:Dr. Martin Reinelt Dr. Johannes Schmidt

Founded in Germany: 1973

Founded in USA: 1995

Founded in China: 2002

Founded in Switzerland: 2006

Staff in 2007: 180

Contact for Sales and Service:E-Mail [email protected]

M.Braun Inc. USA14, Marin Way Stratham, NH 03885 USA Phone +1 603 773 9333 Fax +1 603 773 0008 E-Mail [email protected] Internet www.mbraunusa.com

M.Braun Inertgas Systems (Shanghai) Co. Ltd.828 Xin Jinqiao Road Pudong Shanghai 201206 PRC Phone +86 21 5032 0257 Fax +86 21 5032 0229 E-Mail [email protected] Internet www.mbraunchina.com

MECALAB-M.Braun AGBündengasse 22 2540 Grenchen Switzerland

Phone +41 32 654 2266 Fax +41 32 654 2277 E-Mail [email protected] Internet www.mecalab.com

M.Braun InErtGas-systEME 43

www.mbraun.de

MBraun.indd 43 21.10.2008 12:37:57 Uhr

Merck – a strong company for generations

Two pillars: Pharmaceuticals and Chemicals

Merck is a global pharmaceutical and chemical

group with approximately 32,000 employees in

approximately 60 countries. The Pharmaceuticals

business sector develops, manufactures, and

commercializes innovative prescription drugs, e. g.

for the treatment of cancer, multiple sclerosis,

infertility, growth disorders, cardiovascular and

metabolic diseases, as well as psoriasis. In addition,

we offer over-the-counter products that prevent

disease and relieve minor complaints. The Chemi-

cals business sector offers specialty chemicals for

high-tech applications: Liquid crystals for displays,

effect pigments, cosmetic active ingredients, ana-

lytical reagents and test kits, as well as products

and services along the entire process chain of the

pharmaceutical and biotech industries.

Merck is the world’s oldest pharmaceutical and

chemical company. Its roots date back to 1668,

when Friedrich Jacob Merck laid the foundations

for today’s success by acquiring a pharmacy in

Darmstadt. From the start of industrial production

in 1827 to first research on liquid crystals more

than 100 years ago up to our entry into targeted

cancer therapy with the launch of Erbitux® in

2003, many milestones provide strong evidence of

the pioneering spirit of the people at Merck.

With the acquisition of Serono in 2007, Merck

became one of the world’s leading biotech compa-

nies. The sale of the Generics division to Mylan

of the United States in the same year was another

milestone in the strategic realignment of Merck.

Since going public in 1995, Merck’s operating

activities are under the umbrella of Merck KGaA.

Today, around 30 % of the company’s total equity

is publicly traded, while the Merck family owns an

interest of about 70 % via the general partner

E. Merck OHG. In mid 2007, Merck was admitted

to the DAX® index of Deutsche Börse. The former

U. S. subsidiary, Merck & Co., has been completely

independent of the Merck Group since 1917.

Corporate Strategy: Sustain. Change. Grow.

Merck has a clear objective: profitable growth.

This is based on a distinct, fundamental strategy

that can be summed up in three words: Sustain.

Change. Grow. It’s a strategy that suits both our

culture and our competencies. It strikes the right

balance between the old and the new, between

innovation and tradition, between Pharmaceuti-

cals and Chemicals, gives us the best possible pre-

conditions for growth and makes it possible to

fully unlock the entrepreneurial potential inside

Merck. It gives our workforce around the world ori-

entation for their daily work. We enable them to

share in the company’s success and, thus, also

in the execution risk. By tradition, we will remain

curious and courageous – and continue to seize

many new opportunities in the future.

Dr. Karl-Ludwig Kley, Chairman of the Executive Board of Merck KGaA

Walter Galinat, President Liquid Crystals Division

World’s largest liquid crystals factory at Merck’s headquar-ters in Darmstadt

Merck KGaALiquid Crystals

Frankfurter Strasse 250 64293 Darmstadt GermanyPhone +49 6151 72-2961 Fax +49 6151 72-3132 E-Mail [email protected] Internet www.merck4displays.com

www.merck4displays.com

44 MErCK

Japan Merck Ltd.ARCO Tower, 5F. 8-1, Shimomeguro 1-chome Meguro ku Tokyo 153-8927 Phone +813 5434 4909 Fax +813 5434 4707 E-Mail [email protected]

Korea Merck Advanced Technologies Ltd.Haesung-2-Bldg., 4th Floor 942-10, Daechi-3-dong, Kangnam-ku Seoul Phone +822 2185 3892 Fax +822 2185 3880 E-Mail [email protected]

Taiwan Merck Display Technologies Ltd.No. 39, Ching Chien 1st. Road Kuan Yin Industrial Park Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C. Phone +886 3 4836521 ext. 2311 Fax +886 3 4160440 E-Mail [email protected]

Merck.indd 44 21.10.2008 11:41:41 Uhr

www.merck4displays.com

Merck 45

Key product

Liquid crystals and mixtures for super-fast

and high-performance displays based on innova-

tive technologies such as Vertical Alignment or

Inplane Switching.

Liquid Crystals made by Merck can be found in

most of the displays manufactured in the world

today. By continuously developing customer-

specific liquid crystal mixtures, together with dis-

play manufacturers we make the communication

technologies of tomorrow possible.

Additional fields of work

High-performance OLED (organic light-emitting

diodes) materials for displays and lighting applica-

tions.

Merck is heavily involved in the research and de-

velopment of Small Molecule and Polymer materi-

als for both applications.

Superior materials for optical films that enhance

display image quality.

The reactive mesogen materials from Merck are

tailor-made to improve the optical performance

of the latest LC displays developed.

New structuring concepts for solar cell and display

production.

Merck’s structuring solutions are highly efficient

etching pastes for cost optimized and environ-

mentally friendly surface treatment.

Novel organic electronics materials enabling fast

and efficient printing processes for electronics

manufacturing.

Merck is developing world leading and high

quality organic semiconductors materials for new

applications such as flexible displays, organic solar

cells and item level RFID tags.

Merck.indd 45 21.10.2008 11:42:00 Uhr

OLEDs for Display, Lighting and Signage

Industrial partner: offering complete OLED

and OE solutions

Novaled creates value to OLED and Organic Elec-

tronics (OE) makers. Our customers benefit from

the Novaled PIN OLED™ technology and materials

by highest efficiency long lifetime OLEDs and

other OE. Assistance for partners comes in a range

of services stretching from:

• Technology Transfer Packages

• Material Offer

• Licensing Offer

• R&D Contracting

• Prototyping & Demonstrators

• Training

Outstanding benefits for customers

The company is a recognized world leader in the

development of a new OLED generation offering

its technology and materials to display and light-

ing manufacturers. Novaled’s unique approach

of doping the charge carrier transport layers

(Novaled PIN OLEDTM technology) has achieved

industry breakthroughs in:

• low operating voltage

• high power efficiency

• long lifetime

• temperature stability

• top-emitting structures

• adaptability to all substrates

• transparent applications

Novaled doping materials

Highly efficient RGB OLEDs for display and lighting applications

Novaled PIN OLEDTM Technology:

Novaled’s key technology is improving the charge

carrier transport in organic devices. There are two

main reasons:

• Doping the OLED transport layers with

proprietary Novaled material leads to highest

conductivity of the layers.

• Doping at the interface between transport

layers and electrodes results in an almost ohmic

contact behaviour.

Therefore organic LEDs based on the doping tech-

nology of Novaled consume only about half the

power of a non-PIN OLED. For three years now

Novaled has held the world records for lowest

OLED operating voltage and highest power effi-

ciency.

Highly efficient, long living OLEDs for future lighting applications

Novaled AGHeadquarters

Tatzberg 49 01307 Dresden GermanyPhone +49 351 7965-580 Fax +49 351 7965-5829 E-Mail [email protected] Internet www.novaled.com

JapanArk Mori Building 12F1-12-32 Akasaka, Minato-kuTokyo, Japan 107-6012Phone +81 3 4360-9110Fax +81 3 4360-8201

www.novaled.com

46 NovAlED

www.novaled.com

Gildas Sorin (CEO)

Management: Gildas Sorin (CEO), Dr. Jan Blochwitz-Nimoth (CTO), Harry Boehme (CFO)

Business Model:Solution provider for OLED and other organic electronics

Achievements:World record in OLED power efficiency (industry breakthrough) and lifetime

IP Position: 400 patents granted or filed

Markets: Flat panel display and lighting market, organic electronics

Headcount: >110 (as of August 2008)

Facilities:14,400 ft² occupied incl. Clean Rooms (Class 10,000 and 100) and chemistry laboratories

Legal status: Public Company (privately held)

Contact:Novaled AGAnke LemkePhone +49 351 7965-819E-Mail [email protected]

Novaled at a glance:

Novaled.indd 46 21.10.2008 11:43:47 Uhr

Optrex Europe GmbH

Optrex Europe GmbH (OEG), located in Baben

hausen near Frankfurt, Germany, was established

in 1991 as a joint venture between Optrex Corpo

ration, Japan, and the former LCDsection of VDO

(now Continental AG). Optrex Corp. holds a share

of 75 % of OEG.

OEG operates in the following two fields

of LCD-business:

European development, production and sales of

LCD panels and modules

The products are developed and produced in

Babenhausen. Assembly is done in the Czech

Republic. Approximately 90 % of the European pro

ducts are related to the automotive market and

cover a worldwide market share of about 45 %.

Proprietary high reliability technologies were de

veloped by OEG and are under continuous improve

ment. All products produced at Babenhausen are

designed according to customer specifications.

About 220 employees are working at Babenhausen,

approx. 900 in the Czech Republic.

Trading with LCD products from Far East production

sites of Optrex Corp.

Development takes place at Tokyo, production at

different locations in Japan and China. Optrex pro

duces both passive standard and custom specific

parts and TFTs mainly for the industrial market.

A wide range of products are available, from mono

chrome alphanumeric displays to full colour

graphic modules.

Optrex Europe GmbH

Seligenstädter Strasse 40 64832 Babenhausen GermanyPhone +49 6073 721-0 Fax +49 6073 721-230 E-Mail [email protected] Internet www.optrex.de

Managing Directors: Takehiro Egashira Martin Tibken Yukio Endo

Founded: 1991

Staff in 2007: 1,100

Sales in 2007: approx. € 130 million

Production sites: Germany, Czech Republic

Headquarters: Babenhausen, Germany

Contact for Service and Sales: Roland Hanel Phone +49 6073 721-220

The turnover of OEG increased to around 130 mil

lion Euro in 2007. In Japan, China and Thailand ap

proximately 2,900 people are presently employed.

Due to strong market growth, OEG has installed

now three production lines with most modern LCD

production equipment. Capacity was increased

and latest technologies were invested in to secure

the production site in Germany and to increase

quality for the customer. The capacity of panel pro

duction increased from about 25 million to about

45 million cm2 per month.

OEG’s LCD products from the Babenhausen factory

are based on TN, proprietary MTN, STN, ISTN, FSTN,

ASTN, DSTN and ABN (Advanced Black Nematic)

technologies as well as on different interconnec

tion technologies including COG. Optrex produces

displays for nearly all kinds of applications. Optrex

also offers TFT displays. The range of standard

products concentrates on small and middlesizes

TFTs from 1.5" to 17.5". Some versions are available

with wide viewing angle, ultra high brightness,

wide format (16:9) and LED Backlight. Also custo

merspecific solutions are possible, especially

for the automotive field with wider temperature

range.

Optrex Europe and Optrex Japan are working

on further advanced displays like OLEDtechnology.

In most European cars you can find at minimum

one Optrex LCD. In addition, Optrex LCDs can also

be found in white ware products, boat navigation

systems, medical devices or information boards.

OEG is certified according to ISO 9001, VDA 6.1

and QS 9000, ISO 9001:2000 and ISO/TS 16949.

www.optrex.de

OPtrEx EurOPE 47

Optrex.indd 47 21.10.2008 11:44:17 Uhr

PVA TePla AG

Division Plasma Systems

Hans-Riedl-Strasse 5 85622 Feldkirchen GermanyPhone +49 89 90503-0 Fax +49 89 90503-100 E-Mail [email protected] Internet www.pvatepla.com

PVA TePla America Inc.251 Corporate Terrace, Corona, CA 92879-6000 USA

Phone +1 951 371-2500 Fax +1 951 371-9792 E-Mail [email protected] Internet www.pvateplaamerica.com

www.pvatepla.com

48 PVA TEPlA

The Company

The core competences of PVA TePla AG are high tem

perature vacuum treatment, crystalgrowing for

mono and polycrystalline silicon and microwave

plasma technology.

The plasma systems division of PVA TePla is tech

nology leader in lowpressure plasma processing,

serving primarily the semiconductor industry, flat

panel display manufacturing and related markets

in surface pretreatment or solar cell production.

PVA TePla manufactures high quality equipment in

compliance with today’s safety and environmental

standards. Our products, ranging from R&D scale

to large industrial processing systems, are devel

oped in close connection and partnership with our

users.

Planar Microwave Plasma Technology, scalable for next generation panel sizes, manual or robot loading

Latest Technology for OLED, PLED

The deposition quality of the organic materials,

which are employed for the latest OLEDs and

PLEDs displays, require conditioning of the surface

that they are deposited on.

PVA TePla developed in close cooperation with

many key players in the field of PLEDs a range

of manual loaded systems for R&D and pilot line

manufacturing as well as automated inline sys

tems for mass production. The core technology is

based on microwave plasma generation, currently

serving G2 and G3 panel sizes and providing easy

scalability to larger sizes. The advantage is the pos

sibility of quick and simple merging the process

from R&D to mass production.

Surface Engineering

Stringent requirements for surface engineering

have emerged from the Ink Jet Process for mass

production of PLEDs, since this process requires

both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. A spe

cial conditioning process provides low contact an

gles on the ITO surfaces while yielding high con

tact angle values for the resist spacers required

for IJP. This surface conditioning will greatly

improve the pixel formation and the electrical

contact of the LEP to the ITO surface, yielding

increased life time and enhanced luminance of

the display.

POLED Test Cells, courtesy CDT Ltd. UK

PVA TePla.indd 48 21.10.2008 11:45:14 Uhr

Here in Europe, we market and sell the superior

quality products of our Japanese parent company.

From books, to smart cards to virtual reality con-

tents, our product portfolio is incredibly diverse.

We are able to utilise this diversity by engaging in

cross-divisional R&D, leading to new opportunities

in different markets.

Electronics Business

Metal masks for organic EL displays are used to

deposit RGB and electrodes on low molecular or-

ganic EL displays.

Semiconductor package products

We produce Lead frames and BGA/CSP substrates

for LSI packages using metal etching fabrication

and TAB tape processing.

Surface Treatment films (AR/LR films)

Surface treatment film is an optical film which is

laminated on the front surface of a display in order

to reduce reflection of outside light and images.

A variety of surface treatment films are available,

from highly functional dry film (AR) to wet film

(LR, CHC, AG) suitable for large size screens. More-

over, this film effectively protects the display by

reinforcing its physical and anti-soiling properties

and enhancing durability. (AR-Anti Reflection, LR-

Low Reflection, CHC-Clear Hard Coat, AG-Anti Glare)

Toppan Printing Co. (UK) Ltd

Gillingham House 38–44 Gillingham Street London SW1V 1HU United KingdomPhone +44 7828 7292 Fax +44 7828 5310 E-Mail [email protected] Internet www.toppan.co.uk

Parent companyToppan Printing Co., Ltd1, Kanda Izumi-cho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101-0024 Japan Internet www.toppan.co.jp/english/

Founded: 1900

Staff: 11,181 (as of March 2008)

Sales in 2007: approx. USD 13,197 million

Group companies in EuropeToppan Photomask, Inc.European Technology Centre 224 Bld JF Kennedy 91105 Corbeil Essonnes Cedex France

Dresden site Rähnitzer Allee 9 01109 Dresden Germany Internet www.photonask.com

Toppan Cosmo Europe GmbHImmermannstrasse 14–16 40210 Dusseldorf Germany Internet www.toppan-cosmo.jp/

Toppan Printing Greece S.A.212, Kifisias Avenue 154 51 Neo Psychico Athens, Greece

Responding to the increasing sophistication of

electronic devices, Toppan offers cutting-edge

technology, continuous development, and world

class, large scale production capabilities.

LCD colour filters

Colour filters are a key component of colour LCDs

and play a major role in determining colour image

quality. As the global No. 1 manufacturer in the

colour filter market, we offer colour filters of excel-

lent quality for various applications ranging from

large-screen LCD TVs to mobile phones.

On-chip colour filters

These colour filters are required by the CCD/CMOS

image sensors in digital cameras to capture colours.

Etched products

We offer various etched products that incorporate

etching technology derived from our plate-making

technology.

EMI shielding mesh for PDP is the etched product

which shields electromagnetic waves generated by

a plasma display panel (PDP). By directly laminat-

ing this mesh over a display panel, the glass sub-

strate can be eliminated, contributing to weight

reduction of the PDP. Image of LCD colour filters

Printed circuit boards

Our high-density, multilayer technology for print-

ed circuit boards contributes to the increasing per-

formance of electronic devices.

Semiconductor Solutions Business

In the semiconductor manufacturing process,

photomasks are used as a negative plate for burn-

ing ultra-fine circuit patterns onto silicon wafers.

Taking advantage of its cutting-edge technical

capabilities, Toppan has established a system for

mass producing photomasks used for the manu-

facture of 32 nm width circuits (1 nm = 1 millionth

of a millimetre) and is developing 22 nm width

circuits.

Image of AR films

ToPPan PrInTInG 49

www.toppan.co.uk

Überschrift über dem Bild und quadratischer Auf-zählungspunkt davor ist Kundenwunsch!

Toppan.indd 49 21.10.2008 13:43:23 Uhr

50 InstItutes

The Fraunhofer IAP offers a com-

plete range of research and de-

velopment services for displays

from synthesis of new polymer

materials to the construction of

prototypes backed by state-of-

the-art equipment and compre-

hensive know-how to identify ways of implement-

ing the research on an industrial scale. Fraunhofer

IAP has the interdisciplinary experience in these

fields starting from the polymer synthesis, charac-

terization, processing to device physics. It will con-

tribute to displays based on electroluminescent

materials and liquid crystalline materials. We have

also developed optical functional elements, such

as retarders, polarisers and diffusers, which are

based on light-induced orientation processes in

photosensitive polymers as well as holographically

generated diffractive optical elements based on

volume and surface relief gratings. We are able to

produce the materials on a larger

scale and under the required

clean room standards. The mate-

rials must be structurally pure

and entirely free of impurities.

We are also working on the

device development with solution based processes.

OLEDs will be produced at a low cost using the

same principle as that applied to ink-jet printer or

other printing technologies. Our aim is also to con-

struct and encapsulate OLEDs on flexible films made

of PET. We are able to prepare passive-matrix dis-

plays and OLEDs for lighting and symbol displays

emitting in all three main colours (blue, green and

red) and white with our own materials and with

materials from different suppliers. We are realizing

stable OLED illuminated key pad displays with high

quality for touchscreen application. The activities

are partially funded by the German Research Ministry.

Fraunhofer-Institute for

Applied Polymer Research

Geiselbergstrasse 69 14476 Golm GermanyPhone +49 331 568-1910 Fax +49 331 568-3910 e-Mail [email protected] Internet www.oled-forschung.de

General Contact: Dr. Armin Wedel

www.oled-forschung.de

Fraunhofer IAP.indd 50 21.10.2008 11:35:45 Uhr

Be sure it’soriginal technology!Stick to the genuine article if you want to

build long term business relationships. You

can trust the people who originally developed

your machinery and spare parts. They have

the engineering expertise it takes to produce

durable, high-quality products which comply

with environmental and safety standards to

protect the health of your workers. Don’t be

fooled by imitations. Only the original is the

product of true innovation.

VD

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A campaign bywww.vdma.org/original

A4_ProOriginal_GB:Anz_ProOriginal_GB 08.10.2008 16:16 Uhr Seite 1

VDMA_Pro_Original.indd 51 21.10.2008 11:15:06 Uhr

Competence MatrixThis matrix summarizes the core competencies

(by color code) of the DFF members and the specific

range of

• substrates and materials,

• manufacturing and processing solutions,

• packaging/backend solutions,

• display testing and characterization equipment,

and other services, which can be provided.

Please refer to the company profile or the

register of members for more detailed information

about a company or research institute.

Substrates and materials Manufacturing and processing Packaging / Backend Testing System integration Others Applications Technologies

Prof

ile o

n p

age

Core

com

pet

ency

Gla

ss, I

TO-G

lass

Plas

tic

and

fu

nct

ion

al f

ilms,

la

min

ates

Met

alls

, allo

ys, t

arge

ts,

sem

icon

du

ctor

s

LC m

ater

ials

OLE

D m

ater

ials

Oth

er m

ater

ials

(ple

ase

spec

ify)

TFT-

Arr

ay o

r C

olor

Filt

er

pro

cess

eq

uip

men

t

Au

tom

atio

n, h

and

ling

, pro

cess

co

ntr

ol

Cle

anin

g

Thin

film

tec

hn

olog

y

Thic

k fi

lm t

ech

nol

ogy

Oth

ers

(ple

ase

spec

ify)

Ass

emb

ly a

nd

con

tact

ing

Enca

psu

lati

on

Bac

k lig

hts

Oth

ers

(ple

ase

spec

ify)

Elec

tric

al t

esti

ng

Op

tica

l mea

sure

men

ts

Qu

alit

y /

Proc

ess

con

trol

Syst

em in

tegr

atio

n

Dis

pla

y el

ectr

onic

s

Inte

rfac

es

Tou

ch s

cree

n t

ech

nol

ogy

Dis

asse

mb

ly, r

epai

r

Oth

ers

(ple

ase

spec

ify)

Dis

trib

uto

r

R&D

ser

vice

s

Con

sult

ing

Ind

ust

rial

Au

tom

otiv

e

Mob

ile /

han

dh

eld

Con

sum

er e

lect

ron

ics

Dig

ital

sig

nag

e

Oth

ers

(ple

ase

spec

ify)

LCD

OLE

D

Oth

ers

(ple

ase

spec

ify)

ABLE Design l l l l l l l l l l

ACS Motion Control 34 l l1 l l l

Adixen – Alcatel l l l l

adt l l l l l l l2

AEG MIS l l l l l l l

Aixtron 35 l l l

Applied Materials, AKT EBT 36 l l l l l

AUTRONIC-MELCHERS l l l l l l l l l l l l l

Berliner Glas l l l l l l l l l l l l

BMW l l l l l3

Daimler l l l l

DAS Dresden l4

Data Modul l5 l6 l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l7 l l l8

Delta Service & Products l l l l9 l l

DISPLAY LC l l l l l10 l l

EuropTec 37 l l l11 l l l l l l l l l

Fjord Int’l. AS l l12 l l l l l13 l l14

Fresnel Optics 38 l l l l l l l

Hitachi High Technologies l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l

HÜTTINGER Elektronik 39 l l15

IMT Masken und Teilungen l16 l l l

Inova Semiconductors 40 l l l l

Instrument Systems l l l l

i-sft GmbH 41 l l l l l l

Island Polymer Industries l l l l l l l

Laborchemie Apolda 42 l l l l l l l

Light Blue Optics l l l17

LOFO High Tech Film l l l l l

M.Braun Inertgas-Systeme 43 l l l18 l l l19

Merck 44 l l l20 l l

MG Optical Solutions l l l l l l l

MOStron Elektronik l l l l l l l l l l l

National Semiconductor l l l l l l l

Nematel l l21 l

Competence-Matrix.indd 52 21.10.2008 11:28:04 Uhr

1 machine control: motion, power, logic

2 electrowetting

3 head-up displays

4 waste gas and waste water treatment

5 custom LCD Design

6 customizing

7 medical

8 nearly all FPD-Technologies

9 LCD enhancements

10 white goods

11 macor

12 EASL DMD polystable liquid memory

13 dynamic windows

14 EASL

15 process power supplies

16 large format photomasks

17 lasers, diffractive optics, projection displays

18 controlled atmosphere for production process

19 OSC, OFET

20 reactive mesogens, organic semi-conductors, structuring solutions

21 dichroic dyes, nanometer-nematic composites, mesogenic lubricants


Prof

ile o

n p

age

Core

com

pet

ency

Gla

ss, I

TO-G

lass

Plas

tic

and

fu

nct

ion

al f

ilms,

la

min

ates

Met

alls

, allo

ys, t

arge

ts,

sem

icon

du

ctor

s

LC m

ater

ials

OLE

D m

ater

ials

Oth

er m

ater

ials

(ple

ase

spec

ify)

TFT-

Arr

ay o

r C

olor

Filt

er

pro

cess

eq

uip

men

t

Au

tom

atio

n, h

and

ling

, pro

cess

co

ntr

ol

Cle

anin

g

Thin

film

tec

hn

olog

y

Thic

k fi

lm t

ech

nol

ogy

Oth

ers

(ple

ase

spec

ify)

Ass

emb

ly a

nd

con

tact

ing

Enca

psu

lati

on

Bac

k lig

hts

Oth

ers

(ple

ase

spec

ify)

Elec

tric

al t

esti

ng

Op

tica

l mea

sure

men

ts

Qu

alit

y /

Proc

ess

con

trol

Syst

em in

tegr

atio

n

Dis

pla

y el

ectr

onic

s

Inte

rfac

es

Tou

ch s

cree

n t

ech

nol

ogy

Dis

asse

mb

ly, r

epai

r

Oth

ers

(ple

ase

spec

ify)

Dis

trib

uto

r

R&D

ser

vice

s

Con

sult

ing

Ind

ust

rial

Au

tom

otiv

e

Mob

ile /

han

dh

eld

Con

sum

er e

lect

ron

ics

Dig

ital

sig

nag

e

Oth

ers

(ple

ase

spec

ify)

LCD

OLE

D

Oth

ers

(ple

ase

spec

ify)

ABLE Design l l l l l l l l l l

ACS Motion Control 34 l l1 l l l

Adixen – Alcatel l l l l

adt l l l l l l l2

AEG MIS l l l l l l l

Aixtron 35 l l l

Applied Materials, AKT EBT 36 l l l l l

AUTRONIC-MELCHERS l l l l l l l l l l l l l

Berliner Glas l l l l l l l l l l l l

BMW l l l l l3

Daimler l l l l

DAS Dresden l4

Data Modul l5 l6 l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l7 l l l8

Delta Service & Products l l l l9 l l

DISPLAY LC l l l l l10 l l

EuropTec 37 l l l11 l l l l l l l l l

Fjord Int’l. AS l l12 l l l l l13 l l14

Fresnel Optics 38 l l l l l l l

Hitachi High Technologies l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l

HÜTTINGER Elektronik 39 l l15

IMT Masken und Teilungen l16 l l l

Inova Semiconductors 40 l l l l

Instrument Systems l l l l

i-sft GmbH 41 l l l l l l

Island Polymer Industries l l l l l l l

Laborchemie Apolda 42 l l l l l l l

Light Blue Optics l l l17

LOFO High Tech Film l l l l l

M.Braun Inertgas-Systeme 43 l l l18 l l l19

Merck 44 l l l20 l l

MG Optical Solutions l l l l l l l

MOStron Elektronik l l l l l l l l l l l

National Semiconductor l l l l l l l

Nematel l l21 l

Core competence color code

Materials manufacturer

Equipment manufacturer

Device manufacturer

Display end user

Manufacturing environment/Services

Research and Development Institute

System Integration and Distributor


Competence MatrixThis matrix summarizes the core competencies

(by color code) of the DFF members and the specific

range of

• substrates and materials,

• manufacturing and processing solutions,

• packaging/backend solutions,

• display testing and characterization equipment,

and other services, which can be provided.

Please refer to the company profile or the

register of members for more detailed information

about a company or research institute.


Prof

ile o

n p

age

Core

com

pet

ency

Gla

ss, I

TO-G

lass

Plas

tic

and

fu

nct

ion

al f

ilms,

la

min

ates

Met

alls

, allo

ys, t

arge

ts,

sem

icon

du

ctor

s

LC m

ater

ials

OLE

D m

ater

ials

Oth

er m

ater

ials

(ple

ase

spec

ify)

TFT-

Arr

ay o

r C

olor

Filt

er

pro

cess

eq

uip

men

t

Au

tom

atio

n, h

and

ling

, pro

cess

co

ntr

ol

Cle

anin

g

Thin

film

tec

hn

olog

y

Thic

k fi

lm t

ech

nol

ogy

Oth

ers

(ple

ase

spec

ify)

Ass

emb

ly a

nd

con

tact

ing

Enca

psu

lati

on

Bac

k lig

hts

Oth

ers

(ple

ase

spec

ify)

Elec

tric

al t

esti

ng

Op

tica

l mea

sure

men

ts

Qu

alit

y /

Proc

ess

con

trol

Syst

em in

tegr

atio

n

Dis

pla

y el

ectr

onic

s

Inte

rfac

es

Tou

ch s

cree

n t

ech

nol

ogy

Dis

asse

mb

ly, r

epai

r

Oth

ers

(ple

ase

spec

ify)

Dis

trib

uto

r

R&D

ser

vice

s

Con

sult

ing

Ind

ust

rial

Au

tom

otiv

e

Mob

ile /

han

dh

eld

Con

sum

er e

lect

ron

ics

Dig

ital

sig

nag

e

Oth

ers

(ple

ase

spec

ify)

LCD

OLE

D

Oth

ers

(ple

ase

spec

ify)

Ingenieurbüro Neumann l l l l l l

Novaled 46 l l l1 l l l l l l l l l2 l l3

Optrex Europe 47 l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l

PLANSEE Metall l l l

PolyIC l l4 l l l l l l l

PVA TePla 48 l l l5 l

Robert Bosch GmbH l

Rolic Technologies l l l l l l

Samsung Deutschland l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l

Schneider Kreuznach l l l

Schott l l l l l

SeeReal l l l6

Sentech Instruments l l l

Sharp Microelectronics Europe l l7 l l l l l l l

Southwall Europe l l l l l l

Ströer Out of Home Media l l l l l l l l l l l l l

Toppan Printing 49 l l l8 l l l9 l l l l l l l l10

Ulvac l l l l l l l l l

Wammes & Partner l l l l l l

Xtronic l l l l l l l l l l l

Institutes

Cologne University of Applied Sciences l l l11 l l

Fraunhofer IAP 50 l l l l l l l l l l l l l l

Fraunhofer FEP l l l l l l l l

Fraunhofer IPA l l l l l l

Fraunhofer ISE l l l l l12 l l l

Fraunhofer IST l l l l l l l l

Fraunhofer POLO l l l l l l

Swedish LCD l l l l l l l l l l l l

Univ. Pforzheim l l l l l l l l13 l l l l l l l l l14

Supporting Member

VBG l l l


1 customised pre-production OLED samples for lighting, signage

2 lighting

3 OTFT, OPV

4 organic materials

5 plasma surface processing

6 electrowetting

7 system LCD (CGS)

8 color filters, on-chip color filter, EM shield mesh, PCBs

9 laminating, encapsulation, wet etching

10 electrophoretic

11 education in display technology

12 micro- and nanostructure technology

13 prototypes

14 electrowetting, PDP, e-paper


Prof

ile o

n p

age

Core

com

pet

ency

Gla

ss, I

TO-G

lass

Plas

tic

and

fu

nct

ion

al f

ilms,

la

min

ates

Met

alls

, allo

ys, t

arge

ts,

sem

icon

du

ctor

s

LC m

ater

ials

OLE

D m

ater

ials

Oth

er m

ater

ials

(ple

ase

spec

ify)

TFT-

Arr

ay o

r C

olor

Filt

er

pro

cess

eq

uip

men

t

Au

tom

atio

n, h

and

ling

, pro

cess

co

ntr

ol

Cle

anin

g

Thin

film

tec

hn

olog

y

Thic

k fi

lm t

ech

nol

ogy

Oth

ers

(ple

ase

spec

ify)

Ass

emb

ly a

nd

con

tact

ing

Enca

psu

lati

on

Bac

k lig

hts

Oth

ers

(ple

ase

spec

ify)

Elec

tric

al t

esti

ng

Op

tica

l mea

sure

men

ts

Qu

alit

y /

Proc

ess

con

trol

Syst

em in

tegr

atio

n

Dis

pla

y el

ectr

onic

s

Inte

rfac

es

Tou

ch s

cree

n t

ech

nol

ogy

Dis

asse

mb

ly, r

epai

r

Oth

ers

(ple

ase

spec

ify)

Dis

trib

uto

r

R&D

ser

vice

s

Con

sult

ing

Ind

ust

rial

Au

tom

otiv

e

Mob

ile /

han

dh

eld

Con

sum

er e

lect

ron

ics

Dig

ital

sig

nag

e

Oth

ers

(ple

ase

spec

ify)

LCD

OLE

D

Oth

ers

(ple

ase

spec

ify)

Ingenieurbüro Neumann l l l l l l

Novaled 46 l l l1 l l l l l l l l l2 l l3

Optrex Europe 47 l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l

PLANSEE Metall l l l

PolyIC l l4 l l l l l l l

PVA TePla 48 l l l5 l

Robert Bosch GmbH l

Rolic Technologies l l l l l l

Samsung Deutschland l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l

Schneider Kreuznach l l l

Schott l l l l l

SeeReal l l l6

Sentech Instruments l l l

Sharp Microelectronics Europe l l7 l l l l l l l

Southwall Europe l l l l l l

Ströer Out of Home Media l l l l l l l l l l l l l

Toppan Printing 49 l l l8 l l l9 l l l l l l l l10

Ulvac l l l l l l l l l

Wammes & Partner l l l l l l

Xtronic l l l l l l l l l l l

Institutes

Cologne University of Applied Sciences l l l11 l l

Fraunhofer IAP 50 l l l l l l l l l l l l l l

Fraunhofer FEP l l l l l l l l

Fraunhofer IPA l l l l l l

Fraunhofer ISE l l l l l12 l l l

Fraunhofer IST l l l l l l l l

Fraunhofer POLO l l l l l l

Swedish LCD l l l l l l l l l l l l

Univ. Pforzheim l l l l l l l l13 l l l l l l l l l14

Supporting Member

VBG l l l

Core competence color code

Materials manufacturer

Equipment manufacturer

Device manufacturer

Display end user

Manufacturing environment/Services

Research and Development Institute

System Integration and Distributor



a

able design gmbh

Trimburgstrasse 2

81249 München

Phone +49 89 8970-3210

Fax +49 89 8970-3232

E-Mail [email protected]

Internet www.able-design.de

acs Motion control ltd.

Ramat Gabriel Industrial Park

10500 Migdal Haemek, Israel

Phone +972 4 6546440 ext. 228

Fax +972 4 6546443


Internet www.acsmotioncontrol.com

adt deutschland gmbh

Königsteiner Strasse 98

65812 Bad Soden

Phone +49 163 8880510


Internet www.adt-gmbh.de

aEg gesellschaft für moderne

informationssysteme mbh

Söflinger Strasse 100

89077 Ulm

Phone +49 731 9331793

Fax +49 731 9331850


Internet www.aegmis.de

aixtron ag

Kackertstrasse 15–17

52072 Aachen

Phone +49 241 8909-0

Fax +49 241 8909-149


Internet www.aixtron.com

Members of the german flat panel display forum

alcatel hochvakuum technik gmbh

Am Kreuzeck 10

97877 Wertheim

Phone +49 89 96999744

Fax +49 89 96999750


Internet www.adixen.de

applied Materials gmbh

group aKt EBt

Philipp-Hauck-Strasse 6

85622 Feldkirchen

Phone +49 89 90507-211

Fax +49 89 90507-210

Internet www.appliedmaterials.com

autronic-MElchErs gmbh

Greschbachstrasse 29

76229 Karlsruhe

Phone +49 721 9626445

Fax +49 721 9626485


Internet www.autronic-melchers.com

B

Berliner glas Kgaa herbert Kubatz gmbh & co.

Waldkraiburger Strasse 5

12347 Berlin

Phone +49 30 60905-368

Fax +49 30 60905-100


Internet www.berlinerglas.com

BMW group

Knorrstrasse 147

80788 München

Phone +49 89 382-46829

Fax +49 89 382-42237


Internet www.bmw.de

Members.indd 56 24.10.2008 14:37:57 Uhr


robert Bosch gmbh

P. O. Box 10 60 50

70049 Stuttgart

Phone +49 711 811 -0


Internet www.bosch.com

c

cologne university of applied sciences

Betzdorfer Strasse 2

50679 Köln

Phone +49 221 82752437

Fax +49 221 82752445


Internet www.f07.fh-koeln.de/

einrichtungen/aoe/

d

daimler ag

Calwer Strasse W059, X909

71059 Sindelfingen

Phone +49 7031 9079157

Fax +49 711 3052126575


Internet www.daimler.com

das – dünnschicht anlagen systeme gmbh

dresden

Gostritzer Strasse 61–63

01217 Dresden

Phone +49 351 8718688

Fax +49 351 8718726


Internet www.das-europe.com

data Modul ag

Landsberger Strasse 322

80687 München

Phone +49 89 56017-0

Fax +49 89 56017-119


Internet www.data-modul.de

delta service & products gmbh

Töllen Linde 5

33129 Delbrück

Phone +49 5250 9854-0

Fax +49 5250 52659


Internet www.deltaservice.de

display lc deutschland gmbh

Im Ermlisgrund 10

76337 Waldbronn

Phone +49 7243 217411

Fax +49 7243 217420


Internet www.displaylc.com

E

Europtec gmbh

Alte Heerstrasse 14

38644 Goslar

Phone +49 5321 359-201

Fax +49 5321 359-203


Internet www.europtec.com

f

fjord international as

P. O. Box 2 40 Sentrum

3201 Sandefjord

Norway

Phone +47 33 469904

Fax +47 33 461939


Internet www.polydisplay.no

fraunhofer alliance polymere surfaces (polo)

c/o fraunhofer-institut für silicatforschung (isc)

Neunerplatz 7

97082 Würzburg

Phone +49 931 4100-620

Fax +49 931 4100-199


Internet www.polo.fhg.de

fraunhofer institute for applied polymer research

(iap)

Geiselbergstrasse 69

14476 Golm

Phone +49 331 568-1910

Fax +49 331 568-3910


Internet www.iap.fhg.de

Members.indd 57 24.10.2008 14:37:57 Uhr


fraunhofer institute for Electron Beam

and plasma technology (fEp)

Winterbergstrasse 28

01277 Dresden

Phone +49 351 2586-0

Fax +49 351 2586-105


Internet www.fep.fhg.de

fraunhofer institute for Manufacturing

Engineering and automation (ipa)

dept. ultraclean technology and

Micromanufacturing

Nobelstrasse 12

70569 Stuttgart

Phone +49 711 970-00

Fax +49 711 970-1399


Internet www.ipa.fraunhofer.de

www.mikroproduktion.de

fraunhofer institute for solar Energy systems (isE)

Oltmannstrasse 5

79100 Freiburg

Phone +49 761 4588-0

Fax +49 761 4588-9000


Internet www.ise.fhg.de

fraunhofer institute for surface Engineering

and thin films (ist)

Bienroder Weg 54 E

38108 Braunschweig

Phone +49 531 2155-0

Fax +49 531 2155-900


Internet www.ist.fhg.de

fresnel optics gmbh

Flurstedter Marktweg 13

99510 Apolda

Phone +49 3644 5011-0

Fax +49 3644 5011-50


Internet www.fresnel-optics.de

h

hitachi high technologies Europe gmbh

Dornacher Strasse 3 e

85622 Feldkirchen

Phone +49 89 99130-0

Fax +49 89 99130-197


Internet www.hht-eu.com

hÜttingEr Elektronik gmbh & co. Kg

Bötzinger Strasse 80

79111 Freiburg

Phone +49 761 8971-0

Fax +49 761 8971-1150


Internet www.huettinger.com

i

iMt Masken und teilungen ag

Im Langacher

8606 Greifensee

Switzerland

Phone +41 1 943-1910

Fax +41 1 943-1901


Internet www.imtag.ch

inova semiconductors gmbh

Grafinger Strasse 26

81671 München

Phone +49 89 457475-60

Fax +49 89 457475-80


Internet www.inova-semiconductors.de

instrument systems gmbh

Neumarkter Strasse 83

81673 München

Phone +49 89 454943-0

Fax +49 89 454943-11


Internet www.instrumentsystems.com

i-sft gmbh

An der Weidenmühle 2

67598 Gundersheim

Phone +49 6244 9197-300

Fax +49 6244 9197-333


Internet www.i-sft.de

Members.indd 58 24.10.2008 14:37:58 Uhr


island polymer industries gmbh

Andresenstrasse 6

06766 Wolfen

Phone +49 3494 636666

Fax +49 3494 636844


Internet www.islandgroup.com

l

laborchemie apolda gmbh

Utenbacher Strasse 72

99510 Apolda

Phone +49 3644 875-230

Fax +49 3644 875-242


Internet www.laborchemie.de

light Blue optics ltd.

Platinum Building

St John’s Innovation Park

Cowley Road

Cambridge, CB4 0WS

United Kingdom

Phone +44 1223 4285-00

Fax +44 1223 433350


Internet www.lightblueoptics.com

lofo high tech film gmbh

Weidstrasse 2

79576 Weil am Rhein

Phone +49 7621 703-0

Fax +49 7621 703-255


Internet www.lofo.de

M

Manz automation ag

Steigäckerstrasse 5

72768 Reutlingen (Altenburg)

Phone +49 7121 9000-0

Fax +49 7121 9000-99


Internet www.manz-automation.com

M.Braun inertgas-systeme gmbh

Dieselstrasse 31

85748 Garching

Phone +49 89 32669-0

Fax +49 89 32669-105


Internet www.mbraun.de

Merck Kgaa

liquid crystals

Frankfurter Strasse 250

64293 Darmstadt

Phone +49 6151 72-2961

Fax +49 6151 72-3132


Internet www.merck4displays.com

Mg optical solutions gmbh

Hauptstrasse 35 c

86922 Eresing

Phone +49 8193 212610

Fax +49 8193 996232


Internet www.mgopticalsolutions.com

Mostron Elektronik gmbh

Helmholtzstrasse 20

41747 Viersen

Phone +49 2162 3798-0

Fax +49 2162 3798-28


Internet www.mostron.de

n

national semiconductor gmbh

Livry-Gargan-Strasse 10

82256 Fürstenfeldbruck

Phone +49 8141 351335

Fax +49 8141 351470


Internet www.lvds.national.com

nematel gmbh & co. Kg

Galileo-Galilei-Strasse 28

55129 Mainz

Phone +49 6131 507992

Fax +49 6131 507995


Internet www.nematel.com

ingenieurbüro neumann

Im Ermlisgrund 8

76337 Waldbronn

Phone +49 7243 53093-0

Fax +49 7243 53093-59


Members.indd 59 24.10.2008 14:37:58 Uhr


novaled ag

Tatzberg 49

01307 Dresden

Phone +49 351 796580

Fax +49 351 7965829


Internet www.novaled.com

o

optrex Europe gmbh

Seligenstädter Strasse 40

64832 Babenhausen

Phone +49 6073 721-200

Fax +49 6073 721-230


Internet www.optrex.de

p

plansee gmbh

6600 Reutte

Austria

Phone +43 5672 600-0

Fax +43 5672 600-500


Internet www.plansee.com

polyic gmbh & co. Kg

Tucherstrasse 2

90763 Fürth

Phone +49 911 20249-0

Fax +49 911 20249-8001


Internet www.polyic.com

pVa tepla ag

plasma systems division

Hans-Riedl-Strasse 5

85622 Feldkirchen

Phone +49 89 90503-126

Fax +49 89 90503-185


Internet www.pvatepla.com

r

rolic technologies ltd.

Gewerbestrasse 18

4123 Allschwil

Switzerland

Phone +41 61 48722-22

Fax +41 61 48722-99


Internet www.rolic.com

s

samsung deutschland gmbh

Am Kronberger Hang 6

65824 Schwalbach/Ts.

Phone +49 6196 665820

Fax +49 6196 665833


Internet www.samsung.com

Jos. schneider optische Werke gmbh

Ringstrasse 132

55543 Bad Kreuznach

Phone +49 671 601-0

Fax +49 671 601-109


Internet www.schneiderkreuznach.com

schott displayglas Jena gmbh

Otto-Schott-Strasse 13

07745 Jena

Phone +49 5187 771-464

Fax +49 5187 771-1464


Internet www.schott.com

seereal technologies gmbh

Blasewitzer Strasse 43

01307 Dresden

Phone +49 351 450-3240

Fax +49 351 450-3250


Internet www.seereal.com

sentech instruments gmbh

Carl-Scheele-Strasse 16

12489 Berlin

Phone +49 30 6392-5520

Fax +49 30 6392-5522


Internet www.sentech.de

Members.indd 60 24.10.2008 14:37:58 Uhr


sharp Microelectronics Europe

Sonninstrasse 3

20097 Hamburg

Phone +49 40 2376-0

Internet www.sharpsme.com

southwall Europe gmbh

Southwallstrasse 1

01900 Großröhrsdorf

Phone +49 35952 44-0

Fax +49 35952 44-320


Internet www.southwalleurope.de

state development corporation of

thüringen – lEg

Mainzerhofstrasse 12

99084 Erfurt

Phone +49 361 5603-456

Fax +49 361 5603-328


Internet www.leg-thueringen.de

ströer out of home Media ag

Ströer Allee 1

50999 Köln

Phone +49 2236 8846-530

Fax +49 2236 8846-337


Internet www.stroeer.com

swedish lcd center aB

Forskargatan 3

781 70 Borlänge

Sweden

Phone +46 23 7786-55

Fax +46 23 778670


Internet www.lcdcenter.se

t

toppan printing co. (uK) ltd.

Gillingham House

38-44 Gillingham Street

SW1V 1HU London, United Kingdom

Phone +44 20 78287292

Fax +44 20 78285310


Internet www.toppan.co.jp/english

u

ulVac gmbh

Carl-Zeiss-Ring 3

85737 Ismaning

Phone +49 89 960909-11

Fax +49 89 960909-96


Internet www.ulvac.de

university of applied sciences pforzheim

display laboratory

Tiefenbronner Strasse 65

75175 Pforzheim

Phone +49 7231 28-6658

Fax +49 7231 28-6060


Internet www.hs-pforzheim.de

V

VBg – Verwaltungs-Berufsgenossenschaft

fachausschuss Verwaltung

Elmar-Doch-Strasse 40

71638 Ludwigsburg

Phone +49 7141 919-315

Fax +49 7141 919-350


Internet www.vbg.de

W

Wammes & partner gmbh

Im Rosengarten 4

67595 Bechtheim

Phone +49 6242 9018-20

Fax +49 6242 9018-22


X

Xtronic gmbh

Max-Planck-Strasse 6–8

71116 Gartringen

Phone +49 7034 2563-500

Fax +49 7034 2545-101


Members.indd 61 24.10.2008 14:37:58 Uhr


glossary

Every technology has its own “language”; display

technology is no exception. This is a compilation

of acronyms, definitions, and abbreviations com

monly used by the display community.

α-si:h / a-si:h Amorphous Silicon (hydro

genated), the most common type of substrate for

active matrix thin film transistorbased displays.

alq3 Tris(8hydroxyquinoline) aluminum. Metal

chelate complex, a prototype small molecule OLED

material with green electroluminescence (525

nm). Cf. LEP

aM-[ ] Active Matrix driving scheme. Fabricated

with an array of transistors to drive the display

elements. The brackets [ ] denote the kind of

display that is being driven, for instance, AMLCD

or AMOLED. Cf. to PM-[ ]

BEf Brightness Enhancement Film. A prism film

that increases a display’s brightness.

BM Black Matrix. A patterned layer in an LCD’s

color filter assembly whose purpose is to prevent

light leakage and improve contrast.

Blue phase LCD mode not requiring liquid crystal

alignment layers. An electric field deforms the

lattice which results in anisotropy of the refrac

tive indices of the layer, followed by a change of

transmission between crossed polarizers. Showing

superior response speed, allowing images to be

reproduced at 240Hz frame rate or higher without

the need for any overdrive circuit.

ccfl Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp. Gas dis

charge tube with small diameter used especially in

LCD backlights.

c.i.E. Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage

(International Commission on Illumination). A

convenient way to specify a color is by reference

to a coordinate on a chromaticity diagram, one of

the most frequently used was devised by C.I.E. in

1931. The reduced chromaticity coordinates (x, y)

represent the hue and the saturation of the color.

cMos Complementary Metal Oxide Semicon

ductor. Special device structure and composition

used for integrated circuits in the electronics

industry.

cMp Chemical Mechanical Polishing. This is a

recently adopted process step in the integrated

circuit industry wherein between major process

ing steps the wafer is polished with chemicals and

mechanical grinding to make it extremely flat.

This helps subsequent layers to be formed more

accurately.

cnc Computerized Numerical Control. Machinery

automation tool.

cog Chip on Glass. Integrated circuit (driverIC)

directly mounted on ITOcoated display glass back

plane in flipchip arrangement.

crt Cathode Ray Tube. This style of display is

one of the most commonly used displays today.

Electrons emitted from a hot cathode hit phos

phors on a screen and emit light.

cstn Color Super Twisted Nematic. STNLCD

equipped with RGB color filters.

cVd Chemical Vapor Deposition. Method for

growing solids in which a gaseous precursor

containing fragments of the desired solid is decom

posed and deposited onto a desired surface. CVD

is one of the most powerful synthetic methods in

material science due to its remarkable flexibility. A

variety of surfaces can be coated, and very thin lay

ers can be applied if necessary. Cf. IJP, MOCVD, PVD

dlp Digital Light Processor. A reflective MEMS

based microdisplay. DLP modulates light by either

reflecting it into a light absorber or directing it

through projection optics.

dMd Digital Micromirror Device. Micromachined

light modulator device in which tiny mirrors on a

silicon substrate act as light valves. Alternatively

called DLP – Digital Light Processing.

dpi Dots per inch (or pixels per inch). This is the

common metric for resolution of printed media as

well as displays.

Glossary.indd 62 21.10.2008 11:29:45 Uhr


dstn Double Super Twisted Nematic. Two simi

lar STN panels glued together to compensate the

birefringence of the liquid crystal resulting in an

enhanced contrast of the display. The abbreviation

is also used for Dual Scan Super Twisted Nematic.

Display is split into two areas for separate line

scanning.

dVi Digital Visual Interface. A standard for a

digital connection between PCs and flatpanel

digital displays.

EcB Electrically Controlled Birefringence. The

voltagedependent birefringence of liquid crystals

is employed to create colors without color filters

in a simple reflective PMLCD. Used for example, in

cellular phones or in socalled “gameboys”.

El Electroluminescence. Physical property of a

material to emit light when biased with a voltage.

Ela Excimer Laser Annealing. Cf. to LTPS

Eld Electroluminescent Display. Emissivetype

display in which an anorganic solid state layer

creates light by applying a (high AC) voltage.

Epd Electronic Paper Displays. A class of reflec

tive displays that have some of the characteristics

of traditional paper. Combines various technolo

gies like electrophoretic, electrochromic, elec

trowetting and cholesteric liquid crystals.

fEd Field Emission Display. CRTlike, emissive

type display employing microtips as a cold cathode

to generate electrons.

flc Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal. Type of LC with

permanent dipole used for bistable displays.

fstn Film compensated Super Twisted Nematic.

Birefringence of liquid crystal is compensated by

retarding foil.

hdtV High Definition Television. The new

16:9 wideformat display technology that is cur

rently being introduced. Provides brilliant image

due to its higher resolution compared to NTSC or

PAL.

hic High information content display like a full

graphics, pixelated display. Cf. to LIC

hMd HeadMounted Device.

htps High temperature polysilicon. Hightem

perature treatment (> 900°C) to transform amor

phous silicon into polysilicon. Quartz substrates

required. Cf. to LTPS

ic Integrated circuit.

iJp Ink jet printing. Color patterning technol

ogy for LEPs. Very promising with viewpoint of

commercialization due to simple process scheme

(compared to spin coating), low material con

sumption, compatibility with large substrate size

and fast tact time. Cf. CVD, MOCVD, PVD

ips InPlane Switching. Planar arrangement of

corresponding electrodes in LCDs to enlarge view

ing angle.

ito Indium Tin Oxide. Electrically conducting

transparent anorganic material widely employed

in display technology to form the anode.

lcd Liquid Crystal Display.

lcos Liquid Crystal on Silicon. AM display built

on a crystalline Si substrate which results in small

est pixel sizes and highest resolutions. LCoS is used

for microdisplays e. g. in viewfinders.

lEd Light Emitting Diode.

lEp Light Emitting Polymer. This term is used

by some manufacturers to distinguish between

polymer and small molecule OLEDs. Cf. to PLED/

PolyLED, OLED, OEL

lic Low Information Content display like a simple

alphanumeric or character display. Cf. to HIC

ltps Low Temperature Polysilicon. Intense UV

radiation generated by an excimer laser heats

only the amorphous silicon layer on a substrate to

form polycrystalline silicon without heating the

substrate itself. Cf. to HTPS, ELA

lVds Low Voltage Differential Signaling. A trans

mission method for sending digital information to

a flatpanel display.

MEMs MicroElectroMechanical Systems. This

is a name given to miniature devices commonly

fabricated with IC processes.

Mla MultiLine Addressing. Advanced driving

scheme used in PMLCD to increase brightness.

Multiple lines are addressed at the same time,

in contrast to the standard PM driving scheme,

where only one line is addressed.



MocVd MetalOrganic Chemical Vapor Deposi

tion. Common method of epitaxial growth of very

thin films of IIIV semiconductor compounds.

Metal organic compounds as Al(CH3)3 are used as

metal source, the group V elements are depolyed

as hydrides (e. g. AsH3). MOCVD is also applicable

for applying thin films of small molecule OLED

materials as an alternative to thermal evaporation.

Cf. Alq3, CVD, PVD

MVa Multidomain Vertical Alignment.

ntsc National Television System Committee.

The NTSC is responsible for setting television and

video standards in the United States (in Europe

and the rest of the world, the dominant television

standards are PAL and SECAM). The NTSC standard

for television defines a composite video signal

with a refresh rate of 60 halfframes (interlaced)

per second. Each frame contains 525 lines and can

contain 16 million different colors.

ocB Optically Compensated Bend. A highspeed

LC that is able to achieve response times of 5 ms

or better. Also known as optically compensated

birefringence.

odf One Drop Fill. Method of putting liquid crys

tal material into large LCDs during manufacture.

The LC material is dropped directly on the uncut

substrate before the two substrates are joined.

oEl Organic Electroluminescent. This is a generic

term for organic light emitting devices typically

fabricated from sublimed molecular films. This

term is often used in Japan to describe variants

of technology that originated with Kodak. Cf. to

OLED, SMF

olEd Organic Light Emitting Diode. The generic

term for Organic LEDs, which can be made from a

wide range of organic materials, either small mol

ecule (e. g. Alq3) or polymeric (e. g. PPV). (Kodak or

CDTinvented materials). Cf. to OEL, LEP, PLED and

SMF

pal Phase Alternate Line. The television

broadcast standard throughout Europe (except

in France, where SECAM is the standard). This

standard broadcasts video signals with a refresh

rate of 50 halfframes (interlaced) and 625 lines of

resolution per second. Cf. to SECAM, NTSC

palcd PlasmaAddressed Liquid Crystal Display.

Alternative active driving method for LCDs utiliz

ing the switching characteristics of a plasma ig

nited in channels below the LC cells. Cf. to TFT, AM

pda Personal Digital Assistant.

pdlc PolymerDispersed Liquid Crystals consist

of micrometersize liquid crystal droplets that are

dispersed in a solid polymer which makes LCDs on

flexible substrates feasible.

pdp Plasma Display Panel. This technology uses

the radiation of ionized gas (plasma) to excite a

phosphor which then emits light with CRTlike

characteristics.

pEcVd Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Depo

sition. Gases are activated by a plasma discharge

resulting in lower substrate temperatures required

for deposition.

pholEd Phosphorescent OLED.

pixel The image shown on displays is made up

of lots of small dots called pixels. Collectively, the

number of pixels displayed is referred to as the im

age’s resolution. A pixel on a display (e. g. a moni

tor) in general consists of a number of red, green,

and blue subpixels. When all three subpixels are

emitting, the pixel appears white to the human

eye (from a certain distance).

plEd/polylEd Polymer Light Emitting Diode. This

term is used by some manufacturers to distinguish

between polymer and small molecule OLEDs. Cf. to

LEP, OLED, OEL, PPV

pM-[ ] Passive Matrix driving scheme. Cf. to AM[ ]

poi/pos Point of Information / Point of Sales

ppV Poly (paraphenylene vinylene). First semi

conductive conjugated polymer shown to exhibit

electroluminescence (yellowgreen). Cf. LEP, OLED,

OEL

p-si Polycrystalline Silicon. Amorphous silicon

can be heat treated to increase silicon grain sizes

by recrystallization. pSi has higher electron mobil

ity than aSi.

pVd Physical Vapor Deposition. Vacuum de

position process where a material is vaporized and

sublimed into a film at the substrate’s surface.

There are actually several different PVD processes,



including thermal evaporation, electron beam

gun, ion plating, sputtering, cathodic arc, and laser

ablation.

r2r ReeltoReel/RolltoRoll. Continuous pro

cessing on a flexible substrate that can be rolled,

in contrast to stepbystep processing of single

substrate sheets.

rgB Red, Green and Blue. The usual pixel triads

for emissive light reproduction of fullcolor im

ages.

sEcaM Sequential Couleur avec Mémoire

(Sequential Color with Memory). The television

broadcast standard in France, the Middle East,

and most of Eastern Europe. SECAM broadcasts

video signals with a refresh rate of 50 halfframes

(interlaced) and 819 lines of resolution per second.

Cf. to PAL, NTSC

sMf Sublimed Molecular Films. Refers to the

small molecule approach to build OLEDs by

subliming electroluminescent metal chelate

complexes via PVD or MOCVD. The term is used to

emphasize the distinction between LEPs, which

are applied by solution processes like spin coating

or IJP. Cf. Alq3, OLED, OEL, LEP, PLED

sputtering A physical vapor deposition process

where highenergy ions are used to bombard a

solid target, ejecting vapors of the target mate

rial which are then deposited in thin layers on a

substrate.

stn Super Twisted Nematic. Liquid crystal con

figuration used in larger displays that require more

lines to be multiplexed together.

tfd Thin Film Diode. Potentially cheaper alterna

tive method to realize active matrix driving.

tfEl Thin Film Electroluminescent. This kind of

display uses thin film EL layers as a light source for

the display elements.

tft Thin Film Transistor. A transistor formed

from thin films of materials that are sequentially

deposited on a substrate. The active layers of these

devices are typically made with a multiplecrystal

structure (either amorphous or polycrystalline).

Their performance is much lower than that of a

single crystal transistor.

tn Twisted Nematic. Liquid crystal configuration

that is commonly used in small displays without

lots of rows of columns. It exhibits a reasonable

grayscale behavior.

touch screen Subsystem that returns the coordi

nates of the location that a user is touching within

the active area. There are several touch technolo

gies in use: resistive, surface capacitive, projected

capacitive, infrared, surface acoustic wave (SAW)

and acoustic pulse recognition (APR).

uhV Ultra High Vacuum. Typically defined as

pressures less that 10–9 torr of gas. Such vacuum

conditions are necessary for deposition techniques

like PVD (sputtering) and CVD.

Va Vertical Alignment. Liquid crystal molecules

oriented almost perpendicular to the orientation

layer, resulting in a better viewing angle for the

LCD.

Vfd Vacuum Fluorescent Display. CRTlike,

emissive flat panel display technology resembling

the classical triode arrangement.

Vga Video Graphics Adapter. VESA resolution

standard introduced for early personal computer

monitors. See below.

common resolution standards

The columns denote the abbreviations for display

resolution standards, the corresponding resolution

in dots (pixels) per inch, and aspect ratio.

CIF 352 x 288 11:9

qVGA 320 x 240 4:3

VGA 640 x 480 4:3

SVGA 800 x 600 4:3

WVGA 1,024 x 480 32:15

UWVGA 1,024 x 512 2:1

XGA 1,024 x 768 4:3

WXGA 1,152 x 768 3:2

WXGA+ 1,280 x 768 5:3

SXGA 1,280 x 1,024 5:4

SXGA+ 1,400 x 1,050 4:3

SXGAW 1,600 x 1,024 25:16

UXGA 1,600 x 1,280 4:3

HDTV 1,920 x 1,080 16:9

WUXGA 1,920 x 1,200 8:5

QXGA 2,048 x 1,536 4:3

QSXGA 2,560 x 2,048 5:4

QUXGA 3,200 x 2,400 4:3

WQUXGA 3,840 x 2,400 16:10



display societies and networks

dff deutsches flachdisplay-forum (German

Flat Panel Display Forum). DFF is the industry-led

European flat panel display association under the

umbrella of the German Engineering Federation

VDMA. DFF was established in 2000 as an integra-

tive platform for FPD materials and component

suppliers, equipment manufacturers, display

producers, system integrators, display end users,

as well as industrial R&D, serving more than 80

international members today. DFF’s mission is to

strengthen the European FPD industry with a par-

ticular focus on the expansion of FPD production.

� www.displayforum.de/

flextech alliance. Industry-led public-private

partnership formerly known as United States

Display Consortium (USDC), created in 1993 by

industry and the U.S. Defense Advanced Research

Projects Agency (DARPA) to advance the flat panel

production capabilities of U.S. companies. Estab-

lished forum for flat panel display manufacturers,

developers, users, and equipment and materials

suppliers with more than 100 corporate members

and affiliates. Distribution of government funds

to companies for industrial research and develop-

ment. Extended its mission to support the emerg-

ing flexible, printed electronics market.

www.flextech.org/

itri industrial technology research institute

(TW). Government-sponsored non-profit organiza-

tion for applied research and technology trans-

fer founded in 1973. Main goal is to accelerate

industrial technology development and promote

industrial growth in Taiwan. Display technology

is one of the major research areas of ITRI. 6,000

employees. www.itri.org.tw/

JEita Japan Electronics and information

technology industries association. Established in

November 2000, through the merger of the Japan

Electronic Industry Development Association

(JEIDA) and the Electronic Industries Association

of Japan (EIAJ). At the time of its establishment,

JEITA’s membership included 422 full members

(including 10 associations) and 158 associate

members (including nine associations), for a

total of 580 members. JEITA areas include display

devices.�� www.jeita.or.jp/

Kdia Korea display industry association.

Established in 2007 and assuming the responsibili-

ties and activities of the Korea Display Equipment

Material Association (KODEMIA) and the Electronic

Display Industrial Research Association of Korea

(EDIRAK). Promotes the comprehensive develop-

ment of display related industry, strengthening

the display industry and attempting mutual

profits. www.kdia.org/

Kids Korean information display society.

Established in 1999. Research-oriented.

� www.k-ids.or.kr/

lcd tV association. Established in 2006. Global

trade association designed to help the entire LCD

TV supply chain and retail channel, including the

end customer. Provides LCD industry communica-

tion, research, white papers, a voice for the indus-

try in speeches, interviews and non-biased quotes,

as well as networking and standards meetings.

� www.lcdtvassociation.org/

olEd-a olEd association. Founded in 2007 to

represent all players in the OLED industry. Its mis-

sion is to increase visibility towards the media and

the eventual consumers of OLED products and to

represent the interests of its member companies.

Its international standards program for OLED shall

help to ensure open markets and lower OLED

manufacturing costs. www.oled-a.org

Displays Societies.indd 66 21.10.2008 11:30:54 Uhr


pida photonics industry and technology develop-

ment association (TW). PIDA’s goal is to work with

private enterprises and government agencies to

increase the competitiveness of Taiwan’s optoelec-

tronics industry, to assist the government in draft-

ing policies for optoelectronics industry, to provide

consultation in technology and market trends, to

assist technology transfer, and to help investment,

to promote international co-operations, and to train

optoelectronic field specialists.� www.pida.org.tw/

sEMi semiconductor Equipment and Materials

international. Global trade association representing

the semiconductor and flat panel display equip-

ment and materials industries. Founded in 1970 in

the United States. Created a flat panel display divi-

sion. 2,500 corporate members (11 percent Europe,

55 percent North America, 21 percent Japan, 5 per-

cent Korea, 3 percent Singapore, 4 percent Taiwan,

1 percent ROW). Primary products and services are

industry events, manufacturing standards, and

technical as well as business information. Member

companies are equipment suppliers, materials and

services to the semiconductor and flat panel display

industries. www.semi.org/

sid society for information display. International

display organization founded in 1962 structured

into regional chapters. The chapters interact both

directly and through the central SID International

Office, and chapter meetings often feature speak-

ers with international reputation. SID’s largest

international gathering is the annual SID Sympo-

sium, Seminar, and Exposition. Personal member-

ship. The 6,000 members of SID are professionals

in all of the technical and business disciplines that

relate to display research, design, manufacturing,

applications, marketing, and sales. www.sid.org/

tdMda taiwan flat panel display Materials &

devices association. Established to promote the

FPD industrial vertical integration, enhance the

global competitiveness, and upgrade the core

competence of Taiwan information, electronic

industries. Communicates and interacts with the

Taiwan TFT LCD Association (TTLA) for information

exchange and for integrated research and develop-

ment in order to enhance industrial competitive-

ness. www.tdmda.org.tw/

ttla taiwan tft-lcd association. In 2000

Taiwan’s TFT-LCD industry decided to set up this

industry Association focused on TFT-LCD. It will be

a unified window for negotiating for resources,

providing information to the Taiwanese govern-

ment. TTLA’s mission will focus on promoting

standardization and Intellectual Property rights.

� www.ttla.org.tw/

uKdl uK displays and lighting network.

Established in 2004 by an investment from the UK

Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) to support

the disparate needs of the Displays and Lighting

communities in the UK including SMEs, OEMs and

Academics. www.ukdisplay.net/

VEsa Video Electronics standards association

(USA). Established in 1989 to promote and develop

display and display interface standards designed

for PC, workstation, and other computing environ-

ments. 160 international industry members.

www.vesa.org/

VdMa german Engineering federation.

VDMA is the largest industry branch association in

Europe. Founded in 1892 this non-profit associa-

tion, with a workforce of 400 employees, consists of

3,000 member companies and is active in all fields

of the machinery and plant manufacturing sector.

Since more than 70 percent of its member compa-

nies have fewer than 300 employees VDMA serves

as a real representative of small and medium-

sized enterprises in Germany.

www.vdma.org/

3d@home consortium. Founded in 2008. Industry

consortium with the mission to speed the com-

mercialization of 3D into homes worldwide and

provide the best possible viewing experience by

facilitating the development of standards, road-

maps and education for the entire 3D industry –

from content, hardware and software providers to

consumers. www.3dathome.org/

Displays Societies.indd 67 21.10.2008 11:30:54 Uhr


imprint

Editor

Dr. Susanne Bieller

German Flat Panel Display Forum (DFF)

VDMA – German Engineering Federation

Lyoner Strasse 18

60528 Frankfurt am Main

Germany

Phone +49 69 6603-1633

Fax +49 69 6603-2633


Internet www.displayforum.de

authors

Dr. Susanne Bieller, DFF and Dr. Eric Maiser, VDMA,

all others stated in respective articles.

publisher

VDMA Verlag GmbH

Lyoner Strasse 18

60528 Frankfurt am Main

Germany

Phone +49 69 6603-1232

Fax +49 69 6603-2232


Internet www.vdma-verlag.com

copyright 2008

VDMA Verlag GmbH

Frankfurt am Main, Germany

production

LEiTHNER intelligente Medienproduktionen

www.leithner.de

printing

Sellier Druck GmbH, Germany

references

W. Ehrfeld, K. Hecker, M. Weber, M. Winzenick,

“Strategie zum Ausbau der deutschen Position auf

dem Flachdisplay-Weltmarkt”, Institut für Mikro-

technik Mainz, 1999.

M. J. Thompson, “Manufacturing Infrastructure

of AM-LCDs” in “Display Technologies in Japan”.

Japanese Technology Evaluation Center at Loyola

College, University of Maryland, 1992. Published at

www.sid.org.

M. Kimura et al., “An area-ratio gray-scale method

to achieve image uniformity in TFTLEPDs”, Journal

of the SID 8, 93 (2000).

acknowledgement

This compilation would not have been possible

without the large knowledge base and picture

pool members gave us access to, nor the dedicated

help of numerous professionals from industry and

research. We want to express our sincere thanks to

all those who supported us in writing and review-

ing this brochure.

picture credits

Cover Picture:

by courtesy of Sharp Electronics Europe GmbH,

Germany

all others

as stated in the figure caption; others by VDMA

Imprint.indd 68 21.10.2008 11:31:18 Uhr

displayforum

www.Visit our website

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Flat Panel Displays


6th Edition

DFFGerman Flat Panel Display Forum

Lyoner Strasse 1860528 Frankfurt am MainGermanyPhone +49 69 6603-1633Fax +49 69 6603-2633E-Mail [email protected] www.displayforum.de

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