European Security &Defence - ESD Spotlight · • 5,90 a • ISSN 1617-7983 Policy · Armed Forces...

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P o l i c y · A r m e d F o r c e s · P r o c u r e m e n t · T e c h n o l o g y

In Global OperationsThe German Navy has provided proof of its operational capability

Transatlantic Success StoriesBalance and perspectives of U.S.-European armaments cooperation

The Mission of the Bundeswehr

Security & Defence 1/2013

European

Editorial

When the German Minister of Defence, Thomas de Maizière, noted during a meeting of the German Parliament few months ago that the German Armed Forces could be asked by their partners to assume more responsibility than ever before, many reacted with a shake of their heads. In the meantime it might have become apparent that he was right. The Bundeswehr involves itself in the protection of Turkey against suspected desperation moves of the possibly disintegrating Assad regime with Patriot weapon systems. And it renders logistic support and provides training as a contribution to the establishment of peace in Mali.The interest that drives Germany to involve itself in these employments may not be clear to all German citizens. The motivation, however, is more than just trying to be a good Samaritan for pure solidarity with the Alliance.In previous years Turkey may have pursued a non-transparent foreign policy and, considering Israel, may have taken positions that could not find the endorsement of Germany. As NATO’s south-eastern border to Syria as a region of civil war and Iran as a problem state Turkey, how-ever, is a stronghold of stability which has to be supported and incorporated in the Alliance’s reasons of state through proactive solidarity. Critics suggesting that – based on the assump-tion of an unchanged mandate – the German Patriot units might only have a symbolic func-tion, are not supported by facts and rather re-veal a certain level of arrogance by optimistically and irresponsibly anticipating developments.The situation is more complicated in Mali, though the European and German interest in an engage-ment is easier to understand. The central govern-ment of the state, which used to be attained to democratic perfection in the past, has been in a conflict with the Tuareg fighting for autonomy for decades. Now that they are better than ever equipped with weapons thanks to the heritage of the Gaddafi regime the rebels, however, have also lost influence in the North which they have claimed as their territory. Obviously supported by franctireurs from abroad Islamists, among them terrorists associated with Al-Qaida, have become the biggest challenge for security in the region. The Europeans cannot stand this situation. Their true interest is not to safeguard Mali’s territorial integrity for a doubtful and powerless regime in Bamako, rather the objective is to prevent the

establishment of terrorist structures in the neigh-bourhood of our continent, in an area, which is only two flying hours away.Pursuing legitimate interests, however, does not mean that one also has the means neces-sary to enforce them. Long gone are the times when the Europeans had “carte blanche“ in post-colonial Africa. This could be confirmed in Mali, although the number of Islamic fighters identified as opponents seems to be manage-able. First incidents immediately after the French interference (which came as a surprise), like the taking of hostages in an Algerian gas field, un-derline that stirring up the hornets’ nest implies consequences for the entire region.Mali is not a singular case, numerous countries of the Sahel Zone and the African continent are characterised by fragile public structures, civil wars or civil war-like conflicts as well as growing terrorist structures which are closely linked to the “classic” problems of economic underdevelopment, corrupt elites and ethnic tensions as a result from colonial borders that have been overcome. These problems are not at all new to the Europeans, although they have not yet understood to formulate a coherent strategy suited to overcome these problems and realistically considering their own capabilities. As full-flavoured their statements have been, as modest have the practical results of their policy remained. One of the most outstanding exam-ples is the failed pacification of Congo. Here, al-most six years ago, the EU believed to be able to make a contribution to stabilisation with military engagement for securing “free elections”. The situation in the country, however, has since not made any significant progress.Neglecting the neighbouring continent now strikes back, since security political threats have developed there. In Mali the situation has be-come precarious to the extent that the advance of the Islamists could only be stopped by the determined intervention of the French. They are certainly right to now insisting on solidarity and active support by their European partners. A po-litical solution – and that does not only apply to Mali – will not be accomplished by military inter-vention alone and at best can be moderated by the Europeans. Therefore reliable partners in the region are required. It will be a task for the near future to identify and to enable them to assume their role. Peter Bossdorf

Assuming Responsibility

3March 2013 · European Security and Defence

4 European Security and Defence · March 2013

technology

47 Armoured Transport Vehicles Status Report and Plans Gerhard Heiming and Michael Horst

53 Software Defined Tactical Radio Latest Generation Michael Horst

industry & markets

54 Capacity for Innovation The Economic Importance of the Security

and Defence Industry Gerhard Heiming and Lothar Schulz

56 “A significant contribution to the NATO Missile Defence Initiative is possible.”

Interview with Thomas Homberg, CEO of MBDA Deutschland GmbH

columns

3 Editorial

5 Periscope

10 Masthead

52 IDLw e.V.: A Forum for Germany’s Air Force

58 Preview

Content

security Policy

9 The Mission of the Bundeswehr Starting Point and Goal of the Reorientation Thomas de Maizière

12 Afghanistan on the Way to Assuming Security Responsibility

Michael Paul

16 Threats to Cyber-Security – an Analysis Michael Hange

armed forces

20 Esse non videri – Unseen but on Scene How Germany’s new non-nuclear submarines

could contribute to NATO’s maritime capabilities Jürgen Giefer

24 Eurofighter Typhoon: Eight Years of Flight Operations in the Luftwaffe

Jan Gloystein

30 The German Navy in International Operations

Team of Authors, Fleet Command

34 Reconnaissance Forces of the Army Dietmar Klos

armament & Procurement

38 The Reorientation of the Bundeswehr Armaments Organisation

Detlef Selhausen

43 Transatlantic Success Stories Thomas Bauer

Threats to Cyber-SecurityJoint action is needed from government, industry and science in order to be able to counter the growing threat.

7

Armoured Transport VehiclesArmoured wheeled vehicles constitute essential prerequisites for the deployment of ground troops in current operations.

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Migrating data and transferring all the ex-isting applications to the new system con-stituted another essential component of the contract, which was executed on time and on cost

TRS-4D Radar for Class F125 FrigatesThe future F125 frigates of the German Na-vy will be equipped with the TRS-4D radar, a new development from Cassidian. The radar has been certified by the BAAINBw procurement agency and Blohm+Voss Na-val and the first system has been delivered to a training installation ashore in Wilhelm-shaven. Delivery of the first TRS-4D radar for the frigate BADEN-WÜRTTEMBERG is planned for August. The TRS-4D sensors will enable the frigates to cover different

detection tasks of medium-range naval ra-dars both in blue waters and in complex littoral areas with a high variety of targets, for which a new system concept has been implemented: For the first time numerous independent emitters based on AESA technology (Active Electronically Scanned Array) will be taken full advantage of. This generates high detection performance. A multitude of Cassidian’s transmitter and re-ceiver modules based on the most recent gallium nitride forms the core element of the AESA technology implemented.

Zetros Driver TrainingThe type Zetros protected transport vehi-cles fielded in December 2012 and their crews are being prepared for deployment in Afghanistan. In the driving training school at Mechernich the drivers are being familiarised with the performance of the new trucks. Most of them sit behind the bonnet of a truck for the first time and ex-perience the secure feeling of a protected cabin. The cabin protects the crew against hand weapons, artillery splinters, mine and IED detonations as well as anti-armour gre-nades. The traction power of the 240 kW diesel engine is permanently maintained by the even load distribution – which is hardly influenced by the vehicle’s payload – and

mine, IED and RPG threats were installed and a jammer was integrated to suppress the initiation of radio controlled explosive devices. A combat recovery system at the rear facilitates the recovery of disabled ve-hicles while providing armoured protection supported by a camera. The driver has a night vision system with thermal image generation available when driving in the dark and under poor visibility conditions. For command and control a C² system as well as a navigation system have been integrated. The crew’s sustainability is in-creased by means of cooling vests and the installation of thermal insulation in the roof. A new stowage device provides additional space for equipment, food and water.

Cassidian Supplies IT Infrastructure for NATO Head-quartersCassidian has delivered and installed the turnkey IT infrastructure to the NATO sites in Brunssum (NL), Heidelberg, Ramstein and Wesel (all GER), for use by a total of 3,000 users, and full acceptance has now been concluded. The contract was awarded by the Federal Republic of Germany on behalf of NATO. The final system accep-tance was concluded by the German Fede- ral Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Infor-mation Technology and In-Service Support

(BAAINBw), after all documentation had been delivered. The key objective of the project was to expand and modernise the computer centres, the LAN and WAN net-works and the entire end-user domain. As part of the project, the existing network infrastructure was completely re-designed and its capacity and bandwidth were in-creased simultaneously. The computer cen-tres were modernised and expanded with a new server infrastructure based on blade technology and next-generation storage and back-up systems. During this process, cutting-edge technology, such as virtualisa-tion, was implementedSystem components, such as workstations, laptops and printers, were also provided and a secure printing system was set up. Out-of-band management enables the in-frastructure to be managed fully, without influencing its operation.

Type Boxer Medical Service Vehicles in AfghanistanThe first of six type Boxer wheeled APCs in the Medical Service version have been relo-cated to Afghanistan. As a result, the Med-ical service teams in the theatre of operation can now rely on the same level of

protection as the combat troops and can thus be deployed throughout a larger spec-trum of missions. In the vehicle one medical doctor and two ambulance men take care of the casualties, for the attendance and transport of which three daybeds and up to seven seats are provided. The vehicle’s so-phisticated medical equipment comprises respirators, pulsometers, defibrillators, in-fusion pumps and patient control monitors. In emergencies, low-scale surgical opera-tions can be carried at the centre daybed. For command and control the vehicles are equipped with TETRA radios and satellite communication.

3 Büffel ARVs in Support of ISAFThree modified Büffel armoured recovery vehicles have been deployed in missions in Afghanistan since October. One additional vehicle is used for pre-deployment training in Germany. As a result from upgrade and modernisation measures implemented on

order of the Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support (BAAINBw) the opera-tional capability of the vehicles was further enhanced. In detail, for the protection of the crew a liner coating was applied to the operator room, protective modules against

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variety of EO camera systems. ESG worked together with the Brandenburg police he-licopter squadron for the trial installation and certification flight tests of the new sys-tem. Initial deliveries of systems covered by the new STC started in December 2012.

Eurocopter Heading to Future GrowthEurocopter delivered another very strong performance in 2012, with an all-time record turnover of 6.3 billion euros. The company’s second high record in bookings value marks a return to pre-crisis levels. This places Eurocopter in a strong position based on its product portfolio along with the expansion in services and a growing global footprint.A strong growth in services and the 475 rotorcraft delivered last year generated a turnover 15 percent higher than in 2011, when the Group reached 5.4 billion eu-ros. The cumulated average growth rate has been nine percent since 2006. Mile-stones in 2012 included deliveries of the first enhanced AS350 B3e version and the initial latest-generation EC130 T2 helicop-ter – both members of Eurocopter’s pop-ular Ecureuil family; along with the 500th EC145 delivery. Eurocopter also provided the first A350 jetliner passenger door set. In the military arena 2012 saw deliveries of the first NH90 TTH to the French and Belgian armies as well as the UH Tiger in Asgard configuration to the Bundeswehr. In the meantime, these aircraft have been deployed in Afghanistan. Moreover the Bundeswehr took delivery of the first NH90 TTH medical air service version and five more NH90 TTH entered service in the Italian Army at Kunduz, Afghanistan.The consolidated order intake in 2012 to-talled 469 net bookings, representing a value of 5.4 billion euros and marking the company’s third consecutive yearly increase since 2010. Helicopter deliveries represented 49 percent of the consolidated turn-over, while services continued to play an in-creasing role by accounting for 42 percent of the total. Other activities represented the remaining nine percent.

G5 Potential M113 Succes-sor in DenmarkFollowing the Request for Proposal (RfP) issued in mid-2012 the Danish Defence Acquisition and Logistics Organization (DALO) has now published a shortlist of five vehicles as potential successors of their ageing M113 tracked APCs. Contenders of this competition include three tracked and two wheeled vehicles, all of which will be-come subject to technical evaluations from

April 2013 onwards: the CV90 Armadillo (BAE Systems Hägglunds), the G5 Protec- ted Mission Module Carrier (PMMC) from Flensburger Fahrzeugbau Gesellschaft (FFG) and the ASCOD 2 (General Dynamics European Land Systems, GDELS) as tracked contenders as well as the two 8x8 wheeled vehicles VBCi (Nexter) and Mowag Piranha V (GDELS). Among the tracked variants

the PMMC G5 is the only new design. It has a maximum weight of 25 tons, offers 14.5 m³ of protected cabin space and can be quickly and flexibly adapted to various mission profiles through exchangeable mis-sion modules. The MTU/ZF Diesel Power-pack propulsion system generates 410 kW and provides for a top speed of 72 km/h at a maximum range of about 600 km.Between 2015 and 2022 Denmark wants to replace at least 206 M113 vehicles, with up to 450 as an option. The Danish armed forces have more than 700 M113 in their inventory, of which some 250 have been subject to a service life extension pro-gramme by FFG over the last 15 years. In the scope of this programme the vehicles were equipped with a MTU/ZF propulsion system and new tracks from Diehl.

Jenoptik’s Fiscal Year SuccessfulIn 2012 the Jenoptik Group continued to grow successfully. The operational re-sult increased by 10 percent to 54 million euros. For the turnover an increase of eight percent to 585 million euros could be recorded, mainly due to growth in the area of measuring technology. The “Laser & Optical Systems“ and “Defence and Ci-vilian Systems“ business segments reached turnover figures of 210 resp. 180 million euros, thus almost equalling the results of the year before. Business in the defence segment is considered robust and secured in the long term, with growth primarily ex-pected in the field of energy systems. For the year 2013 Jenoptik envisages a diffi-cult business environment with a modest growth in turnover of up to five percent.

the automatic transmission system, which is particularly of relevance for off-road operations. Before and after use the vehi-cles can easily be maintained and serviced, because the engine is accessible by lifting

the bonnet without having to tilt the cabin. The bonnet can be stepped upon for win-dow-cleaning and to mount the remote controlled weapon station. In a few weeks the first Zetros vehicles will relocate to Af-ghanistan. The Bundeswehr has ordered a total of a 110 of these vehicles which are to be delivered by 2014.

Trakkabeam A800 Search-light on EC135ESG Elektroniksystem- und Logistik-GmbH has received an EASA Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) for the integration of Trakkabeam A800 searchlight systems on type EC135 helicopters from Eurocopter. The STC covers several configurations of the system to give customers a choice of

how to install and control the searchlight in their EC135. The system can be controlled by the pilot and co-pilot via a control panel mounted on the cockpit interseat console or with four-way switches on the helicop-ter’s collective control. If there is no space in the cockpit interseat console or if a crew member needs to control the searchlight from the cabin, a movable grip controller can be installed. ESG’s STC also includes a laser pointer option and all the interfaces for slaving the Trakka A800 system to a

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first and foremost to bring the 10-man infantry section and its vehicle into the network-enabled operational loop. This network, consisting of reconnaissance, command and control components, and weapons, enables rapid exchange of in-formation as well as shared situational

awareness as the basis for planning and conducting operations. The individual soldier receives all relevant data concern-ing the tactical situation, the position of friendly forces, the mission, and system status. It includes a GPS and an inertial navigation system as well as a magnetic compass, facilitating reliable orientation on the ground.

Tap-Proof SmartphoneThe “TopSec Mobile“ technology from Rohde & Schwarz SIT en-ables tap-proof phone calls with iPhones and Android-operated mobile phones. Tap-proof operation is achieved with an additional headset and a dedicated app, hard-ly changing any operation-al characteristics of the cell phone. In order to start a tap-proof phone call the user has to start the app, select a contact from the directory and confirm with the crypto call key. The called party accepts the call with the key at his crypto headset, thus setting up the tap-proof connection. A separate device, which cannot be cor-rupted by apps from the smartphone, is used for encryption. The smartphone is only used for the transmission of the da-

sor, a ring burning chamber, a two-level high-pressure turbine and the power tur-bine with a high efficiency factor. It is the most widely used gas turbine in the 20 to

25 MW class. MTU provides the CODLAG (Combined Diesel-Electric and Gas) propul-sion system for all four frigates, consisting of – apart from the LM2500 – two electric engines and four diesel generators.

Bundeswehr Orders New Gladius Soldier SystemIn January 2013, Rheinmetall Group was awarded an order to supply further sixty Gladius systems to the Bundeswehr’s in-fantry forces. The Gladius procurement programme began in 2012 with an initial order of 30 systems, covering 300 soldiers.The recent follow-on order has a volume of 84 million euros and covers equipment for 60 infantry sections with a total of 600 soldiers. Delivery of the new systems will take place in two lots consisting of thirty systems each, the first one in the middle of 2013, another at the end of the year. This will ensure that the next two contingents of Bundeswehr troops due to relocate to Af-ghanistan will receive the new equipment sets well ahead of deployment.Developed by Rheinmetall and originally known as “Infanterist der Zukunft (IdZ) 2” or “Future Soldier System”, Gladius is among the most advanced system of its kind on a global scale. It contributes to significantly improving the overall oper-ational effectiveness of German infantry units while simultaneously enhancing the survivability of individual soldiers. Gladi-us substantially exceeds the capabilities of previous infantry systems used by the Bundeswehr, especially with regard to networkability, command and control, and combat effectiveness. Reflecting the growing and demanding requirements profile of the user as well as incorpora- ting knowledge gained during compre-hensive testing and in the field, Gladius is essentially a new, highly advanced sys-tem. A prominent feature of the Gladius system is the holistic design approach that takes full account of the complex operational requirements levied on modern soldier systems. Gladius is intended

3rd Class K130 Corvette Entering ServiceIn the presence of Defence Undersecretary Thomas Kossendey the German Navy put the third Class K130 Corvette OLDENBURG into service. The first major task for her crew is the participation in a training for-mation along with her sister ship BRAUN-SCHWEIG, the task force supply ship (EGV) FRANKFURT AM MAIN and the two Class F122 frigates EMDEN and BREMEN. Follow-ing keel-laying at the Blohm+Voss shipyard in Hamburg in 2006, the OLDENBURG was launched mid-2007. The surface combat-ant has been laid out for sea space sur-veillance, reconnaissance and fight against targets at sea and ashore. Her sensor and weapons fit include the type TRS-3D multi-function radar, electro-optical sensors, naval gun systems (cal. 76 and 27 mm), the RAM anti-missile defence system and the RBS 15 MK 3 surface-to-surface mis-sile. For self-defence she is fitted with the MASS decoy system and ECM equipment. There is a landing deck and hangar for two reconnaissance UAVs. In this respect, the German Navy has conducted extensive

testing of the Camcopter S-100 from Schie-bel/Diehl BGT Defence. The OLDENBURG has a length of 89 metres, a width of 13 metres, a displacement of 1,840 tons and a complement of 58. two MTU diesel en-gines with 76,400 kW each provide for a top speed of 48 km/h.

Gas Turbine for Class F125 FrigateMTU Friedrichshafen is the supplier of the LM 2500 gas turbines for the Class F125 frigates currently building. The LM2500 system for the fourth frigate will be delivered in February 2014, with the ship scheduled to be launched in 2014 and commissioned by the German Navy in 2017. The LM2500 industrial gas turbine is built by General Electric. MTU has been tasked with the maintenance since 1981. The system has a gas generator with a ro-tor and an aerodynamically coupled power turbine. It consists of a 16-level compres-

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ponents which can be carried in a rucksack. Squire is light and compact and, due to the FMCW technology (Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave), allows to restrict the transmitting power to a minimum which, in turn, reduces the system’s and its op-erator’s detectability. With only one Watt of transmission power Squire can detect

persons at ranges of 10 km. The low signa-ture protects the system almost completely against hostile reconnaissance. Squire is ca-pable of automatically classifying persons, wheeled and tracked vehicles and helicop-ters. It incorporates solid state technology which ensures high reliability and low life cycle costs.

ISS Contract for French A400M FleetOCCAR (Organisation Conjointe de Coopération en matière d’Armement), acting on behalf of France, and Airbus Mili- tary have signed the initial In-Service Sup-port (ISS) contract providing an 18-month A400M support services package to the French Air Force. This contract signature is considered a milestone in preparation for the delivery of the first A400M to the French Air Force. Under the terms of the contract Airbus Military will provide tai-lored services to meet the needs of the French Air Force building on the founda-tions laid by the A400M Launch Contract between OCCAR (acting on behalf of Bel-gium, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Spain Turkey and the UK) and Airbus Military, which already foresees Integrated Logistic Support (ILS) services such as technical doc-umentation, aerospace ground equipment and the like. The ISS contract covers indus-trial on-base maintenance support, spares management, extended query answering service and more to allow for smooth flight operations at the A400M’s initial operat-ing base at Orleans. In preparation of the period following the initial 18 months ISS package, Airbus Military provided last No-vember a joint French/UK ISS proposal for a further support arrangement. The par-ties concerned are currently discussing this offer with an agreement expected to be signed in the second half of 2013.

the TAPV project, KPS Canada will deliver a new technological innovation with the Dual Remote Weapon Station (DRWS). This remote weapon station features two mounted weapons that can be operated by both the vehicle commander and the gunner. These capabilities provide addi-tional safety and protection for soldiers in the field by allowing them to operate the DRWS from within the vehicle. In June 2012, the Textron TAPV Team, led by Tex-tron Systems, was selected to manufacture 500 Canadian Forces Tactical Armoured Patrol Vehicle (TAPV) with options for up to 100 more. The TAPV contract has a value of 603.4 million dollar, with an additional five-year in-service support contract of 105.4 million dollars. In addition to Rheinmetall Canada and KPS Canada, the Textron TAPV team includes EODC – Engineering Office Deisenroth Canada (Ottawa, ON). The Protector DRWS will be produced in Kongsberg’s production facilities in London and Ontario, Canada, and initial deliveries for verification and testing are expected to start first half of 2013.

Norway Selects Squire Ra-dars from Thales DeutschlandThales Deutschland and Vinhøg AS of Nor-way, a subsidiary of the Rheinmetall Group, have signed a contract for the delivery of 44 type Squire battlefield surveillance ra-dars for the Norwegian armed forces. The first ten systems will be supplied during the second half of 2013, and deliveries will be completed at the beginning of 2017.The Norwegian armed forces will receive a modernised version of the Squire radar with a new processor circuit board that en-ables the integration of a multitude of new functions with the system. The customer selected Squire for different operational scenarios. Most of them will amend the Vingtags II wide-area surveillance, obser-vation and reconnaissance system on ar-moured vehicles.Squire is a portable ground surveillance radar for medium ranges and capable to detect and classify moving targets on or near to the ground at distances up to 48 km. The system consists of compact com-

ta, not for encryption. TopSec was part of Rohde & Schwarz’ exhibit at this year’s CeBIT fair in Hanover.

New AN 124-100 Mainte-nance Hangar at Leipzig/Halle Airport Leipzig/Halle Airport and Volga-Dnepr Group have jointly celebrated the official opening of a new aircraft maintenance hangar that is expected to attract airline customers from all over the world. The han-gar facility is being leased by Volga-Dnepr Technics GmbH, the aircraft maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) provider repre-senting Volga-Dnepr Technics in Europe, which is part of the Volga-Dnepr Group.

Among others the opening ceremony was attended by Alexey Isaikin, President of Volga-Dnepr Group, and Stanislaw Tillich, Minister-President of the German State of Saxony. The hangar, which was built by the airport administration at a cost of 17.7 mil-lion euros, has a total area of 8,500 square metres and is designed to accommodate one large freighter such as an AN-124, IL-76 or Boeing 747 or four narrow body aircraft, including Boeing 737 or Airbus A320. The hangar’s workload will be generated by Volga-Dnepr Group’s own scheduled and charter airlines as well as from third party airlines, including the aircraft used for mili-tary transports to Afghanistan in the scope of the SALIS contract with the NATO Sup-port Agency.

Kongsberg’s Protector Weapon Station Selected for TAPVTextron Systems Canada Inc., Rheinmetall Canada Inc., and Kongsberg Protech Sys-tems (KPS) Canada have been awarded a 100 million dollar (CDN) contract for work to be performed by KPS Canada on the Canadian Forces Tactical Armoured Patrol Vehicle (TAPV) project. This is a sub-con-tract within the 205 million dollar contract between Textron Systems and Rheinmetall that was announced in October 2012. On

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SecuR it y P o lic y

March 2013 · European Security and Defence

Up until 1990, the mission of the Bundeswehr was to defend Germa-ny and Central Europe shoulder to

shoulder with our NATO allies. As a united and sovereign Germany in the heart of Eu-rope and as one of the world-wide strong-est national economies we now bear the co-responsibility for stability and security in the world. Germany should perform this role in an adequate way without overesti-mating itself, but also without underrating itself. We fulfil our responsibility.

Central Element of German Security Policy

The Bundeswehr is not the only instru-ment of German security policy, but it is a central one. This means: The requirements set for the Bundeswehr have changed. And each new security challenge to our country is normally also accompanied by new requirements for the Bundeswehr. This requires the willingness to make changes and progresses. Since its incep-tion, the Bundeswehr was repeatedly re-structured. Especially the change of the security environment after 1990 led not only to reductions in force and stream-lining of procedures, but new areas of responsibility were also increasingly pro-jected in the organisation. These changes had in common that they occurred selec-tively in reaction to a demand for action or economies, but were not linked to a fun-damental overall concept primarily derived from security policy. That is where the cur-rent reorientation starts out. It encroaches deeply on the structures, processes and self-conception on all levels – from the ministry down to the individual units. With that it stands primarily neither for “less“ nor for “more“, but for “different“ and, in the end, for “better“.

Of about 6,400 organisational units, nearly 5,000 are going to be restructured. The basic military service was suspended by us in 2011 already. In consequence, the total strength of the armed forces will be adapted from 255,000 down to 185,000 soldiers. We are going to reduce the number of formerly 76,200 civilian budgeted billets to 55,000. These numbers clearly show the immense co-ordination expenditure associated with that. This reorientation demands from many servicewomen and servicemen as well as civilian employees to once again adjust themselves to new tasks and new respon-sibilities. In addition, the decision to make the mixed civilian-military manning of billets at the Ministry and of-

fices a continuous principle will change the organisational culture of the Bundeswehr as well. We bet on the specialisation of the civilian personnel, on the military expertise of the soldiers, and on the common experi-ence of both groups. Structures, processes,

and self-conception – all that is interrelated. The Bundeswehr is a com-plex large-scale organi-sation, because it has to fulfil a complex task. Consequently, the re-orientation is also rather complex. Quick solution are therefore not expe-dient.Even the best soldiers and civilian staff will be able to permanently fulfil their task only as good as the materiel, the es-tablished structures and

au th o rDr. Thomas de Maizière, Federal Minister of Defence

In order to get on-site information about the training of the Afghan soldiers, Defence Minister Dr. Thomas de Maizière also visited the Engineer School of the Afghan National Army (ANA) at Camp Shaheen, approx. 30 km west of the provincial capital of Mazar-e Shariff

the Mission of the BundeswehrStarting Point and Goal of the Reorientation thomas de maizière

the Bundeswehr has been participating in missions abroad since the beginning of the 1990s.

6,500 members of the Bundeswehr are presently doing their duty in the ongoing missions in

Afghanistan, Kosovo, the Mediterranean Sea, in Africa, and off the coast of Somalia.

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preparations.“



Norway – are in the process of, or presently also working on, reorganising their struc-tures, not only the troop and garrison ones, but also the command structures.Not only with a view to the economy re-quirements in the defence budgets, the concepts “pooling and sharing“ as well as “smart defence“ also offer a feasible pos-sibility to jointly maintain capabilities in the EU and NATO which individual states would lose in national solo efforts. But nevertheless: A country like Germany as the biggest economy in Europe and with its population number and its resources should continue to keep up a broad spec-trum of capabilities. Other partners can take part by introducing their own con-tributions to this spectrum. We therefore check projects which would be suitable for such “pooling and sharing“ or “smart defence“. Germany is ready to take on an active role here as a so-called “partner to lean on” in order to contribute in this way to more efficiency in NATO and within the framework of the Common Security and Defence Policy of the EU. I therefore consider the structure principle “width over depth“ to be extremely important for the reorientation of the Bundewehr. “Width over depth“ means that we will keep to a broad capability spectrum, if necessary even to the disadvantage of the sustainability. This approach is thus not only a serious co-operation offer to meet, as a “ partner to lean on“, our se-curity commitment within the alliance. In some cases we will have to depend to the same extent on the support by our partners as they will, in future, bet on the support by Germany.

procedures as well as the given finances and planing permit. For the Bundeswehr goes what a self-critical commission report sum-marised as follows about the U.S. security architecture after the attacks of 11th Sep-tember 2001: “Good people can overcome bad structures. They should not have to.“ We need a capability spectrum which is not derived from the current materiel inventory or from the last procurement plan, but from the analysis of the present and future securi-ty policy challenges. We have therefore used the Security Policy Guidelines to put the se-curity policy analysis at the beginning of the reorientation. We have firstly analysed the challenges, secondly formulated the tasks, and thirdly defined capabilities. In that order, to be precise.

Task Spectrum

Today we experience a multiplicity of risks and threats occurring in different regions, at different times with different intensity and in different combination. Develop-ments apparently taking place far way can quickly have direct effects on Europe and Germany or require our international responsibility and commitment. Against this background, the task spectrum of the Bun-deswehr therefore comprises, aside from national and alliance defence, also both crisis management and conflict prevention missions today – across the borders of na-tion states and nearly all over the world. This requires setting new priorities. Moltke knew already: “He who wants to be strong everywhere, is weak everywhere.“ Many of our partners in EU and NATO – for instance France, Great Britain, Poland, Netherlands,

Federal Minister of Defence, Dr. Thomas de Maizière, in talks with the High Representative of the EU for Foreign and Security Policy, Catherine Ashton, at the start of the meeting of the North Atlantic Council

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European Security and DefenceIssue 1/2013ISSN 1617-7983www.euro-sd.com

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is politically required, wanted, and decided on, the Bundeswehr must be operationally ready and mission-capable. And that’s to say quickly and without lengthy prepara-tions: None of our missions since 1990 was foreseeable on the long term.In such a hardly foreseeable security envi-ronment it must be our ambition to have as many suitable political and military op-tions of action as possible. We should be prepared for all conceivable events, and be particularly well-prepared for the most likely ones. We can certainly not be best prepared for everything at the same time, neither should we be completely unprepared for whatever incident occurs.The broad spectrum of potential mission scenarios must therefore be reflected in the capability spectrum of the Bun-deswehr. Only in this way it will be possible for Germany to act in matters of security policy – conjointly in the alliance and/or in the EU or with other partners. Here is the connection between the security debate and the discussions about the reorienta-tion. Both walk hand in hand. The reori-entation is our response to the changed and changing security parameters. L

frequently in future if it is about to assume responsibility – also in military respects. No one of us is keen on missions – neither in the Bundeswehr nor in the Federal Govern-ment, nor in the Bundestag (Lower House of the Federal Parliament). But if a mission

Goal: Efficient Bundeswehr

At the end of the reorientation process it is expected to have an efficient Bun-deswehr which will offer a broad spec-trum of capabilities to the political side, thus providing options for action. And one which will be adequately mission-oriented, operationally ready and mission capable in terms of personnel and mate-riel. Important prerequisites for that are a demographically stable and balanced personnel structure as well as a sustain-able funding. Although being now a

professional army, the Bundeswehr is to remain entrenched in the society and to offer its members, soldiers, and civilian staff both home and comradeship.As a strong member of the international community Germany will be asked more

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The Federal Office for Infrastructure, Environmental Protection and Ser-vices of the Bundeswehr (Bundesamt für Infrastruktur, Umweltschutz und Dienstleistungen der Bundeswehr, BAIUDBw) was commissioned in Bonn on 30th July 2012. On this occasion a ceremonial act took place at the “Haus der Geschichte“ in Bonn

ATV BOXER employed in mission in Afghanistan: here at Observation Point North, a camp of the German ISAF troops

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A look back to the previous interna-tional Afghanistan commitments elucidates the problems which will

affect the transition process and the fur-ther commitment after 2014. International politics after the demise of the Taliban were closely linked to the goal of setting up security institutions in Afghanistan as part of a comprehensive state-building

agenda. In spring 2002, the G8 countries agreed on a work-sharing scheme to ad-dress five dimensions of the security sec-tor in a concerted action – military, police, fight against drug economy, judiciary and reintegration of former fighters. This lead-nation-approach was not very successful,

because it proved to be impossible to cre-ate a coherent and cross-cutting overall framework, among others. After the Af-ghanistan Conference in London in early 2006, the United Nations were therefore requested to assume, together with the Af-ghan government, a more active role in the co-ordination and monitoring of measures of the security sector reform. But in the

first years of the Afghanistan commitment it was actually not so much about the re-form than about the fundamental build-up of security structures.Although it was meanwhile possible to augment the Afghan National Army (ANA) and police in terms of quantity, essential dimensions of the security sector have re-mained in an underdeveloped state until today. A number of factors were blamed for the failure to make a comprehensive approach, among them the difficult para-metric conditions characterised by decades of civil war, an insufficient mobilisation of resources on the part of the international

partners, and the lack of a conclusive and co-ordinated overall scope for the build-up and reform of the security sector.The deterioration of the security situation since 2005 has considerably contributed to the fact that the holistic approach in Af-ghanistan has faded more and more into the background. The focus was hence-forth set on the quantitative augmenta-tion of the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF), whereas responsibility and govern-ance were neglected in the security sec-tor. Accordingly, the USA has massively increased the resources for the build-up of the ANSF. Washington appropriated twelve

times more financial means for the build-up of the Afghan National Army and police in the fiscal years from 2006 to 2011 than in the period from 2002 to 2005.Under the leadership of the American De-partment of Defense, the USA became by far the dominant actor in the build-up of the ANSF. This build-up focused on the numerical augmentation and the en-hancement of the combat capability of the Afghan National Army by having ne-glected the development of capabilities of higher value, e.g. in the logistic field. The U.S. Army followed primarily the doctrine regarding the support of foreign security

au th o rDr. Michael Paul is Senior Fellow in the Security Policy Research Group of the German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP) in Berlin.

Afghanistan on the Way to Assuming Security Responsibility michael Paul

the process of the step-by-step transition of the security responsibility

to the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) follows ten-year-long

efforts of building up a functional and legitimate security sector.

Lined-up soldiers of the Afghan National Army in Kabul

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providing operational guidance (advice) as well as by sustainably maintaining the Af-ghan capabilities in the sense of providing strategic guidance (advice). According to the plans of NATO, especially the last stage will extend to the period beyond 2014 as it is not expected that Afghanistan will be capable of assuming the entire security re-sponsibility by itself and without interna-tional assistance.To a considerable extent the success of the transition depends on the fact that the numerical augmentation and the im-provement of the quality of the ANSF will materialise as contemplated. The planned pullout of the ISAF troops hinges also di-rectly on the successful outcome of this. In June 2011, the Afghan government and its international donors resolved to have the ANSF augmented to a total of 352,000 sol-diers and policemen by October 2012 (Af-ghanistan National Army (ANA): 195,000; Afghan National Police (ANP): 157,000). As of summer 2012, the training and support activities of ISAF have been concentrated on the build-up of those capacities which exceed pure infantry capabilities, i.e. espe-cially in the fields of logistics, command and control, mission and combat support.The irreversibility of the transition will largely depend on the build-up of functional Af-ghan government structures at central and local levels. The objective of an increasing autonomy of the Afghan government agreed upon with the transition means that the international partners will have to focus even more than in the past on the build-up of institutional capacities of the Afghan security forces and authorities. Unlike the formal process of the transfer of the secu-

forces (Security Force Assistance) which is configured more technically and closely than the concept for security sector reform. Other international actors, like the United Nations or the European Union, have not been able to keep pace with this massive augmentation of the resources and have thus contributed to the neglect of the civil-ian dimensions in Afghanistan.As a consequence of this development the discrepancy between the different dimen-sions of the security sector have become larger and larger. Only since 2009 an inte-grated approach has again been intensely pursued within the scope of the counterin-surgency doctrine which takes the require-ments of the total security sector – including police, judiciary, and good governance – more in account again. In view of the long-term challenge, ignoring these civilian dimensions constitutes a big burden for the transition process.

Transition from 2010 to 2014

The framework for the transition was ap-proved by the Afghan government under President Hamid Karzai and the interna-tional partners during the Kabul Confer-ence in July 2010 and formally decided on at the NATO summit meeting in Lisbon a few months later. Plans are that the respon-sibility for the whole country will have been transferred to Afghan hands at the end of the transition. In parallel to the handing-over process, the role of ISAF will change in four stages, i.e. from a function supporting the ANSF by mentoring them in the sense of providing tactical guidance (advice) and further by enabling them in the sense of

rity responsibility, which is based on certain conditions and time frames, the implemen-tation of these objectives in the field of gov-ernance are comparably unspecific.

Perspectives after 2014

During the Lisbon Summit meeting in No-vember 2010, the Afghan government and NATO signed a declaration on their long-term partnership extending beyond 2014. The contours of this commitment are still indistinct, however, because neither the role and scope nor the core capabilities of the Afghan security forces have hitherto been specified for the long run. The goal of having 352,000 personnel in Army and Police in October 2012 is regarded as be-ing not permanently supportable in view of the enormous costs. In the long range, the strength and quality of the ANSF will, aside from the security situation, need to be aligned to the efficiency of the Afghan economy and thus to the financial possi-bilities of the government in Kabul. Earlier deliberations that calculated with 220,000 to 230,000 security forces in ANA and ANP for the period after the conclusion of the handing-over process seem to be rather arbitrary assumptions. It might be difficult, however, to devise a long-term supporta-ble planning as long as it is not foreseeable how the political and security environment in Afghanistan will develop in future.The rapid augmentation of the Afghan se-curity forces in the past years was effected in conjunction with counterinsurgency ac-tions. In this context it is widely recognised today that the war in Afghanistan can be terminated only at political levels by inte-grating the different groups of the insur-gency, especially the Taliban.The Afghanistan Conference in Bonn in De-cember 2011 for the first time formally doc-umented the support of all international partners for peace negotiations between the Afghan government and the Taliban. The outcome of these negotiations will have fundamental implications for the future role, the scope, and the necessary qualities of the ANSF.

The Afghan National Army (ANA)

The history of the build-up of the Afghan National Army is characterised by neglects of the past years and by still existing defi-cits. In structural respects, the efforts were aimed at building up an infantry ancillary force. Accordingly, initial investments were rather low and the training rudimentary. Incipient planning of the USA – which, as the lead nation, assumed the responsibility

Training of Afghan soldiers by British ISAF soldiers

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sable consequences in a country character-ised by poverty and shortage. Thus, numer-ous cases of embezzlement of equipment/material and negligent or wanton damages to vehicles were documented in the past. Material had to be delivered several times and vehicles were damaged or destroyed during the transfer. Those responsible did not have to face the music – neither with regard to their commanders nor the min-istry.

Perspectives for the Further Development of the ANA

According to official statements more than half of the operations have been conducted under Afghan command and control since the first larger-scale mission in July 2003. The ANA is thus capable of autonomously commanding operations up to company strength (about 120 men). However, not a single Afghan battalion (Kandak) as the next higher military unit has so far been involved in combat in Afghanistan without the assistance of American soldiers or ISAF troops. Of 180 Kandaks, only two were temporarily classified to be capable of op-erating “independently“. According to U.S. General Caldwell, even these relied on help in matters of maintenance, logistics and medical service. And most of the “opera-tions“ are said to have been simple patrols or manning of checkpoints. It is thus not surprising that, according to Caldwell, the ANA will still be dependent on assistance up to at least the year 2017.Hence, the ANA will not yet be capable of independently ensuring the security in Afghanistan in a reasonably short period of time. It continues to be dependent on ISAF instructors, who often act as military lead-ers above the company level, and who can provide reconnaissance, medical evacua-tion (MedEvac), air support, and logistics. Although the Afghan Air Force is being build up on the basis of an army aviation

The high augmentation numbers – especial-ly the duplication of the number of the re-cruited security forces in the past years with a simultaneous reduction of the training pe-riods (in future also of the SAF instructors) – indicate a lasting problem: The quicker the pace of training the lower the quality. The consequence may be that insufficiently trained and equipped units will disband as soon as they are caught in combat actions. The concentration on high augmentation numbers has always resulted in shorter train-ing periods (basic training reduced from 14 to 8 weeks) of increasingly more illiterate recruits and thus in a lack of time to be able to build confidence in the own capabilities – or in those of the combat troops as a unit. Moreover, it was not possible to generate a sufficient number of military leaders whose significance in the ANA cannot be rated high enough. The progress report of the Federal Government therefore attributes particular significance to the quality of the forces with respect to command and control (leader-ship), training, equipment, and operational values. The trend – less and less time for training with fewer ISAF instructors in future – points to the opposite direction, however.Even poorly trained and equipped units can make their mark; insofar motivation is not necessarily dependent on training and equipment. But the question whether security forces are ready to enforce the state’s monopoly on the use of force is un-doubtedly of fundamental significance and linked with the question about the loyalty vis-a-vis the Afghan central state and its president. Already years ago the Afghan Minister of Defence criticised the ANA was worse equipped than the Mujaheddin during the civil war. However, modern weapons are less important than reliable means of transport, functioning ammuni-tion and adequate accommodation. And newer equipment does basically not make a better Army, and the constant influx of weapons and materiel has almost indispen-

for the build-up of the ANA – initially pro-vided for a troop strength of 50,000 men. Although the security situation has signifi-cantly deteriorated since 2005, a quantita-tive increase of the forces has been planned only in the last few years. The intention is now to also qualitatively implement the ex-acting development of an infantry ancillary force to a National Army within a relatively short period of time. Such an army requires a correlatively broader capability spectrum and must, in addition to infantry forces, dis-pose of units which can gain information on an enemy or support and supply own troops on mission, if it is to ensure the se-curity in and for Afghanistan autonomously and without foreign help. The objective of ISAF to enable the Afghan security forces to ensure the security in the area on their own in the transition phase in order to provide for the necessary security for the continua-tion of the development work already ap-pears to be a very ambitious undertaking.How should the current efforts in the build-up of an Afghan army and thus the chances for success of the handing-over process be regarded? A positive change has been noted in the process of the build-up of the Afghan Army since 2009. The grow-ing number of Afghan security forces does not yet correspond to an equally distinct improvement of their quality, but the force has meanwhile proved its capacity for a largely autonomous conduct of operations in many and diverse missions. U.S. General William B. Caldwell, Commander of the NATO Training Mission (NTM-A) and of the respective American command (CSTC-A), also declared in late September 2011, that the Army and police had made “enor-mous“ progress and would be capable of taking full charge of the security in Decem-ber 2014. But he qualified this positive as-sessment by saying that the ANA would still be dependent on the support by American and ISAF forces until the year 2017.

Quantitative Augmentation, Qualitative Deficiencies

At the beginning of the Afghanistan mission the USA had aimed for a troop strength of 50,000 men. At the Petersberg Conference in Bonn in 2002 this number was raised to 70,000 troops. Since 2008, the target strengths have grown rapidly. In February 2008 the Joint Co-ordination and Monitoring Council initially set the number at 86,000 and later at 134,000 soldiers. In January 2010, the target number was again increased to 171,000 by October 2011. An-other new target size of 195,000 troops was decided in June 2011 and was to be achieved by October 2012.

Many control and monitoring tasks are in store for the Afghan security forces

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its foreign partners and the Taliban, and how it will be composed, and what effect it is going to have, is not foreseeable at the moment.However, the Afghan government and in-ternational donors have no choice, but to already today embark on their planning for the ANSF after 2014. Only the results of a political process will generate the long-term conditions for the ANSF, their tasks, structures, and their strength. Even with a favourable outcome of the negotiations with the insurgents it will hardly be pos-sible to involve all armed actors, so that the Afghan security forces are going to have to deal with anti-government forces for the foreseeable future. An accord with the Taliban can cause the goal of creating “de-

politicised“ and professional security forces to recede even further into the distance as they will try to bring in their own political visions and conceptions and might increase the existing fragmentation even further.The transfer of the responsibility to the weak central government in Kabul continues to be a risky undertaking, especially since the security in the country cannot yet be en-sured to the full extent by Afghan forces, with Pakistan still offering retreat areas for the Taliban and a solution of key problems of the country – the reconciliation of the civil war parties and the economic develop-ment – continuing to be highly uncertain. Germany and the USA have pledged their support over and beyond 2014. Without this assistance – including military support – the delegation of the security responsibility in Afghanistan would not be of permanence. Its actual implementation will last at least for another decade in the sense of the transfor-mation decade agreed on in Bonn. L

less developed parts of the country which are often a world away from the idea of a culturally and politically integrated nation (here, the decisive factor has been the high pay since November 2009). In addition, the (all too) quick augmentation can also overstrain the cohesiveness of the “na-tional“ security organisations; there is an increasing risk that they get caught up in the maelstrom of a political, ethnic, and tribal fragmentation of Afghanistan.And finally, 352,000 armed individuals pose a considerable security risk. For the period after the hand-over process – prob-ably as of 2016 – there are American de-liberations calculating with 220,000 to 230,000 security troops in ANA and ANP. It is therefore indeed worth considering as

to what will happen with the soldiers who are now being trained, but who will then not be part of the Army or police anymore. This, however, does not mean a change to the fact that the security forces already re-cruited have to be further qualified; and in parallel to the security-based “transition“ planning there must also be a conceptual prerequisite in the field of economic policy.

From Transition to Transfor-mation

Whether or not the hand-over process will be a success will not only depend on Af-ghan and international efforts. It will also be of decisive importance if to find a sup-portable political solution in Afghanistan. As long as the country is in a state of war, a sustainable build-up of the Afghan security forces will be hardly possible. Whether a solution will be found in the negotiating process between the Afghan government,

corps, the ANA will nevertheless remain dependent on close air support (CAS). The ANA will certainly not have to dispose all elements of a modern Western army to be able to establish security in the country (and even the Bundeswehr has to rely on American close air support in missions). But it must be more than just a “light infantry force“, as former Defence Minister Wardak last put it in February 2012.It would be a success if the Army became a constituent element of an Afghan nation. In ideal circumstances, NATO will leave a relatively disciplined and well trained force behind, which enjoys a comparatively high standing and trust with the population in comparison with the political leadership in Kabul and the police forces. Even when as-

suming such a positive relationship with a continuing beneficial effect the question, however, arises whom the loyalty of the ANA soldiers and officer corps belongs to and whether it will be possible to sustain-ably maintain it through confidence in the political and military leadership.However, is the ANA a true national army, above all? In contrast to the army before the civil war, the officer and NCO corps to-day consists mainly of Tajiks, followed by Pashtunes as the largest segment of the population. Despite increasing efforts to recruit Pashtunes from the southern part of the country, the problem remains that it was bet on the integration of the previous Northern Alliance as the former alliance against the Taliban from the very begin-ning. In consequence, the Pashtunes are still underrepresented in the Army. Also, most of the recruits come from particularly

The Bundeswehr, too, will continue to provide training support to the Afghan soldiers

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16


European Security and Defence

The increasing penetration of informa-tion and communication technology into business and private life requires

ongoing analysis of the undeniably huge innovative potential which IT solutions can provide on the one hand, but also, of the

safety measures that are neces-sary to operate and use IT safely and reliably on the other. As the national secu-rity authority, it is the aim of the Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) to promote IT secu-rity in Germany. The BSI is first and foremost the central IT security service provider

in Germany. However, our services are also addressed at manufacturers, at private and commercial users, and at providers of in-formation technology. We focus on close cooperation with all IT and internet sec-tor players in the field of IT security. This is because, through our daily work, which in-cludes for example protecting government networks, we know that cyber attacks are constantly taking place in Germany, and this can hugely affect the country’s capa-bilities. The types of attacks are extremely varied and range from mass attacks to tar-geted, scalpel-like attacks. In the first in-stance, attacks are carried out in order to acquire citizens’ personal information, and to use their data and digital identities to get money. In the other, they are carried out on businesses in order to steal confidential

information and gain access to expertise. There is also always the potential for at-tacks on business and management which aim to sabotage or stop the operation of infrastructures. The number of attacks in cyber space which target digital identities, confidential data and the availability of electronic processes is both increasing and worrisome.

Race Against Time

Due to the high yields and relatively low risk, cyber crime has a larger and larger pull. Attacks are increasing in both quantity and quality, with cyber criminals becoming more and more sophisticated. As a result, we are seeing an international division of labour in criminal IT activity, in which dif-ferent perpetrators and groups specialise in finding weak points, programming mali-cious code, and carrying out IT attacks and committing cyber crime. It is also obvious

from looking at the statistics that the in-creasing computerisation of society poses a threat which should be taken seriously. The BSI’s IT Situation Centre records 13 weak points in standard programmes and around 60,000 new malware programmes and variants every day. As part of their work to protect government networks, the BSI also observes 2,500 indiscriminate attacks on government networks per day, five to ten targeted attacks on government networks and 35,000 access attempts on compromised websites each month. Every day, some 20,000 websites are infected with malicious programmes and constitute points of infection and distribution. Due to its complexity, information technology, and software in particular, is not without its flaws. Weak points and vulnerable ar-eas are therefore on the agenda, including those which can be exploited remotely via the networking of IT systems. This leads to an ongoing race between cyber at-tacks and cyber defence. The average time taken for software manufacturers to pro-vide repair programmes or security updates is about a month. In addition to this, there is the delay that comes from the patch management carried out in the organisa-

au th o rMichael Hange is the President of the Federal Office for Information Security (BSI).

threats to cyber-Security – an Analysis

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The BSI building in Bonn

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michael hange

Global communications, business-critical economic and management

processes and the maintenance of necessary basic services in public

life: all of this now depends on the internet and the diverse range of

associated it systems.



the Dutch administrative public key infra-structure, attracted just as much attention as the RSA case. The institution used certifi-cates to confirm the authenticity of digital signatures and keys, enabling users to have

tions that use the software. The result: There are always weak points available to attack. This poses a threat to business and management which should not be under-estimated, as the associated internet value chain and service processes, as well as the increasing use of mobile IT, are leading to an opening of IT infrastructures and to the elimination of the traditional perimeter security of a company or administration’s IT. This results in companies’ information technology becoming more exposed and more vulnerable.

Multifaceted Attacks

Multi-stage attacks represent a new di-mension of threat, different from that which we have been able to observe in the recent past. In these types of attacks, the cyber criminal will first attack the secu-rity company or service provider in order to obtain unique information from them. They then use this information to carry out further attacks on the actual target. This is how, for example, an unidentified cyber criminal succeeded in stealing important information for technical password sup-port from a US security company. These so-called tokens generate combinations of numbers, which, as part of a two-factor authentication, should make access secu-rity to information and networks especially secure. According to information in the media, the perpetrators used the knowledge that they acquired about the secu-rity tokens to specifically attack a large defence company which employed the token in question. In 2011, the case of the certificate issuer DigiNotar, who managed

a very high level of confidence in the appli-cation or transaction. Due to poor security measures, attackers succeeded in taking over the institution’s systems and creating certificates which should have ensured the authenticity of messages, connections or products. The successful attack was not picked up on until weeks later, when one of the certificates was noticed being used in Iran. Among the certificates prepared for misuse were those for the issue of any fur-ther required sub-certificates, to be used in attacks against, or in the name of the CIA or Mossad, or as an alleged issuer of Mi-crosoft updates. The findings of the cyber forensics advisory board of the Alliance for Cyber Security – a joint initiative founded by the BSI and the Federal Association for Information Technology, Telecommunica-tions and New Media (BITKOM) – confirm targeted cyber espionage, cyber sabotage and cyber extortion attacks in which small, medium-sized and large companies were affected. There are very few cases reported to the police, and most cyber espionage cases are only detected by chance.

The Hacktivism Phenomenon

Another kind of cyber threat is that of “hacktivism“. The neologism, formed from the words hacking and activism, describes the attempt to achieve certain, usually po-litical or ideological, objectives using “hack-ing“ techniques. In general, hackers are characterised by their diversity. The moti-vation to collaborate and to support the re-spective campaign varies from a few ideo- logically-motivated people, who provide activists with very convincing motives and reasoning, to many interested participants who support this reasoning and join in. The campaigns are designed in such a way that the majority of those interested require lit-tle or no technical knowledge and, as a result, requirements are very low and par-ticipating in a campaign is very simple. The required expertise and corresponding tools are provided by a relatively small number of well-educated “hackers“. Hacktivist groups describe themselves as a “collective“: A loose cell structure without a strong bond or fixed contacts with each other. There are usually only opinion leaders, and no set “leader“ or permanent, governing bodies. As a result, the group is elusive, difficult to control and unpredictable. In the past, hacktivists have used predominantly DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attacks on the availability of sites and hacking at-tacks to alter website presences or to steal data. In Germany, targets of such attacks included critical infrastructure companies and federal administration authorities.

federal office for information security

The Federal Office for Information Se-curity (BSI) was established on the 1st January 1991 and is part of the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI). The BSI is an independent and neutral body con-cerned with issues relating to IT security in the information society. It is therefore unique as an authority in comparison to other institutions in Europe. BSI cur-rently employs around 550 computer scientists, physicists, mathematicians and other members of staff. The institu-tion has its headquarters in Bonn. Along with the rapid development of informa-tion technology in nearly all aspects of everyday life, new IT applications, and therefore new security gaps, are always appearing. The more dependent a per-son is on information technology, the more their security comes into question. Our society has never before been faced with such a great threat of computer failure, abuse or sabotage. It cannot yet be ensured with enough certainty that information technology does what it should, and does not what it should not do. As a result of the fact that the problems in information technology are so diverse, BSI’s range of tasks is very complex.

Participants at “CyberSecurity 2012“ discussed the current challenges in the field of IT and cyber security during several round table discussions

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to make the latest information on cyber se-curity available in Germany, and to facilitate a more comprehensive view of the current threat situation. The initiative is aimed at IT and security managers in companies and organisations of any size. Within the frame-work of the Alliance, companies, authorities and institutions which are able to support and design cyber security work together on a voluntary basis. The Alliance also allows people to anonymously report attacks on IT systems. In this way, the Alliance, as part of the Cyber Security Strategy for Germany, complements the measures of the Critical Infrastructure Protection (KRITIS) implemen-tation plan, which are applied to critical in-formation infrastructures.Companies must be aware of the risks and the damage that IT attacks can cause and be able to deal with them sensibly. The more dependent a company is on a func-tioning IT system, the more they should invest in IT security management. Another important factor is that all players from the government, industry and society work to-gether: Only then can cyber security pre-vail. The government cannot solve internet security problems and security problems on the internet alone. It can, however, create the conditions for increasing the level of IT security in close cooperation with industry, science and society. For this reason, the BSI also relies on close collaboration with the various parties involved. The positive value of IT – in a social and economic sense – has long depended on whether or not users and operators have confidence in infra-structures. Security forms an essential basis of this confidence. L

ate crisis response plans should be made for incidents of this nature. An important component of effective protection against cyber attacks is to analyse attack methods and attack techniques. For this reason, the BSI evaluates a range of sources in order to gather technical information on these methods, to analyse trends and incidents in IT security and to develop preventive coun-termeasures that are applicable, even in the event of an acute attack. Operationally, the BSI is responsible for the security of govern-ment networks, and the initiative operates its own sensors in these networks in or-der to detect anomalies and attacks. Over and above purely this technical data, the overview of the security situation in gov-ernment networks is also supported by the BSI’s function as a central reporting centre for IT security incidents. Federal agencies are required to report IT security incidents to the operations centre of the BSI immediately. In this way, the BSI is able to assess the extent of the incident and determine whether or not other institutions are also at risk, or have in fact already been affected. Under certain circumstances, warnings will be issued and adequate countermeasures developed.

Alliance for Cyber Security

Given the critical cyber security situation, joint action is needed from government, industry and science in order to be able to counter the growing threat of cyber attacks using suitable general measures in the fu-ture. This is where the Alliance for Cyber Security comes in. The Alliance’s objective is

Many participants, however, do not seem to be aware of the fact that these actions are illegal in most cases and that they are prosecuted by law enforcement agencies accordingly, or take this risk as part of the thrill. These participants believe in anony- mity on the web, which gives them a false sense of security and causes them to partic-ipate in DDoS attacks or launch their own hacking attempts.

Dealing With Cyber-Attacks

The increasing sophistication of both at-tackers and attack methods is leading to a high level of vulnerability. However, around 80 percent of known attacks can be pre-vented using standard security measures, for example as part of IT baseline protection. It is often the case that there is a lack of im-plementation of these standard measures.

For example, patch management might not be up to date or passwords may be poorly-chosen or non-existent. Companies also often use outdated software that has not been updated. This kind of problem is often linked with investments and financial viability, but is also often the result of sim-ple negligence. The remaining 20 percent of attacks are highly professional targeted attacks, against which it is very difficult to take preventative measures. In princi-ple, companies and organisations should be aware of the risks posed by the pos-sibility of a cyber attack. This also includes continuously analysing the protection re-quirements of existing data, infrastructures and processes. In the case of information with high protection requirements, con-sideration should be given to whether or not access paths can be made secure and how this can be done. Moreover, appropri-

Companies are still too careless when it comes to IT security and data being misused by their own staff

Data security has high priority nowadays

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A RMed Fo Rce S

NATO’s maritime power will remain to be an important factor in the future. Most of global population

live in mega-cities along coastal lines. De-spite the fact that the German submarine fleet is a very small one; these submarines could make an important contribution to the Alliance’s maritime capability in sup-port of NATO’s day-to-day and responsive maritime operations. Even after more than 100 years, submarine’s main advantages still are its stealth signature in combination with unique capabilities for operations in the littorals, confined and shallow waters.The inherent stealth characteristics of sub-marines built in Germany constitute an ob-vious force multiplier: An opponent might suspect its presence, without, however, being able to identify details. This consti-tutes an effect as soon as the presence of a submarine in a certain area of operation is no more than suspected: Its detection, identification and its engagement will force the opponent to take large-scale detection and counteraction measures by local and theatre Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) operations.After the Cold War new operational re-quirements emerged for submarines to better cope with global crisis management

as well as conflict prevention. Their invis-ibility ensures an unique access to denied areas. Besides other very important roles of a submarine, like nuclear deterrence, persistent and covert intelligence gather-ing, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) as well as operations in support of Special Operations Forces (SOF), acting in littorals, amphibious or expeditionary warfare has become an important aspect for naval operations. Many navies have developed concepts and new platforms for confined and shallow waters where large nuclear submarines have limited access.In parallel, the complexity of possible fu-ture tasks and new priorities – such as protection and surveillance of Sea Lines of Communication and sea denial – will in-

crease NATO’s demand for multinational combined and joint force operations in a network-centric scenario where a subma-rine has to accomplish more than one of these tasks in parallel.

Air-Independent Propulsion Systems

During underwater operations, conven-tional diesel-electric submarines consume the energy stored in their onboard batteries. During snorkeling travel these batter-ies are charged by diesel generators. Although submarines had reached a high degree of stealth in battery-only sub-merged operations, the frequent necessity to snorkel, i.e. expose hoistable masts, emit

au th o rTechRegDir Jürgen Giefer has been an Assistant Chief of Section in the Underwater Weapons Department of the Directorate General for Arma-ments at the German MoD, today designated AIN V 6. He is responsible for the implementation of selected naval armament programmes (sub-marines, anti-helicopter missiles, command and weapon control systems for submarines) as well as re-search & technology supervision.

Jürgen giefer

esse non videri – unseen but on SceneHow Germany’s new non-nuclear submarines could contribute to NAto’s maritime capabilities

“Because the NAto Alliance is increasingly relying on naval assets, we need more nations which can

contribute to strike operations from sea; increasing capabilities in particular sub-surface, surveillance

by submarines with air-independent propulsion systems!” ( Adm. James George Stavridis, Supreme Allied

commander europe SAceuR/ Allied command operations)

During Operation SHARP GUARD, allied submarines were temporarily placed close to the coastline of former Yugoslavia for ISR missions

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the most challenging specification for new submarines was the requirement for an air-independent propulsion (AIP) system that would suppress radar detection, combined with extremely low acoustic, magnetic, hy-drodynamic and thermal signatures.The German Navy’s Class 212A, of which four boats were commissioned between

engine noise and other signatures, made them vulnerable to an unacceptable extent. The first design concepts and operational requirements for the German Class 212 date back to the late 1980s, when Ger-man submarines were supposed to operate in the eastern Baltic, detached as the first line of a layered defence plan. Therefore,

2005 and 2007, was the first fuel cell equipped submarine in series production. Two additional boats with deliveries scheduled until 2014 will have upgrades, add-ons and improvements to bet-ter cope with the mission spectrum and operational challenges of the near future.

“Due to their characteristics of compactness, covertness, sus-tainability and high combat power and the necessary growth potential to react flexibly to changes, submarines 'Made in Germany' are able to fulfil the majority of missions that today’s and future scenarios hold in stock for underwater platforms. They expand the maritime capa-bility spectrum of Allied Armed Forces in a unique way.” (Capt. (ret.) Raimund Wallner, Ger-man Navy, FMoD Germany: “German Submarines – Myth Alone does not Explain Success”; “The Submarine Re-view”, U.S. Naval Submarine League, Issue October 2009, p. 29) Conventional submarine surfacing next to an Italian De la Penne Class

destroyer

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sired scaled effect – anything between a precision strike with minimal collateral damage to mission abort is possible. There-fore, the value of this missile, especially in asymmetric scenarios, in littoral warfare and crisis management, is obvious.Multi-purpose hoistable masts (“Triple M”) will enable submarines to better cope with asymmetric scenarios and will allow inter-mission modularity, since payloads can be exchanged rapidly due to standardised in-terfaces.For the near future, all AIP submarines will remain hybrid, which means they will re-quire batteries for speed ranges in excess of 8 knots. New lithium-ion technology offers major advantages for tomorrow’s subma-rines. A new battery pack will fit into the available volume and will weigh only a frac-tion of the lead-acid cell. The higher spe-cific energy leads to a clear increase in the submerged cruising range and endurance, with the best efficiency being obtained in the high-speed sector. The AIP system and innovative batteries will complement each another perfectly.

Contribution to NATO’s Maritime Capabilities

The majority of the global population lives in coastal areas. As yet unexploited large quantities of natural resources are expected on the floors of the respective continental shelves. New waterways and shipping routes in the high north might become navigable through climate change – which might in turn ease access to such resources. All these factors will certainly cause new sources of conflict in the not so distant future.Conventional submarines with AIP systems are smaller, more agile, and silent. Hence, they are better suited than their nuclear counterparts for operations in confined and shallow waters.Thanks to their stealth qualities, their en-durance, their high-technology sensors and machinery, their modern armament and their future special operation forces capa-bilities, German submarines with AIP sys-

magnetic spectrum requires for the sub-marine to corrupt its major stock in trade, its invisibility, by ascending to periscope depth. A retractable tethered buoy is the sophisticated answer to this “dilemma”. It eliminates the weakness in connectivity by

allowing the submarine to maintain robust two-way communication while manoeu-vring at depth.For submarines to be effective, they must be able to react flexibly to new future ca-pability gaps, to assume new critical roles and to add payloads, e.g. to be tailored to SOF-missions by optional clip-on pressure-proof containers, or by a lock-out chamber, which will substantially improve the ease and speed of disembarkation and recovery of SOF.

Future Applications – Research & Development

Lightweight, wire-guided missiles such as the Interactive Defense and Attack System for Submarines (IDAS) will provide subma-rines with the novel capacity to engage ASW helicopters, low flying Maritime Pa-trol Aircrafts (MPA) as well as surface and close-to-shore land targets. The point of impact can be selected to achieve the de-

An AIP system based on fuel cell technolo-gy with hydrogen and oxygen as reactants is not yet capable of providing enough per-formance for high travelling speed. There-fore, the propulsion system of the Class U212A still has to combine conventional batteries and a single high-performance diesel generator system (to charge the bat-teries for periods with a higher electrical demand) with the AIP system.This system provides the boat with its most outstanding capability: Deep submerged, silent operations over several weeks with air-independent propulsion at lower speeds.For signature and for safety reasons, the proven nonmagnetic German submarine design using austenite steel was main-tained.

The role that has increasingly gained in im-portance, not only for German submarines, is that of covert ISR. In very shallow littoral waters, where German submarines have always excelled, these boats exploit their full freedom of movement where bigger and in particular nuclear-powered units are not even capable of diving.Combat against enemy surface and sub-marine forces in the sea denial role is, and will remain, the primary task of German submarines. For the near future, the tor-pedo will remain the major weapon of the Class U212A. With a range extending far beyond the horizon the DM 2 A4 dual role heavyweight torpedo has become a true “stand-off” weapon and is probably second to none in the world at present.Network-enabled capabilities for subma-rines are indispensable for interoperability with own and allied forces. However, apart from acoustic communication and tradi-tional very low frequency (VLF) broadcast, any intended transmission in the electro-

Still, operations at periscope depth are necessary to allow traditional very low frequency (VLF) broadcast

U33, the third of the German Navy’s Class U212A submarines, surfacing in the Baltic Sea off the coast of Eckernförde

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frequency active sonars employed by modern ASW platforms;

• Enhancing versatility through mission-tailored, modular weapons with scal-able impact, unmanned vehicle and sensor payloads to assume new roles;

• Maintaining connectivity in a network-enabled environment.

Undoubtedly, there will be global challeng-es, future anti-access, area denial threats and increasing challenges to sea control where conventional submarines will have an advantage in accessibility, because they are relatively small, versatile, modular in terms of payload and thus flexible enough to take on new missions. Assuming new roles by exploiting innovative technological developments will keep them relevant far into the future.Because of their specialisation “by design“ submarines will gain increasing importance in maritime and joint operations with a focus on operations in the littorals if their contribution is requested. But to achieve NATO’s “Submarine White Paper” require-ments and goals of 2009, conventional submarines need to be fully integrated into NATO’s joint forces – probably by common funding – in order to successfully use the unique and efficient capabilities in today’s and tomorrow’s scenarios. L

However, there is a wide branch of various assets among the NATO nations. U212A is not the asset for rapid deployment, but once on scene, it provides an unequalled capability for submarine operations in con-fined and shallow waters. The need to ad-just the Class 212A to today’s requirements is clearly recognised.Development of the new German Class 212A submarines and the Class 214 as the export variant was initiated in response to progress made in submarine detection technologies, advances in anti-submarine tactics and weaponry, and due to the ex-tension of deployments in terms of range and time. Innovative technologies like fuel cells and other AIP-systems enormously ex-tend underwater endurance up to several weeks. They also improve overall efficiency by an order of magnitude.Germany needs to continue to research new technologies to improve capabilities and options that provide operability any-where with a focus on the littorals. Empha-sis will therefore be on:• Extension of submerged endurance by

storing, producing and using energy more efficiently;

• Further reduction of signatures and especially target strength to counter the ever-increasing threat from low

tems could play their part as a fully integrated and independent component to coun-ter asymmetric threats and to take part in crisis management and conflict prevention in complex multinational operations.During Operation SHARP GUARD, allied submarines were temporarily placed close to the coastline of former Yugoslavia for ISR missions.During Operation ACTIVE ENDEAVOUR, German submarines gathered an impor-tant amount of data on critical contacts of interest. The positioning of conventional German submarines provided the neces-sary information to intercept or investigate suspect vessels and to protect international merchant traffic. It became an integral and important part of a maritime contribution to the allied forces.

Outlook and Recommendation

“NATO is a security Alliance that fields mili-tary forces able to operate together in any environment; […] and that has at its dis-posal core capabilities that few Allies could afford individually.” (Active Engagement, Modern Defence; Strategic Concept for the Defence and Security of the Members of NATO, Lisbon Summit 19-20 Nov., 2010).

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After long definition and develop-ment phases ranging from the Eu-ropean Fighter Aircraft (EFA) via the

“Jäger 90“ and Eurofighter 2000 up to to-day’s Eurofighter (international: Typhoon) the prototype Development Aircraft (DA1) took off for its maiden flight from Manch-ing airfield on 27th March 1994. Following extensive testing, the final assembly of the first Eurofighter series production aircraft was started at Manching with the GS001 (German Single Seater). In February 2003, the first production Eurofighter GT 001 (German Twin Seater) earmarked for the German Luftwaffe accomplished its first flight. The beginning of flight operations by the 73rd Fighter Wing “Steinhoff“ at Laage airbase marked the official service introduc-tion of the Eurofighter with the Luftwaffe. Centralised flying training has been con-ducted there since that time. Completion of the flight training courses at Laage enables the pilots for advanced training for the final operational capability in their future tactical wings. The training of the technical Eurofighter personnel is presently being conducted at the Air Force School of Engineering at Kaufbeuren, but will be moved to Lechfeld in future. On 25th July 2006, the first Eurofighter was handed over to the 74th Fighter Wing at Neuburg/Danube – the first Eurofighter op-erational wing of the Luftwaffe. The 31st Fighter Bomber Wing “Boelcke“ (Jagd- bombergeschwader 31) at Noervenich fol-lowed as the third base on 16th December 2009.There were many new procedures applied for the development and introduction of the Eurofighter. Aside from relying exten-sively on computer-based planning and

management and a completely new lo-gistic concept with substantial inclusion of industrial capacities with regard to mainte-nance, the Eurofighter weapon system was deliberately introduced in several technical development tranches. Even eight years af-ter its introduction into the Luftwaffe this combat aircraft of the 4th generation con-tinues to be in a constant evolution process which is to continuously improve the weap-on system. This approach was purposefully chosen and considered in the development contracts. It guarantees permanent techni-cal performance improvement. Moreover, it will allow for the complete exploitation of the weapon system’s growth potential in the future.

Milestones Reached

In the past years the Luftwaffe was able to reach important milestones with the Eu-rofighter. On 3rd June 2008 the Eurofighter assumed the role of Alert Section South (Quick Reaction Alert Interceptor, QRA(I))

with the 74th Fighter Wing as a contribu-tion to NATO air defence as well as to en-suring airspace surveillance over Germany. In February 2009 a long-range deployment by air to the Indian sub-continent, to Aero India, was successfully carried out for the first time in tandem with the Airbus A310 MRTT (Multi Role Transport Tanker) of the Luftwaffe. In the same year, the Eurofighter took over the air policing task over the Bal-tic States for a period of two months. Au-tonomous operations over several weeks from late autumn to the first winter months in adverse weather conditions provided im-pressive proof of the aircraft’s capabilities. In addition to exercises and firing cam-paigns at the Air Weapons Training Instal-lation (AWTI) of NATO at Decimomannu in Sardinia in 2010, Eurofighters participated for the first time in the Tactical Leadership Program (TLP) at Albacete/Spain in 2011. In this TLP, two aircraft crews and their techni-cal teams of the international participants each undergo tests in particularly exacting tactical mission scenarios. At the NATO

The aerodynamics, the thrust of the EJ200 engines and the use of light struc-tural materials give the Eurofighter high climbing performance, allow for high centrifugal forces (+ 9 g) and provide for a take-off weight of 23.5 tons

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eurofighter typhoon

eight years of Flight operations in the luftwaffe Jan gloystein

au th o rLTC (GS) Jan Gloystein is an Assis-tant Chief of Section in the German Air Force Command, Berlin.

on 30th April 2004 the first eurofighter typhoon of the luftwaffe landed on the runway of the airbase of

73rd Fighter Wing “Steinhoff“ in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. A moment the luftwaffe had long waited for.

eight years later, the 30,000th flight hour was completed – accident-free – at three bases.

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ducted without any accidents. In total, all user nations have hitherto flown more than 150,000 flying hours with both test and series production aircraft.

Implications of the Bundes-wehr Structure

The main objective of the current realign-ment is to further strengthen the future qualification of the Bundewehr by mission-capable and operationally ready armed forces. At the same time, the focus is on the most likely mission scenarios within the scope of crisis management and con-flict prevention. This will lead to significant changes for the primary weapon systems of the Bundeswehr – including combat aircraft. Aside from retiring the F-4F Phan-toms and the early reduction of the Tornado combat aircraft to 85, the decision was also to reduce the number of Eurofighters from originally 180 to 143 aircrafts. Without the three test aircraft (Instrumented Produc-tion Aircraft, IPA), which formally belong to the “Equipment, Information Technology, and In-Service Support“ sector, the remain-ing number of Eurofighters is 140. These constitute the backbone of the Luftwaffe in the next decades. As a result from the reduction in numbers an operational re-quirement has been formulated, according to which such a significantly smaller fleet must be qualitatively well equipped and flexibly employable. Of the 180 Eurofighters originally earmarked for the Luftwaffe, 145 aircraft of Tranches 2 and 3 were planned

management and the certification author-ity, contributed decisively to the successful deployment and execution of the exercise. The significant commitment and flexibility of the entire Bundeswehr contributed to the success of the Eurofighter. As part of this exercise major milestones could once again be achieved with this weapon system and new tasks were fulfilled. All missions flown so far – about 30,000 flying hours – with the German Eurofighters were con-

Start-Assess (first review and evaluation by NATO in the change of a weapon system to a new capability role) in autumn 2011, NATO officially assessed the Eurofighter positively in the extended air defence role ADX (Air Defence Advanced). It is now an essential component of the German armed forces within the scope of the NATO Re-sponse Force (NRF).In 2012 a transatlantic air deployment to Alaska – halfway around the globe – took place for the first time, providing for par-ticipation in one of the world-wide largest and most sophisticated exercises: Red Flag. The objective of this international joint air warfare exercise was to intensify own tac-tical training, to collect experiences with the employment of the weapon system in the scope of international operations, and to define an optimisation potential for the weapon system. Here, too, the Eurofighter showed excellent performance in com-parison with others. The 74th Fighter Wing from Neuburg/Danube as the participating unit received wide recognition from all sides. The weapon system was capable of acting in the air defence role jointly with other nations and clearly demonstrated its interoperability. The pilots of the unit even frequently took over lead roles in the in-dividual scenarios. This baptism of fire of the Eurofighter weapon system in challeng-ing air warfare operations within interna-tional scope was a brilliant performance. Dedicated technical preparations of the aircraft were necessary in order to meet the requirements for participation. Thei ac-complishment, primarily through in-service

Final assembly of the Eurofighter for the Luftwaffe at the Manching factory of Cassidian

The EJ200 engine developed by MTU, Rolls-Royce UK, FiatAvio and ITP has proved to have a high static stability and a performance potential in excess of 90 kN

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when employed in urban terrain or in the proximity to allied and own ground forces. Particularly when supporting own forces on the ground this precise and scalable armament allows for a valuable joint and combined contribution within the scope of close air support.In addition to the aforementioned sensors and effectors it is furthermore essential to advance the Eurofighter’s reconnaissance

of ground targets, as well as all-weather-capable short-range air-launched ammuni-tion, the Guided Bomb Unit (GBU) 48. In addition the procurement of a supplemen-tary modification to the GBU-48 is planned, the Trojan Improved Penetrator (TIP), for increased penetration capacity at reduced explosive power. With this adapted target effect the TIP will minimise the effects of unwanted collateral damages, especially

to be multi-role-capable, and 32 of Tranche 1 were originally intended for air defence only. Crisis management missions in the recent past – especially the employment of Eurofighters of the Royal Air Force over Libya both in the air defence and air attack roles – have shown that such scenarios re-quire multi-role combat aircraft that can be flexibly employed and are able to assume different roles quickly. Thus, combat aircraft geared to an air operation must even be ca-pable of carrying out these different roles in one mission at the same time (swing role). For this reason, the aim of the Luftwaffe is to have the entire fleet of 140 Eurofighters multi-role capable in order to execute air defence, air attack – including close air sup-port – and reconnaissance missions in par-allel. Thus the Bundeswehr will be able to fulfil its commitment within NATO. Of the total of 140 Eurofighters presently planned, only 108 aircraft have so far been con-tracted as multi-role-capable Eurofighters of the Tranches 2 and 3a. Up to this date, 88 Eurofighters have been delivered to the Luftwaffe.

Continued Development To-wards Multi-Role Capability

For the future operations of German Eu-rofighters in international environments, the main effort is now on the development of the consistent build-up of the multi-role capability. In the first phase the Luftwaffe will integrate an electro-optical target il-luminator to provide precision capability, the laser designator pod for the marking

As part of the tests of Phase 1 of the Enhancement Programme, the Eurofighter IPA 7 was equipped with Laser Designator Pod and IRIS-T, a decisive step towards multi-role capability

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exercise in Alaska. A one-sided concentra-tion on air defence would be wrong, how-ever. The Luftwaffe demands therefore that all Eurofighters be made multi-role-capable. As the future backbone of the Luftwaffe they should also have capabilities for precise air strikes, manned reconnaissance, and for electronic warfare. As far as this require-ment is concerned we are in agreement with the other Eurofighter nations.“ In this quotation from the interview conducted in summer 2012, the Chief of Staff, Luftwaffe, Lieutenant General Karl Müllner, specifies the changes and priorities associated for the concrete demand for action.After eight years in the Bundeswehr it has become apparent that the Eurofighter is not just a highly agile combat aircraft which can compete with any combat aircraft in the world. According to reports by own and allied pilots this was also expressly proven during the Red Flag Alaska exercise. Thanks to its modular and largely software-based configuration it has considerable growth potential. The integration into data networks already allows for the application of completely new tactics and cooperation with other elements of joint and combined air warfare. The two engines of the Eu-rofighter provide the capability for super-cruise (supersonic speed flight without use of the afterburner), short take-off runways, excellent climb performance, and unique acceleration. The intelligent flight control system supports the pilot in a completely innovative way and lets him concentrate even better on tactical requirements.The Eurofighter is a system that can prove itself in complex scenarios and enable the pilot to accomplish his future task as a “bat-tlefield manager“. L

real flight hours to be used more effectively and more efficiently for the crews through respective mission preparation in the ASTA.

Complex and Intelligent

“The Luftwaffe is presently accomplish-ing the most comprehensive realignment of its history. Mission-based thinking is the guideline. (…) In the field of air defence we have already reached a pretty good state of equipment and training with the Eurofighter. Our Eurofighter units have pro-vided impressive proof of this in permanent daily operations for the protection of the German airspace, in missions for the protec-tion of the airspace over the Baltic States as well as recently in the advanced air combat

capabilities. The integration of a digital re-connaissance pod – the Recce-Lite Pod –, real-time video transmission capability (full motion video) of the laser designator pod (target illumination), data communication through an “Improvised Data Modem“, and linkage to the Remotely Operated Video Enhanced Receiver (ROVER) are just some examples which need to be priori-tised now.

Success Story “Flight Simulator“

The ASTA (Aircrew Synthetic Training Aid) simulator which was procured together with the Eurofighter has so far been installed at all three bases. It represents an added value for the training and extension training of the aircraft crews. With more than 17,000 simulator hours the Luftwaffe has not only assumed a pioneer role compared with the other nations, but takes advantage of this possibility at the highest tactical-op-erational level. It is meanwhile possible to transfer different mission scenarios to the ASTA simulator and thus use the flight hour quotas with the aircraft more efficiently for other training purposes. In the daily duties of the operational units the ASTA has as-sumed a prominent role. Thus, 40 of the 180 flight hours required by NATO can be flown by the pilots in the simulator in ac-cordance with qualification requirements. Moreover it is possible to develop tactics in the simulator for subsequent use with the aircraft. Maintaining and/or acquiring licence-relevant performance and services will partially be possible, too. The simula-tor hours in the ASTA do not replace the real flight hours, but allow for the available

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Whilst, during the Cold War, the Federal Navy’s operations were limited mainly to the North Sea

and Baltic and as part of NATO, the reunifi-cation of Germany opened up completely new missions and mandates for the Ger-man Navy, now “reunited“ too. Today, German Navy units can be found operat-ing worldwide. As well as national missions and deployment as part of NATO, they are also increasingly under United Nations and European Union command.

The Second Gulf War

One of the first major challenges after the Cold War ended was the Second Gulf War: When Iraqi troops occupied Kuwait in the summer of 1990, an international coalition led by the USA set out to free the country. The German Navy was involved to some extent, with up to twenty ships and boats at times strengthening the standing NATO forces and a minesweeping unit which cleared sea mines in the Persian Gulf after the war ended, as part of Operation “South Flank“, involving some 40 minesweepers working together as an international force for more than a year, clearing around 1,200 mines. That was the first time in its history that the Bundeswehr faced a military threat during a foreign deployment.

Conflict in the Balkans

The armed conflicts in the Balkans began when Yugoslavia collapsed and Croatia and Slovenia declared their independence in summer 1991. The UN Security Council then instructed NATO to monitor the Adri-atic coastal areas of Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1992-1993, imposing an embargo to stop arms trading in civil war areas. Op-eration Maritime Monitor, which started first, did not foresee armed deployments in the first instance; but initial experiences soon showed the limits of what an effec-tive embargo could achieve purely through having Navy units available, so the follow-on Operation Maritime Guard added that option. The German Navy took part in

these operations with units implementing this mandate as part of NATO’s permanent deployment forces. From November 1992 onwards, naval armed forces of NATO and the WEU operated in the Adriatic enforc-ing trade sanctions and the arms embargo the UN Security Council had imposed by sea. In 1993, these two separate operations were merged to give the joint NATO-WEU Operation Sharp Guard, with 14 nations supporting operations with many surface units and remote naval reconnaissance units until June 1996. From summer 1993 onwards, Germany contributed two frigates or destroyers continuously and three Breguet Atlantic reconnaissance air-craft each to the embargo. Meanwhile, Bosnian Serbs conducted their first of-fensives against United Nations enclaves set up in Bosnia-Herzegovina to protect the civilian population in 1994-5, com-mitting widespread massacres and tak-ing around four hundred members of UN-PROFOR and UN observers hostage. NATO responded under UN auspices by taking military action to enforce the en-

claves. As part of Operation Deliberate Force, NATO fighters attacked the Bosnian Serbs’ military infrastructure in late sum-mer 1995. Simultaneous ground offensives by Croatian and Bosnian armed forces ul-timately forced the Bosnian Serbs to put down their arms. The German Navy was involved, using Breguet Atlantic maritime reconnaissance aircraft to help produce a picture of what was happening on the ground. A fast motor boat and mine de-fence unit was also on standby, but was not deployed. While the situation in Bos-nia-Herzegovina stabilised, there was mas-sive unrest and looting in Albania, and the Albanian state collapsed early in 1997. Ger-man nationals and those of other countries who were still in the Albanian capital Ti-rana at that time were airlifted to safety by Operation Dragonfly, using three German Transall C-160 cargo aircraft and five CH-53 medium transport helicopters. The German Navy moved the frigate NIEDERSACHSEN to the seas west of the Albanian coast to enable the German forces to respond bet-ter generally and assist in an emergency.

Minesweeping unit with mine hunters on the march in the field

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the German Navy in international operations team of authors, fleet command

in the face of global security policy challenges, the German Navy has developed from an escort and coastal

defence force to a navy capable of operating worldwide. looking at recent history shows it has been able to

demonstrate just what it can do in the most varied theatres and meeting very different requirements.

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was also under dual command, which caused coordination problems, and led the Bundeswehr to set up a joint armed forces deployment command. After the interna-tional troops pulled out, Somalia became increasingly unsafe, and civil war broke out. The country’s precarious finances led to a massive increase in piracy off its coast in the following years. A number of military operations were conducted to help make the area safer for commercial shipping, led by NATO, the European Union and indi-vidual countries. Since the end of 2008, German naval units have been taking part in the EU’s Operation Atalanta, particularly

of Somalia sooner than planned. It there-fore fell to the German Navy to evacuate the 1,700 or so German soldiers in Somalia at short notice and get them to Mombasa and Djibouti. For this, known as Operation Southern Cross, the Navy provided sup-ply ships and frigates, ferrying back and forth. There were two findings from this operation: Provision must always be made for pulling out – including at short notice – when deployed abroad. The German Navy does not have any specialist units for strate-gic transport at sea, however. The joint sup-port ships proposed in future are intended to close this capability gap. The operation

Operation Dragonfly was a success, but was seen as the Bundeswehr’s first opera-tion under fire, as the aircraft used in the evacuation were shot at. During the Koso-van war, NATO continued its monitoring and embargo operations in the Adriatic and, once again, German Navy units were involved. Germany also sent three naval units to clear mines as part of Operation Allied Harvest I and II from summer 1999 onwards, mainly to salvage and/or destroy munitions NATO’s airborne deployments had dropped into the Adriatic. Minesweep-ing units from eight nations cleared an area of more than 1,000 square miles. As well as munitions left over from the Kosovan war, they also cleared many mines from past World Wars.

Somalia

The German Navy can also act as part of joint operations, as it showed in spring 1994: The German Army was involved in stabilising the situation in Somalia under a United Nations mandate. In autumn 1993, US troops had suffered an embarrassing defeat in the “Battle for Mogadishu“, and media reports turned the American people against continuing the US’s involvement, which led to the USA pulling its troops out

Submarines (here: U 33) are also used in the anti-terror Operation Active Endeavour in the Mediterranean

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Armed fo rce s


Active Endeavour, backed by the German Parliament, were commanded at national level by Fleet Command in in Glücksburg, then by Naval Command in Rostock from 1st October 2012. Operation Enduring Free-dom (OEF) was another part of the response to the terrorist attacks of 11th September. It started in October 2001 and aims to elimi-nate terrorist command and training posts, combat terrorism, capture terrorists and bring them before the courts, and deter third parties permanently from supporting terrorist activities. This Operation covers four regions: Afghanistan, the Horn of Africa, the Philippines and Saharan and sub-Saharan Africa. Led by the USA, around 70 nations worldwide were involved in this operation at times. The German Navy was involved from 2002 onwards, with frigates, supply ships, motor boats, seaborne reconnaissance and helicopters in the seas off the Horn of Africa, with German flag officers assuming com-mand of the contingent deployed locally. Germany reduced its naval involvement as time went by, ending in summer 2010. The Operation itself continues, however.

in protecting UN World Food Programme shipments from pirate attacks. For this, the German Navy regularly provides one or more frigates and supply ships and P-3C Orion naval reconnaissance aircraft at times, and maintains a base onshore at Djibouti for logistic support. In the second half of 2011, Germany served as Force Commander, taking over commanding the multinational forces in the deployment area with the frigate BAYERN as flagship.

Fight Against International Terrorism

The immediate response to the terrorist at-tacks on the World Trade Center, New York on 11 September 2001 was to set up an international coalition led by the USA to fight terrorism worldwide. Germany was involved from the start. As early as winter 2001, the first German Navy units were monitoring sea traffic in the Mediterranean and the Straits of Gibraltar as part of Op-eration Active Endeavour. This NATO-led operation aimed at producing a situation plan of what terrorists were trying to do in the region and counteract this, and show that the coalition was resolved and stood together in fighting international terrorism. The German Navy took part in the operation as part of standing NATO units, and also provided units regularly to patrol the Medi-terranean on reconnaissance and monitor-ing duties. As well as frigates, submarines and motor boats were also used at times. The German units involved in Operation

Searching a dhow suspected of piracy off the Horn of Africa

A German frigate evacuates Egyptian refugees from Libya during a humanitarian aid mission

The frigate NIEDERSACHSEN was involved in Operation Dragonfly off Albania

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spite a decreasing number of units avail-able, the Navy has met its commitments in the foreign naval actions Atalanta, UNIFIL and Active Endeavour and in standing NATO units. German Navy personnel are also involved in deployments ashore, such as KFOR in Kosovo, ISAF in Afghanistan and as UN observers. German Navy units are also available at all times for many national tasks such as rescue at sea and monitoring oil pollution, with many national and inter-national exercises to test and prepare units and crews. The Navy currently has around 700 to 1100 staff deployed worldwide – on land, sea and air. L

Pegasus. The evacuation itself was by air, but the German Navy put two frigates and a combat support ship on standby off the Libyan coast. Once the Germans had been successfully evacuated from Libya, the Naval units returned 100 Egyptian refugees who had fled the confusion of war to Tunisia back to their homeland as part of humanitarian aid, ameliorating the refugee situation in the border areas between Tunisia and Libya.

Current Situation

The German Navy has become a proper fighting force over the past decades. De-

Tsunami Disaster

At the end of 2004, a tsunami laid wasted many coastal regions on the Indian Ocean, hitting Indonesia in particular. Responding to the call for international aid, the Navy sent the combat support ship BERLIN to off the city of Banda Aceh to provide humanitar-ian aid in the region. The ship was off the Horn of Africa at the time, as part of Op-eration Enduring Freedom, which meant it could reach the disaster area quickly. With its naval combat rescue centre and on-board helicopter, the BERLIN was able to support rescue services ashore and take many pa-tients on board for treatment.

War in the Lebanon

War broke out in the Lebanon be-tween the Lebanese Hezbollah mi-litia and Israeli armed forces in sum-mer 2006. Israeli troops marched into the Lebanon to stop Hezbollah attacking Israeli territory. The com-batants agreed a ceasefire, and Israel pulled its troops out again. As well as pre-existing interna-tional troops wearing blue UN hel-mets (UNIFIL) engaged in stabilising and securing the Lebanese borders and preventing arms smuggling, this mandate was now extended to monitor territorial wa-ters. German Navy units have been involved in UNIFIL operations since 2006, helping secure Lebanon’s borders at sea and interdicting arms smuggling from the sea. The German Navy is also assisting the Lebanese armed forces in creating and training a Lebanese Navy of their own so they can protect and control their coastline indepen-dently. Right at the start of the operation, the international naval contingent was under German command, including four patrol boats, two frigates and German Navy support ships. Since then, Germany has reduced its regular contribution to two minesweep-ing/patrol boats and a tender, with a logistics link command at Limas-sol on Cyprus supporting the units.

The “Arab Spring“

As Libya became increasingly un-safe in 2011, culminating in the storm of the “Arab Spring“ and civil war, German citizens had to be evacuated in the spring of that year as part of the national Operation

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Armed fo rce s


At the same time reconnaissance is a basic requirement for the projects “Network Centric Warfare“ and

“Joint and Combined Tactical Fire Sup-port“, the efficiency of which is based in particular on the availability of a near real-time, all-round, and level-tailored picture of the situation, especially in the area of operations. Only then will it be possible to achieve information superiority as a pre-condition for command and effect supe-riority.

Reconnaissance in the Army covers the fol-lowing three fields: Area reconnaissance with permanent availability of information on the enemy and the conflicting parties; target acquisition with suitable target data for direct weapon employment; as well as post-strike reconnaissance of targets en-gaged.The reconnaissance forces of the army have already been subject to new organisation in the current army structure. Different recon-naissance capabilities have been pooled under uniform command in the mixed re-connaissance battalions and separate com-panies. These include well-equipped recon-naissance patrols, radar reconnaissance, a mix of drones with different capabilities and penetration depths, and information collection by field intelligence forces. This

conceptual approach will be continued in the „Army Structure 2011“ (Heer2011).

Reconnaissance Battalions

The Army Reconnaissance Corps will remain widely unchanged in the new structure of the Army. Reconnaissance forces at sizes and with capabilities as required can be provided according to the national level of ambition. It is possible to permanently em-ploy in parallel one mixed reconnaissance

company each for two stabilisation mission over longer periods of time. For other types of missions, e.g. intervention operations or alliance defence, it is also possible to em-ploy forces up to several reconnaissance battalions. Instead of the previous structure with five reconnaissance battalions and four separate reconnaissance companies the new structure will comprise six battal-ions of similar type and a special company. There is one reconnaissance battalion with three different reconnaissance companies in each of the six “core brigades“. Scout re-connaissance is conducted by a scout com-pany with six scout platoons and a total of 24 Fennek scout vehicles. With their four scout vehicles the scout platoons form two patrols each. The patrols are equipped with sophisticated sensor systems, the ALADIN

unmanned aerial system (UAS) as well as with micro drones when deployed. In the mountain reconnaissance battalions indi-vidual platoons are employed using the BV 206 S tracked protected all-terrain vehicle. The field intelligence forces are combined in an additional company with four field in-telligence platoons. Within the scope of in-tense combat actions the field intelligence platoons and their squads acquire recon-naissance results by interrogating prison-ers of war. In peacekeeping missions the soldiers of these sub-units are employed for conversational intelligence (HUMINT) with all sorts of parties active in the area of operations. One evaluation squad each per platoon evaluates the information.A light scout platoon with four scout squads for dismounted reconnaissance – using type Dingo 2 vehicles when deployed

– is also part of such a company. The sig-nificance of dismounted reconnaissance has increased in the ongoing stabilisation missions. This is why these forces are to be enabled to reconnoitre independently over longer periods of time. Apart from training measures, additional equipment and devices are to contribute to that in future.The mixed drone company will remain as a third operational company. Two platoons with a KZO (“Kleindrohne Zielortung” – a target locating remote controlled unmanned aerial vehicle) and/or LUNA system each conduct airborne reconnais-sance over medium distances of 80 and 40 km, respectively. In addition, there are four PARA radar systems on Fuchs wheeled armoured transport vehicles for radar intel-ligence at distances of up to 20 km.

Reconnaissance Forces of the Armydietmar klos

Reconnaissance is an essential prerequisite for the accomplishment

and the success of the mission of the Army. in this context, the Army

is integrated into a wide joint and combined network with different

long-range ground-based and airborne technical means.

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Reconnaissance battalions of the Army 310th Airborne Reconnaissance Company(S

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established. The introduction of the “Com-mand and Weapon Control System for Land-based Operations“ (Führungs- und Waffeneinsatzsystem für Landbasierte Operationen – Fü(W)ES LBO) for most of the forces’ branches has been postponed – same as the DIFA (Daten-, Informations- und Führungsverbund Aufklärung) com-posite data, information, and reconnais-sance C² system. Based on the software of the Army C²I System, the command and weapon control systems are to be comple-mented by particularly needed functionali-ties. The reconnaissance troops will, for the time being, also continue to use the Army C²I System which provides a suitable basis for command and control of mobile opera-tions, though.The pooling of the Army reconnaissance forces is also considered for the command-ers’ training. The “Training Centre for Army Reconnaissance Troops“ is one of three training centres (future designation: instructional areas) of the Munster Training Centre. The instruction and training pro-grammes for scout reconnaissance, for field intelligence as pilot service for the armed forces as well as for drone reconnaissance

Special Reconnaissance Company

An airborne reconnaissance company is di-rectly attached to the newly formed “Rapid Forces Division“. With its capabilities it also supports the Special Forces Command as well as the airborne brigade in special mis-sions. The company is fitted out with com-parable reconnaissance capabilities with lighter and air-transportable equipment, though. Two long-range platoons of the former long-range reconnaissance compa-nies of the Army have been incorporated into the airborne reconnaissance compa-ny. They are qualified for special tasks in isolated situations and in the depth of the theatre. They can support Special Forces Command missions.One scout platoon will continue to recon-noitre with the Wiesel 2 armoured mortar with optical equipment. The Mungo scout vehicles which will be fitted with equipment comparable to that of the Fennek and the delivery of which has long been expected have not been procured yet. Also associated with the airborne reconnaissance com-pany are a field intelligence platoon and a technical platoon. The latter is equipped with three LEGAR radar systems for battle-field reconnaissance of mobile targets on the ground and in near-ground airspace. A drone platoon completes the broad ca-pability mix of this company. Here, a LUNA UAS is available for reconnaissance in close ranges up to 40 km. The command posts of the reconnaissance battalion and the airborne reconnaissance company respec-tively must be capable of quickly acquiring and evaluating information, following which it has to be processed and converted to comply with the message system of the G2/S2 pool. For this reason “information processing“ cells manned with specialists from all reconnaissance assets have been

are carried out here. The training for the KZO aerial vehicle is provided at the Artil-lery School.

Reconnaissance Means

In the past years, the modernisation of reconnaissance equipment of the recon-naissance forces could be made subject to progress, primarily in the field of the UAS. Nevertheless, some projects were delayed or even completely cancelled. The Fennek scout vehicle is a German-Dutch project with Krauss-Maffei Weg-mann (KMW) as the German prime con-tractor. The Fennek is a highly mobile, air-transportable and armoured four-wheel vehicle for ground-based scout reconnais-sance with a three-man crew. It has NBC protection as well as armoured protection against infantry ammunition, antiperson-nel mines and blast mines. The armament consists of a 40mm grenade machine gun and an MG 3 machine gun respectively.The Fennek is equipped with a radiation detector and an observation and recon-naissance system with a thermal imaging device, video camera and laser range finder

Fennek scout vehicle with observation and reconnaissance equipment

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LUNA is launched from a catapult; ALADIN can be hand-launched

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now the introduction of a less expensive system, a “BÜR light“, is planned. For ex-ample, one could speculate that a detach-able radar system, transported on a com-mon, protected vehicle, could be made subject to procurement.

Airborne Reconnaissance Means

The reconnaissance forces are equipped with of three types of army UAS with dif-ferent penetration depths of 5,000 m up to 100 km which have provided excellent reconnaissance result for many years in the ongoing operations. All UAS are re-usable and equipped with modern sensors. Sub-sequent improvements based on experi-ence gained in missions have made the systems even more mission-capable. These include improvement of sensors and han-dling, linkage to satellite communication or relay capability. The ALADIN imaging airborne reconnaissance drone for close ranges from EMT is employed with the reconnaissance forces and other branches covering distances of up to five km. The system consists of two aerial vehicles and one ground control station, is carried along in vehicles and can be employed both in mounted and dismounted modes. ALADIN is a programme-controlled drone. Its flight course can be changed at any time. Two soldiers operate the system in a secondary function. Electric drive, low signatures, a small, robust control station for one op-erator as well as autonomous, pinpoint landings are some of the features of this UAS. ALADIN delivers results to the ground control station in real-time by means of electro-optical or IR sensors. Today, 17 of these UAS are in service in Northern Af-ghanistan, e.g. for reconnaissance missions in support of scout troops, patrols, troop movements or for area surveillance. The LUNA unmanned aerial reconnaissance and surveillance system from EMT is used for reconnaissance at short and medium ranges. The drone companies/platoons

sance troops and their scout patrols.. The “Robot for Reconnaissance, Observation, and Detection in Urbanised Terrain“ is a small, night vision-capable MoSeS with a detection range of 50 m which can process information acquired ahead of the troops. The programme has been subject to an RfP; procurement of a first batch of about 200 units is planned until 2024.The BÜR ground surveillance radar system from Cassidian was to replace present ra-dar systems for sector and point surveil-lance and tracking of individual targets at ranges of up to 40 km. The PARA ar-moured reconnaissance radar with the RASIT (Radar d’Acquisition et de Surveil-lance Intermèdiaire) reconnaissance radar of the Standard Elektrik Lorenz Company on the Fuchs wheeled armoured transport vehicle has been in service since 1986. With a four-man crew using a sensor extended up to a height of 1.8 m it is possible to detect individuals at distances up to eight km and vehicles/helicopters up to 20 km. The radar-based Legar 1 system is used by the airborne reconnaissance company for battlefield reconnaissance of moving targets on the ground and in near-ground airspace. The BOR-A550 Doppler radar of Thales provides data on the direction, movement, distance, speed, and type of targets in all visibility and weather condi-tions up to distances of 30 km. Tracking of individual and multiple targets is pos-sible. The radar can also be employed in a dismounted position. The Legar system is presently still emplaced with the unprotect-ed Wolf 0.25-ton truck; it is air-transporta-ble in the CH-53 MTH. Some of the systems are currently employed in Afghanistan.The use of protected carrier vehicles is in-tended for the LEGAR 2 project. But this project has been shelved, just like the BÜR radar. In the scope of a new approach studies are currently underway whether ground-based reconnaissance radars are needed and for which applications. Area reconnaissance is to figure prominently here. BÜR is apparently too expensive; and

installed on a sensor head which is extend-able up to 3.30m. Targets can be detected at distances of approx. 10 km and identified up to 2 km. There are 178 Fennek scout vehicles in use with the reconnaissance troops. Some scout vehicles are employed in Afghanistan. The scout troops also have the BOSA ground sensor equipment of the Swedish Company Exensor, which allows for dismounted passive surveillance and monitoring of movements along roads and prominent terrain features. One system per scout patrol consists of six ground sensor units. BOSA recognises the number, speed, and movement direction of vehicles and transmits the reconnaissance results up to a distance of ten km. About 90 systems have been delivered so far.BOSA provides the basis for “BOSANet“, which will be developed using additional sensor means including IR cameras for the identification of individuals. These systems are to enable different branches to conduct area surveillance and/or to support them in security operations. Service introduction is expected to commence in 2014 with ini-tial equipment sets for 30 Fennek vehicles. The “Mobile Sensor System“ (MoSeS), an unmanned, mobile ground reconnaissance system, reconnoitres in close-in areas up to about two km and in obscure and dange- rous terrain. It can also be employed for area surveillance and reconnaissance in environments contaminated by mines or chemical/biological agents. Among oth-ers, the system is, to be employed with the scout patrols. Project planning will start this year; procurement could be as of 2015/16.RABE is a new project for the reconnais-

Ground surveillance radar system on Dingo 2

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tinued by about 2017. As a successor an improved “micro reconnaissance drone for built-up areas“ with an extended range of ten kilometres and a flight endurance of at least one hour could be a solution. For systems with a medium range of 100 km, a mixture of fixed-wing aircraft, like upgrad-ed KZO/LUNA, and unmanned rotary wing aircraft could be favoured in response to all reconnaissance requirements.

Army Reconnaissance Force of Tomorrow

Such modifications of UAS will obviously also be implemented in the future recon-naissance force. The new structure will be subject to implementation in the years to come. The changes will not be as radical as in some other branches. The mixture of reconnaissance capabilities in the recon-naissance battalions/companies, which has proven well in missions, will be retained. In the coming years, the already highly ef-ficient reconnaissance means will still have to be complemented by the planned capa-bilities or those to be (further) developed. Here, the information pool based on Fü(W)ES DIVA will be of particular importance for the reconnaissance force. L

ant data link up to 70 km. It consists of five aerial vehicles, a launcher, a ground control station as well as elements for operation and maintenance. Two KZO platoon sys-tems are successfully employed with the reconnaissance company at Kunduz in Af-ghanistan. The KZO – as the airborne imaging reconnaissance system of the brigade/division and/or the mission contingent – can conduct area, target, and post-strike reconnaissance in the depth of the thea-tre of operation or at the flanks in almost all weather conditions. Jam resistant data transmission is possible up to a distance of 70 km. The KZO remote controlled UAV for target location can be operated un-der both programme and manual control. With a flight endurance of more than three hours, it can cover a distance of up to 500 km. From altitudes of up to 2,500 m it can locate targets at ranges of more than 100 km. The IR camera of AIM was upgraded based on lessons learned. A colour daylight camera is presently being tested as an alter-nating payload.Lessons learned in missions led to the con-clusion that the Army does not have a re-quirement for four different UAS. As far as the short-range UAS are concerned, the use of the ALADIN drone might be discon-

are equipped with one system each. In Afghanistan it is meanwhile employed at distances of up to 80 km. It is suited for area surveillance and target location, primarily in inaccessible terrain sectors, in built-up areas, and along routes of movement. A LUNA system comprises up to ten aerial vehicles, two launchers, two ground con-trol stations, and a maintenance element. With its electric propeller drive the LUNA flies programme-controlled and largely automated. Data from up to seven cam-eras for videos, IR films and still images are transmitted to the ground control stations and data pools in real-time. Target locating is to become even more precise through the integration of a “Matchpoint“ system (manufacturer: Rafael). The LUNA system has been subject to a lot of improvements including an extended range of up to 80 km for the transmission of reconnaissance results, partly automat-ed image evaluation or a digital link to the ADLER II command and weapon control system of the artillery forces.The IR reconnaissance camera from AIM as well as the resolution quality of the daylight camera were also upgraded.The reconnaissance battalions have one KZO platoon system each with a jam resist-AIM_Anzeige_176x126mm_engl_kurv_2010-08.FH11 Wed Aug 25 19:10:54 2010 Seite 1

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A RMA MeNt & PRocuReMeNt

The tasks of the organisational area for equipment, information technol-ogy and in-service support are based

primarily on its responsibility for execu- ting projects, its responsibility for ensuring the operational viability of materiel, the

procurement of complex services, as well as strategic purchasing. The merging of procurement and the responsibility for en-suring the operational viability of material into a central office for procurement and in-service support will result in uniform re-sponsibility throughout the entire life cycle of defence materiel.In future, this sector will comprise a total of 9,600 posts. It will include the Federal Office for Bundeswehr Equipment, Infor-mation Technology and In-Service Sup-port (BAAINBw) and eleven subordinate

agencies. The new office with its new task spectrum was established on 1st October 2012. The organisation began work on 1st January 2013. The process of adopt-ing the target structure will continue over several years.As part of the reorientation process, Minister of Defence, Dr. Thomas de Maizière, called for the creation of a new, efficient and standardised procurement and in-service support process. This, along with the structural changes, is a further core element of the reorientation of the Bundeswehr. The new process is charac-terised by clear responsibilities combined with clear-cut decision-making powers and reduced interfaces.

The Directorate-General for Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support at the Federal Ministry of Defence

The Ministry supports the Federal Minis-ter of Defence in his tasks as a member of the federal government, as the head of the Ministry, and as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The reorientation has streamlined structures in the Ministry and converted them into a process-oriented structure with new directorates-general. As a result, the Ministry can now focus on its core political tasks. The work of the Ministry reflects the general principle of the primacy of politics as stated in the constitution. The Dresden Directive of 21st March 2012 laid down the guiding princi-ples of the reorientation such as the joint accomplishment of tasks, the pooling of responsibility, the reduction of interfaces, and the merging of responsibility and au-thority. The Ministry is leading the way in implementing the reorientation. It adopted its new structure on 1st April 2012.

The Directorate-General for Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support (AIN) is responsible for the plan-ning, control and management of national and international armament activities with respect to the missions of the Bundeswehr and its required capability profile. The Di-rectorate-General assumes overall respon-sibility for the procurement and in-service support process as well as for IT strategy. It is responsible for preparing and further developing of rules of procedure in its field. In addition, it is responsible for the princi-ples of procurement and contracting in the Bundeswehr.The Directorate-General for Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support comprises a management level, a management accounting element, and five divisions. The Directorate-General is headed by a Director General and a Deputy Director-General. The Director-General is simultaneously the National Armaments Director.Division AIN I (Central Tasks) is in charge of central and common matters of the Directorate-General. The tasks of the division include the organisational and operational structure for the armaments organisation, procedural responsibility for the procurement and in-service support process (the amended Customer Prod-uct Management, in short CPM (amend-ed) process), as well as the supervision of subordinate agencies. Division AIN I represents and attends to the interests of the Directorate-General and its subordi-nate agencies in personnel matters. As a centre of competence for all economic issues during procurement and in-service support of defence materiel, Division AIN I is the point of contact of the Directorate-General. The tasks of Division AIN I also encompass legal matters in contracting, industrial property protection, cartel law, and the protection of classified informa-tion in trade and industry. This includes the legal supervision of subordinate agencies. Division AIN I coordinates armament mat-ters in relation to parliament, the cabinet, and the Federal Audit Office. In addition, Division AIN I executes the user function in the field of infrastructure and equipment for its subordinate structure. It also acts as an interface to the Directorate-General

au th o rDetlef Selhausen is the Head of the Directorate-General for Equipment, Information Technology and In-Ser-vice Support at the German Federal Ministry of Defence.

the Reorientation of the Bundeswehr Armaments organisationdetlef selhausen

With the reorientation of the Bundeswehr, its armaments organisa-

tion is in the process of repositioning itself as an organisational area

for equipment, information technology and in-service support.

this transition involves fundamental changes to organisational

structures, methods and procedures.

Director Detlef Selhausen

(Pho

tos:

Boc

klet

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ArmAment & Procurement


tional supervision over non-project procure-ment, especially of spare part follow-on re-quirements and public-private partnerships (PPP). Against this background, Division AIN III has the task of pursuing cooperation with trade and industry and of supporting the continued implementation of PPP projects. Last but not least, the Division supervises the disposal of defence materiel no longer needed for the German Armed Forces and is responsible for transferring material to other countries and for equipment aid.Division AIN IV (information technology, IT Director) is responsible for the concept development, implementation, and op-erational control of comprehensive and secure information and communication technology in the IT system of the Bun-deswehr. It sees itself as a service provider that provides the armed forces and the military administration with the neces-sary IT support on cost-effective terms. The chief of Division AIN IV is also the IT Director of the FMoD. He represents the Ministry as the Chief Information Officer (CIO) both in the IT Council of the Federal Government and internationally, espe-cially in the C3 organisation of NATO. The IT Director has central authority to issue rules and regulations for IT in the Ministry. He ensures that the use of IT applications conforms to the political, strategic, and operational goals of the Ministry and the IT guidelines of the Federal Government. At the same time he is the IT security of-ficer of the Bundeswehr. Division AIN IV is in charge of concept development of the IT system of the Bundeswehr. This

for Planning on issues concerning the inte-grated planning process. In the context of the reorientation of the Bundeswehr in the armaments organisation, Division AIN I is responsible for change management and public relations. As a manager and admin-istrator, the division is also the interface for the requirements of the armed forces and the financial guidelines of the Directorate-General for Budget and Management Ac-counting with respect to the implementa-tion and use of defence materiel.Division AIN II (research and technology (R&T-Director) and international affairs) deals with policy matters in the area of re-search and technology. This involves coordi-nating the R&T strategy and preparing the annual research and technology planning proposal. It also prepares contributions on capability management and exerts control over the implementation of research and technology projects. In addition, it sup-ports the planning and execution of basic research as well as the work of national and international research institutes. Division AIN II is also responsible for international armaments matters. This includes arma-ments cooperation, especially within the framework of NATO, the EU and the EDA, in accordance with general guidelines on armaments policy. In this context, Division AIN II concludes international agreements. Moreover, it coordinates German positions with regard to policy issues, the OCCAR armaments agency, and NATO agencies. Finally, Division AIN II supports the Director-General in his role as National Armaments Director.Division AIN III (modernisation, corporate holdings) incorporates all responsibilities with regard to the modernisation of the Bundeswehr. The objective is to manage modernisation measures and joint-venture companies with public investment shares. The division centrally identifies, develops, and supports modernisation projects of the Bundeswehr. Within the scope of its share-holder function, Division AIN III directs the strategic and economic orientation of the joint venture companies and ensures con-sistent voting behaviour of the supervisory board members appointed by the Federal Government. By way of participation man-agement accounting for the companies, target compliance of the companies is reviewed within the scope of accompa-nying success monitoring. The Division’s responsibilities also include the further de-velopment of procurement strategy for the Bundeswehr and strategic purchasing. This includes the further development of alterna-tive solutions and procurement organisation in the area of non-project procurement. In this context, Division AIN III exercises func-

responsibility comprises guidelines and standards for the strategic, economic, and technological orientation of the systems and applications for information process-ing, information transmission, informa-tion management, and IT security. The branches of Division AIN IV exercise func-tional control over all IT-related projects in subordinate agencies. These include all systems and applications of command support, intelligence, communication and IT platforms for military deployments as well as the capability to conduct network enabled operations. This task spectrum is complemented by the management of IT platforms, networks and services in routine-duty operations (HERKULES IT project). In addition, Division AIN IV is responsible for systems and applications for process-oriented IT support and the SASPF project (Standard Application Soft-ware Product Family). Here, Bundeswehr processes are defined in such a way that they can serve as a basis for SASPF adap-tations, thus making a coordinated intro-duction of SASPF possible.Division AIN V (equipment, in-service sup-port) controls at the ministerial level the development, procurement, and in-service support of all Bundeswehr equipment. It exercises functional supervision over tasks of subordinate agencies in the procurement and in-service support process (includ-ing materiel responsibility for operational viability). These tasks include support in the preparation of functional requirements, es-pecially on the basis of information gained from defence research and technology,

AIN CAIN Controlling

Director Equipment, Information Technology

and In-Service Support (AIN)

Deputy Director

AIN VEquipment, In-Service

Use/Support

AIN IVInformation Technology

IT Director

AIN IIIModernisation,

Participation Matters

AIN IIResearch and Technology

International Affairs

AIN I Central Tasks

Equipment, In-Service Supportand Information Technology

Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support (AIN)

(Sou

rce:

AIN

)


• Only three instead of four phases,• a clear separation of ministerial control

tasks from the implementing tasks of agencies,

• integrated project teams (IPT) for the entire life cycle of products and services,

• a clear assignment of responsibilities,• synergies resulting from the merging

of the Federal Office of Defence Tech-nology and Procurement (BWB), the Federal Office for Information Manage-ment and Information Technology of the Bundeswehr (IT-Amt Bw), and in-service elements of the armed forces,

• the discontinuation of the “special pro-cedure” for the accelerated procure-ment process and the integration of “urgent operational requirements” into the new procurement and in-service support process,

• abandonment of extensive phase docu-ments and co-signing processes and

• a maximum of two instead of up to seven interfaces during one phase.

The future process will have three phases:• An analysis phase,• a production phase and• an in-service phase.

Analysis PhaseThe analysis phase is composed of two im-portant steps.In future, requirements will be identified in the first stage of the analysis phase at the Bundeswehr Planning Office. This is where capability gaps will be identified and as-

the Bundeswehr (CPM). The key points of the new procurement and in-service sup-port process are the results of an in-depth coordination process among affected ci-vilian and military organisational areas. They have subsequently been document-ed as a concept. This concept forms the basis for the amended Customer Product Management process (CPM (amended)).The new process is closely connected to the changes in the organisational structure, for instance:• The establishment of a new Federal

Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, In-formation Technology and In-Service Support,

• the establishment of headquarters of the armed forces outside the Ministry of Defence and

• the creation of a Bundeswehr Planning Office.

The objective was to have a new “procure-ment and in-service management” process to be completely implemented by 2015 at the latest, but preferably at an earlier date if possible.

Essential Features

In general, the new procurement and in-service support process is based on clear responsibilities and decision-making au-thority, a significant reduction of co-sig-nature procedures, and a reduced number of interfaces. Compared with the former procedures, it has:

from international armaments cooperation and from in-service use, the development of alternative approaches and their assess-ment, and the implementation, introduc-tion, maintenance and disposal of a product. At the ministerial level, Division AIN V thus assumes responsibility for the total life cycle of materiel, that is “from the cradle to the grave”. The branches of Division AIN V exercise functional supervision over all projects of the subordinate Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support, except for IT projects. Additional tasks include the definition of principles, concept develop-ment, and regulations on materiel respon-sibility for operational viability as well as tasks related to the approval of defence materiel. In addition, Division AIN V serves as the central point of contact and coor-dination of the Directorate-General for all mission-related issues. Quality manage-ment and standardisation are also part of the responsibility of Division AIN V. Another task is to advise and support the Director General as the National Armaments Di-rector in issues related to equipment and materiel.

The New Procurement and In-Service Support Process

The starting point for the preparation of a new procurement and in-service support process for the Bundeswehr was the Cus-tomer Product Management process of

IPT: Integrated Project TeamIPT Members (Depending on Respective Phases) ::•• Bw Planning Office (IPT Leadership in Analysis Part 1) • BAAINBw (IPT Leadership from Analysis Part 2)• (Potential/Future) Operators/Users (Service Branches)• Businesses/Industry (if possible and legally acceptable)

Analysis of Analysis of EquipEquip--mentment SolutionsSolutions

IPT IPT

CapabilityCapability GapGap andandFunctionalFunctional RequirementRequirement DocumentDocument

–– FFF“)FFF“)

SelectionSelection DecisionDecision DocumentDocument-- AWE“)AWE“)

Chief of Staff, German Armed Forces

Chiefs of Staff (Service Branches)

Implementation /Production In-Service

Director General of Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support or President BAAINBw

IPT IPT

Industry (hatched area: participation if possibleand legally acceptable)

AnalysisPart 1Pre-Analysis

Phase

TargetTarget Agreement (Agreement (coveringcovering ImplementationImplementation and Inand In--Service Support)Service Support)(( Zielvereinbarung Realisierung und Nutzung Zielvereinbarung Realisierung und Nutzung –– ZVZV““))

Planning Process ApprovalApproval forfor Service Service IntroductionIntroduction(( Genehmigung zur Nutzung Genehmigung zur Nutzung -- GeNuGeNu““))

SolutionSolution ProposalsProposals ((severalseveral))

Procurement andIn-Service Support Management Process

AnalysisPart 2

DisposalDisposal

In-Service Control



sessed for the mission accomplishment of the Bundeswehr. Should the assessment reveal that a materiel solution is feasible, functional requirements will be defined in close cooperation between the Bun-deswehr Planning Office and the Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Infor-mation Technology and In-Service Sup-port (BAAINBw). To this end, the Planning Office will establish an IPT under its direc-tion. The IPT will include representatives of BAAINBw as well as potential users and op-erators, and – if appropriate – representa-tives from industry. In the first stage of the analysis phase, the phase document – the “capability gap and functional require-ment” document (FFF) – will be prepared by the IPT under the direction of the Bun-deswehr Planning Office. As a general rule, the head of the IPT has sole responsibility throughout the entire process. The approval of the FFF by the Bundeswehr’s Chief of Defence (ChoD) initiates the pro-curement and in-service support process and the second part of the analysis phase. From this point onwards, responsibility for preparing proposed solutions through to disposal of the product is shouldered by the organisational area for equipment, in-formation technology and in-service sup-

port, which at the FMoD is subordinate to the Director-General of Equipment, In-formation Technology and In-Service Sup-port. This represents an important change. In the past, the armaments organisation was responsible for the development and procurement of defence materiel only. In-formation technology (IT) was developed and procured under the responsibility of the IT Director. Responsibility for in-service support was divided between six organisa-tional areas, i.e. the Army, Air Force, Navy, Medical Service, Joint Support Service and IT Office, depending on whether the equip-ment in question was defence materiel or IT equipment.Leadership role within an IPT changes only once at the beginning of the second stage of the analysis phase. From this point in time until the end of the life cycle of the de-fence equipment, i.e. retiring or recycling, the head of the IPT will be appointed by the BAAINBw. The IPT develops several pos-sible solutions. If possible, these will range from the 100% fulfilment of the require-ment up to the acquisition of rapidly avail-able commercial off-the-shelf products. The proposed solutions are also priced over the life cycle and submitted to the ChoD for approval.

This means that the ChoD is able to decide whether to select the 100% solution and accept potentially high costs to the budgetary disadvantage of other projects – the keyword here is prioritisation – and possi-ble delivery at a later date or whether to ac-cept a solution that satisfies fewer require-ments (e.g. a 70% solution) but that can be implemented at half the price and may be available much quicker. The money saved can be used to fund other projects. This is incentive must not be underestimated. If the ChoD selects a less expensive solution, he can use the resources saved for other requirements.With the decision, the solution chosen is documented in the “selection decision doc-ument”, which is a budgetary document for production and in-service support.The principle is thus: The people who need a product, select it, and the people who design a product, produce it.

Production PhaseThe production phase makes suitable products and services available to the user and/or operator (these are as a rule the Chiefs of Staff of the services; in the new structure, they are subordinate to the Bundeswehr ChoD). On the basis of the selection deci-

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be taken (e.g. changes at short notice for materiel employed on missions, possible improvements in existing materiel, or les-sons learned for the procurement of new products).To this end, the reorientation of the Bun-deswehr involves transferring the tasks and expertise of the present service managers from the armed forces to the BAAINBw. This will affect about 1,100 mostly military billets.The Federal Office of the Bundeswehr for Information Management and Information Technology (IT-Amt Bw) carried out in-ser-vice management tasks in the past. These responsibilities as well as the procurement of IT equipment are now being transferred to the BAAINBw.

Summary

In conclusion, the new procurement and in-service support process will make a sig-nificant contribution to facilitating seam-less capability management in the armed forces and seamless risk management throughout the entire procurement and in-service support process in the organi-sational area of equipment, information technology and in-service support. The abolishment of lengthy consensual coor-dination and decision processes as part of co-signings will save time during processes. Agreements on objectives, which make possible a design freeze, will stabilise pro-curement costs. Essential modifications, e.g. due to lessons learned on operations, will be decided by a high-level steering committee headed by the Director-General of Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support.In addition, the new process creates clear responsibilities and structures. The estab-lishment of integrated project teams (IPT) in particular will distinctly improve commu-nication. On the whole, the measures and proce-dures of the new procurement and in-service support process – together with the new procurement and in-service sup-port organisation – have clear advantag-es over the current process. We are just at the beginning of a long road, but the foundations have been laid. They must now be filled with life. All parties involved must adopt new ways of thinking, as-sume responsibility, and trust in the capa-bilities of the other organisational areas. In this respect, the success of the new process is closely linked with a new Bun-deswehr-wide “culture of responsibility and trust”, which must be accompanied by an appropriate change-management approach. L

agreement on objectives, the President of the BAAINBw thoroughly evaluates wheth-er the project can be finished within the specified time and cost parameters. This promotes proper and appropriate decisions and ensures that the project progresses smoothly.When the first item of equipment is hand-ed over from industry to the BAAINBw, the President of the BAAINBw assumes mate-riel responsibility for the maintenance of operational viability. When the first items are handed over to the chiefs of staff of the services, they assume in-service and supply responsibility for the maintenance of operational capability and readiness. The production phase ends with the delivery of the last item of equipment, at which point the project manager assumes responsibility for life cycle management.

In-Service PhaseIn the in-service phase all management tasks for the maintenance and re-estab-lishment of the operational viability of products and services in use are seamlessly and continuously planned and controlled by the BAAINBw project manager. This also comprises the initiation and coordina-tion of measures for carrying out product changes and any necessary additional pro-curement efforts.Here, one main advantage is that the BAAINBw can gather information and knowledge from in-service management, use it for maintaining operational viability, and extrapolate from it steps that must

sion document, the President of the Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, IT and In-Service Support (BAAINBw) is charged with preparing the tendering and contract and drafting an agreement on objectives. In addition to representatives of future us-ers and/or operators, contractor represent-atives from industry are now part of the IPT. The Bundeswehr Planning Office is no longer part of the IPT. Under the direction of the project manager, the IPT performs all work necessary regarding project man-agement, project management account-ing, and project risk management. On the basis of the final contract agreement, the Director-General of the Equipment, IT and In-Service Support directorate (AIN) con-cludes an agreement on objectives with the Presisdent of the BAAINBw on production and in-service support.The agreement on objectives involves mu-tual commitments. The Director-General of AIN guarantees resources and the Presi-dent of the BAAINBw ensures that services will be performed on cost and in time.What are the advantages of agreements on objectives? The project manager in the BAAINBw is responsible for developing so-lution proposals. Since he must implement one of the proposals, it is advisable for him to carefully analyse the alternatives with respect to costs and risks and to describe them “honestly”. The agreement on objec-tives cannot be amended (design freeze). This ensures that the hurdle for subsequent demands (additional costs and time) is rela-tively high. In addition, before signing the

The branches of the AIN V Division exercise the technical supervision over all projects of the Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology, and In-Service Support, except for IT projects



Pragmatism and realism are probably the words that are most frequently used when assessing the develop-

ment of transatlantic relations in recent years. The euphoria of the early 1990s has given way to a benevolent indifference over the years. Until 2001, observers had focused on the role of the US and Europe in comparison to a resurgent Russia, but the attacks of 11th September 2001 and the enormous economic growth rates of China and India focused both transatlantic partners’ attention on Asia. The US trade deficit requires stable conditions in the Pa-cific for a revival of the US economy, as op-portunities for entry into growing markets can still be found here. In addition to inter-nal consolidation after the US just barely avoiding falling off the fiscal cliff, President Obama’s main focus is on the conclusion of several contracts for the creation of the Trans-Pacific Partnership. In contrast, the continued expansion of the transatlantic

economic relationship and the efforts to-wards a free trade zone play only a mar-ginal role on his agenda. The Transatlantic Economic Council (TEC), launched in 2007 by the European Commission, met for the last time in 2010. As an alternative, Wash-ington urges that the Europeans should move more towards Chinese leadership. This change of point of view was illustrated once again in the US policy in the Pacific from November 2011 entitled “America’s Pacific Century“, brought in by then US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton: “It is our central strategic interest and one of our President’s priorities to make Asia’s growth and momentum useful to the American economy. Open Asian markets offer us unique opportunities for trade, investment and access to innovative technology. The recovery of our economy is also dependent on our exports and the ability of Ameri-can businesses to establish themselves in the vast and growing consumer market in

Asia.” Some see in the new US Pacific pol-icy proof of the increasing estrangement of the transatlantic partners. It is arguably true that the partnership has stabilised at a realistic level and that the exaggerated and equally unrealistic expectations of Western dominance in international relations have now given way to pragmatic compromise between what is desirable and what is po-litically possible. All of this no longer has the charm of the North Atlantic Alliance after the Second World War, and any attempt to revive those times fails for the simple fact that those with experience in the ranks of the military and in the diplomatic corps have largely left service. Dialogue increasingly takes place in the middle ranks, be-low decision-making level, and is embed-ded in a general exchange of views on de-velopments in security policy at the global level. The academic and military youth on both sides of the Atlantic are directing their gaze towards the emerging regions in Pa-cific Asia. This increasingly leaves a concep-tual and strategic vacuum in the transatlan-tic relationship, which is also evident from a glance at the few publications on this topic in recent years.

Changing Arms Cooperation

Changes can be identified in the defence technological relations between the trans-atlantic partners. A one-way street at the expense of the Europeans is now out of the question. It is increasingly possible for German and European companies to win contracts in what is still the world’s largest defence market by far. One reason for this is the ongoing reform efforts from the US Federal Court and the Pentagon to opti-mise the procurement process for the US Armed Forces. In a 2008 report, the US

transatlantic Success Stories

The UH-72 Lakota support helicopter

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thomas Bauer

on the 20th January 2013, Barack obama was sworn in as President of the united States for the second

time, following his first term in 2009. Four years ago, the europeans had great expectations for the new

man in the White House, as transatlantic relations had been severely strained under his predecessor,

George W. Bush. the united States and europe are in agreement that a mere restoration of relations will

not be enough to address the upcoming political challenges facing security and the economy, but what

kind of effects are the discussions having on transatlantic defence projects?


ARMAMeNt & PRocuReMeNt

gramme, Eurocopter was able to come out on top against two Bell models, the Explor-er from MD Helicopters and the AW139 from AgustaWestland. Of the intended 350 helicopters, nearly 250 have already been delivered. The Lakota is produced by Eurocopter America in Columbus, Missis-sippi. The USA and Germany look back on a cooperation in the field of guided missiles that extends back as far as the 1970s. This cooperation focused mainly on the Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM) system and the Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS). Germany, France, Britain, Italy and the US began to cooperate as far back as 1976 in order to develop the MLRS, an autono-mous multiple launch rocket artillery sys-tem, which is now also in use in Denmark, Finland, Greece, the Netherlands, Norway and Turkey. The system further developed between 2001 and 2005 with the inclusion of guided missiles (Guided MLRS, GMLRS). Lockheed Martin in the United States, Diehl Munitionssysteme GmbH (now Diehl BGT Defence), MBDA and FiatAvio (now Avio with shareholders Finmeccanica Cinven) were involved in the project. The NATO Sea Sparrow project looks back on over forty years of successful cooperation, which Ger-many joined in 1977 as the sixth European country. Serial production of the RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile (ESSM) has been carried out at Raytheon in the US since 2004. The ESSM is a further devel-opment of the RIM-7 Sea Sparrow and is characterised by a powerful engine and improved steering electronics. The revision of the airframe and the installation of thrust vector control contributed to an increase in agility and a reduction in minimum range. On the German side, RAM-System GmbH (RAMSys) is involved in the project; a joint venture between Diehl BGT Defence and MBDA Deutschland, who also manage German production and development

Government Accountability Office (GAO) criticised the fact that, in almost half of defence programmes, the unit price has increased by 25 percent in comparison to original plans. Since 1971, no fewer than 14 changes were made to the Defense Ac-quisition System, which is governed by US Department of Defense doctrine 5000.1. In addition, there are extensive regulations for the Planning, Programming, Budgeting and Execution Process (PPBE) and for the Joint Capabilities Integration and Devel-opment System. One consequence of the search for efficient and, most importantly, cost-effective solutions, was the realisa-tion that instead of technically revolution-ary “wallflower solutions“ from in-house development work, consideration should also be given to foreign bids in the pro-curement of components and subsystems. More emphasis should also be placed on joint programmes in the further develop-ment of systems which are found in stocks on both sides of the Atlantic. In parallel, the US budget cuts, which were necessary as a result of the global financial and eco-nomic crisis, have led to stagnation in US defence spending. This does not only affect American companies; spending in Europe has also been declining for years. Domestic markets have no longer been sufficient for some time now. The maintenance of na-tional prospects in the defence and arma-ments policy therefore promises little suc-cess, particularly for industry on both sides of the Atlantic. However, the flight into growth markets in Asian, Arab and South American regions can make only a small contribution to the rescue of domestic en-terprises, as it will not necessarily lead to greater cooperation or even consolidation. For the fast and cost-effective development and implementation of relevant emerging technologies, output in research and de-velopment funding, in particular, must be increased. This can be achieved primarily through multinational projects, but this is exactly where the transatlantic partners have had difficulty in recent years. There are exceptions, however, which is why it is worth taking a look at a small selection of recent and ongoing development and procurement programmes.

Success Stories

One of the biggest successes in recent years is surely the US Army procuring the Eurocopter UH-72 Lakota. The Lakota is based on the EC145 and emerged in June 2006 as the winner of the US Army LUH (Light Utility Helicopter) programme for the procurement of a successor to the UH-1 and OH-58 helicopter models. In the pro-

activities in the RAM project. The long-standing cooperation in the field of guided missiles has led to further transatlantic joint ventures. Therefore, Diehl Raytheon Missile Systems GmbH in Überlingen on the Lake Constance is, among others, responsible for the marketing and modernisation of the Sidewinder model AIM-9L/M. From 2001, the two Tornado countries Germany and Italy were involved in the PNU (Preci-sion Navigation Unit) modernisation pro-gramme for the AGM-88 High Speed Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM), which was led by Raytheon in the US. The aim was to be able to assign the missile specific zones in which it was allowed to strike, thus avoiding collateral damage and attacks on friendly positions. In order to do this, the impre-cise mechanical gyrocompass was replaced with a combination of a laser gyroscope and a GPS receiver. Alenia Marconi Systems participated in the cooperation on the Ital-ian side and was absorbed by MBDA short-ly after the contracts were concluded. Diehl BGT Defence was once again involved on the German side. An agreement for further development in the AGM-88E Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile (AARGM) programme was signed in 2010 between Alliant Techsystems (ATK) and MBDA Deutschland. In this agreement, a possible acquisition of the missile by the German Air Force is set to decrease work packages in the field of seeking and control for MBDA Deutschland. Unlike HARM, AARGM is set to also be able to attack targets that have their radar turned off and that therefore do not emit any signal. The programme was launched in 2005 as a joint development programme between the US and Italy. Italy is likely to procure 250 AGM-88E. The first RQ-4E EuroHawk has been stationed in Manching, near Ingolstadt since October 2011. The EuroHawk programme is a joint project from 2001 between the US Air

Thanks to the participation of the German industry during the production, the Patriot, a German Armed Forces air defence system introduced in 1989, is a further example of successful transatlantic defence cooperation. To-day, the Patriot is part of the German contribution to NATO missile defence

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Force and the German Ministry of Defence, in which Northrop Grumman and EADS/Cassidian are involved on the industrial side. The project’s aim is the development and acquisition of Signal and Electronic Intelligence (SIGINT/ELINT) capabilities as part of an unmanned system with a long period of operation for the German Armed Forces. EuroHawk is based on the US Ver-sion RQ-4B Global Hawk and is equipped with a newly developed EADS SIGINT/ELINT system. Final outfitting and flight testing of the WTD 61 (Bundeswehr Tech-nical Center for Aeronautical Equipment) will take place at Cassidian in Manching. The UAS will subsequently be handed over to the German Air Force, where it will serve in the 51st Reconnaissance Wing, “Immel-mann“. The procurement of five EuroHawk systems is planned by the year 2017. In order to hand-over the Global Hawk, the aircraft flew non-stop directly to Manch-ing from the United States without SIGINT/ELINT equipment.

Missile Defence – (T)BMD

A central issue for the transatlantic part-nership is the European contribution in the field of Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD). NATO’s Active Layered Theatre Ballistic Missile Defence (ALTBMD) programme from 2005 is set to primarily protect NATO troops in theatres of operation against short and medium-range missiles up to a range of 3,000km. In parallel to this, the Bush administration promoted European involvement in National Missile Defence (NMD) programme of the United States. Due to opposition from some Europeans, and especially from Russia, to the deploy-ment of ground-based systems in Poland and the Czech Republic, President Obama proclaimed the European Phased Adap-tive Approach (EPAA) in September 2009, which, unlike the projects of his predeces-sor, includes the progressive development of mobile and modular systems in Europe. At the NATO summit in Lisbon in 2010, NATO member states subsequently decid-ed to extend ALTBMD so that elements and capacities of the programme could also be used for the protection of NATO territories and populations. From a German perspec-tive, SACHSEN class frigates (F124) would be suitable for participation in the alliance’s missile defence architecture, which are al-ready equipped with the Mk 41 Vertical Launch System and the SM-2MR Block IIIA anti-aircraft missile. For use as part of NATO missile defence, the frigates could function as sensor platforms and, after conversion to the SM-3, as effector platforms. RAM-System GmbH would come into play again

in a corresponding order to procure and install the SM-3 missile system for the Ger-man Naval Forces on the basis of the ESSM and SM-2 contributions to the programme.

MEADS Tested Successfully

One of the ongoing themes in transat-lantic defence projects is the Medium Ex-tended Air Defence System (MEADS). The origins of the MEADS project date back to 2001. After heated debate in Germa-ny about procurement by the Army, and following the announced US withdrawal from the project after completion of the development phase in 2014, the future of MEADS remains uncertain. From a tech-nological and industrial point of view, cen-tral progress has been achieved in recent months. After a first successful launcher missile characterisation test in November 2011, MEADS was able to demonstrate its full range of capabilities in December 2012 during the first target intercept test at White Sands in the US. At the end of 2013, MEADS is set to succeed in shooting down an air target at a high altitude and at long range in a further test. MEADS is there-fore completely on time and on budget, unlike many other development and pro-curement programmes on both sides of the Atlantic. For Germany, MEADS also means access to 100 percent of the technology and expertise after completion of the de-velopment phase. The findings and results can be transferred in full to the newly cre-ated air defence architecture. Should the US not allow for the contractually agreed payments for the last budget year in the 2013 defence budget due to budgetary constraints, the open costs, in the amount of € 400 million, would have to be raised from Germany and Italy, in addition to their own contributions to the programme. It is not yet known how Washington will de-cide. For Germany, however, it is about the provision of capacities for missile defence in the alliance, in addition to its own air defence architecture (air defence network 2020). In addition to the aforementioned option for installing SM-3 guided missiles on SACHSEN class frigates, individual ele-ments of the MEADS programme, such as the command post, the radar, or the PAC-3 MSE missile, could also make an important contribution.

Setbacks

In addition to the list of successes, there are of course also examples of difficult frame-work conditions in transatlantic defence cooperation. At this point, three of these examples, each of which could not be suc-

cessful for differing reasons, will be pre-sented as example cases. In the programme for the procurement of a replacement for the US President’s helicopter (Marine One), in 2005, the VH-71 Kestrel was successful against the competitor from Sikorsky. The Kestrel is based on the AW101, a joint ven-ture from Lockheed Martin, AgustaWest-land and Bell. In the subsequent system development and demonstration phase, however, unresolved technical issues re-sulted in significant cost increases, mean-

ing that the total cost of the project for the procurement of 23 helicopters rose to over eleven billion dollars; double the amount that was originally intended. Due to loom-ing fiscal problems, the Pentagon created a list of projects and programmes which should be terminated due to extreme cost increases or time delays in the spring of 2009, following Barack Obama’s inaugura-tion. The VH-71 Kestrel was also affected by this. Following a risk assessment, which found that the total project cost could rise to over 13 billion US dollars, the project was finally completed with reference to the ad-equate performance of the in-service Ma-rine One helicopter. Many observers inter-preted the decision as a deliberate action against a half-European solution for Marine One. The reports and investigations from Congress and the GAO for the US101 pro-gramme, however, verify that the decision was based solely on the low output of the

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American position in the civil aviation sec-tor have been jeopardised. Conclusion: Fail-ure due to loss against national industrial and structural policy interests.The Joint Cargo Aircraft (JCA) programme from 2006 serves as a final example. Re- presentatives of the US Army repeatedly expressed concerns that many runways were too short for the C-130 Hercules to be deployed in theatres of operation. They therefore argued strongly that the US Air Force should procure a new model of air-craft in order to be able to fill the gap in this ability range. In the tender in June 2007, Alenia, L-3 Communications and Boe-ing were successful as a team under the name of Global Military Aircraft Systems (GMAS). Their C-27J Spartan came out on top against the CASA C-295M. In the medium term, it was planned that the US Army/Army National Guard and the US Air Force would each receive 70 planes, with a total value of six billion dollars. However, the US Air Force had spoken out against the C-27J from the offset, as the model’s operating and maintenance costs are sig-nificantly higher than those of the C-295M and the C-130J. Therefore, in early 2012, the US Air Force announced its exit from the programme. As a result, the entire pro-gramme was immediately stopped by the Pentagon. Since then, attempts have been made to either give the planes that were al-ready in service to the US Coast Guard or to sell them on to third countries. Decommis-sioning has been scheduled for late 2013. The reasoning behind this was the decision that supporting forces on the front line is a matter of filling niches, which can be cov-ered by the US Army’s CH-47 helicopter and the US Air Force’s Hercules transport plane. Conclusion: Failure due to inaccurate needs analysis on the part of the customer.

Perspectives for the Future

As little as can be said about a marginali-sation of transatlantic relations in the last ten years, there is also little that can be assumed from the declining importance of transatlantic armaments cooperation. On the contrary, however, the increasing de-

project and therefore casualties of the re-thinking in the White House and the Penta-gon associated with Obama’s inauguration would no longer enforce development and procurement projects at any cost. Other prominent victims included Airborne Laser Missile Defence Aircraft, part of the Future Combat System (FCS), and the final instal-ment of the F-22 Raptor. This new line was manifested with the Weapons System Acquisition Reform Act 2009. Conclusion: Failure due to overpricing.The second example refers to the unglamo- rous story of the KC-X project, through which the US Air Force wishes to procure a new aircraft for flight refuelling. The RfP in January 2007 was followed by a politically charged battle between two consortia try-ing to acquire a contract with an estimated total volume of 35 billion US dollars. On the European side, EADS joined forces with Northrop Grumman with a model based on the A330 MRTT, which was able to prevail against the Boeing KC-45 after an initial decision in February 2008. After a protest from Boeing and a re-opening of the tender, the smaller Boeing KC-46 came out on top against EADS on the second at-tempt. Northrop Grumman withdrew from the proceedings shortly before this on the grounds that the amended requirement criteria, in comparison to those of the first tender, were clearly tailored to Boeing’s of-fer, and therefore that the basis for a fair bidding process no longer existed. Parallel to these proceedings, the US made fierce accusations at the World Trade Organiza-tion against subsidies for the European aerospace industry and their impact on the price development of the bid under the KC-X programme. It should not be completely dismissed, in any case, that the fear of a feedback effect on the civilian market for passenger aircraft could have played a role in the decision-making process. Boeing must have feared that a European success in the KC-X programme would also result in benefits for Airbus in the development and pricing of the A350, which would have posed a significant risk to the success of the important Boeing 787 Dreamliner. There-fore, from Washington’s point of view, the

mands in the context of joint-forces (joint) and multinational (combined) capability or application areas have led to a dramatic increase in the costs of development and procurement programmes. The cost-time dilemma behind this – rising development costs due to increasingly complex technol-ogies, combined with a reduction of sys-tem service life on the basis of ever-faster updated performance criteria – encour-ages the multinational programme ap-proach. These programmes, however, can only be effective if they take into account certain framework conditions, which must be determined in advance. These include, in addition to a clear analysis of demand formulated on the basis of expected op-eration scenarios, the early involvement of industrial and structural policy interests, and the reform of procurement processes on both sides of the Atlantic, in order to be able to identify and eliminate risks early on in the process. A certain degree of cau-tion also proves to be particularly helpful. The more upbeat and meaningful com-munication about defence projects is, the more it draws critical attention to itself; not only from a security policy or fiscal perspective (“Do we need this and if so, why at this price?”), but also, and more importantly, from a labour market and economic policy point of view (“Why can we not do this alone?”). Unlike in the past, the Europeans are slowly to get a foothold in the US market, even if this is only pos-sible via the detour of a consortium with US companies. Programmes and projects which are accompanied by a lot of media attention and which concern key areas of defence capabilities, such as for example missile defence or the KC-X programme, which stands out only as a result of its enormous volume of orders, prove to be particularly vulnerable. The change in US perspective from Europe towards Asia has not yet touched transatlantic defence co-operation. The reason for this may lie in a lack of alternatives. Neither Russia nor the Asia-Pacific countries currently represent a serious development partner. While there is an increasing number of contracts be-ing closed, some of which even involve the transfer of expertise, technologies and manufacturing capabilities into the new markets, the transatlantic partners are – hopefully – aware that a revalua-tion of industry in these countries would sooner or later produce more competitors than partners on the global arms market. Therefore, more pragmatism should also be adopted in the field of transatlantic ar-maments cooperation before the old Ger-man saying, “when two parties fight, the third party wins”, comes true. L

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With German Armed Forces operations in the Balkans and in Afghanistan, logistic vehicles in-

troduced according to the accelerated pro-curement scheme were initially provided with additional armour (modular protective equipment, MSA), however – despite the levels of protection achieved being insuffi-cient – this impaired the handling and driv-ability of the vehicles. The concepts for ar-moured vehicles conceptually justified and challenged not only armoured command and multi-purpose vehicles (GFF), but also armoured transport vehicles (GTF). Unlike GFFs, where the entire vehicle is armoured, in the case of GTFs only the driver cabins are armoured. The cargo remains unpro-tected for weight and cost reasons.

Analysis of the Selection Pro-cess and Technical Features

Five load capacity classes (ZLK) (2, 5, 9, 15 and 25 tonnes) are defined for transporta-tion purposes. Following a market study in the industry, the Federal Office of Defense Technology and Procurement (BWB, now BAAINBw) purchased test models of these vehicles and carried out extensive testing. Heavy goods vehicles from the companies

Iveco, Mercedes-Benz and Rheinmetall MAN Military Vehicles (RMMV) participat-ed in the BWB selection tests. Following testing, the decision was made for the load capacity classes ZLK 5 t and ZLK 15 t. The first orders have been made and delivery has begun.When selecting appropriate transport ve-hicles, the quantity/weight of the cargo, the load capacity and the vehicle access width of the transport routes are essen-tial factors in the decision-making process. Starting at ZLK 5 t, the vehicle’s dimensions and wheel load capacities are nearing the upper permissible limits in accordance with the StVZO (German road traffic licensing regulations) and are no longer relevant as a criterion for concrete operation tasks. Therefore, for the first procurements the focus was put on ZLK 5 t and ZLK 15 t; procurement of ZLK 9 t is currently not a priority. Since August 2009, German traffic regulations have required that engines in newly registered vehicles comply with the emission standards as laid out in European Council directive no. 595/2009 (Euro 5). Depending on the operational area, it is not always possible to provide military vehicles with the necessary fuel quality. In order to nevertheless be able to use the vehicles for

tasks of public authority, there is an excep-tion in place for German Armed Forces ve-hicles which permits them to operate un-der the regulations for emission standard Euro 3. However, the ruling only applies for operations and training.

The Manufacturers

The three major manufacturers from the German commercial vehicle industry, Iveco, Mercedes-Benz and Rheinmetall MAN Mili-tary Vehicles (RMMV), have all submitted bids for the GTF range. The vehicles sub-mitted are based on off-road heavy goods vehicles for the civilian market. The frame, drive train, axles and wheels are essentially equivalent to the components used in civil-ian heavy goods vehicles. Changes mainly concern electrical installations, alterations to the increase in fording ability and, in par-ticular, the armoured compartment for the vehicle’s crew and the emergency operating features of the wheels.

Iveco

For their GTF bid, Iveco picks up on the comprehensive Trakker range, which covers the required payload in different

Survey of protected transport vehicles in the 2, 5, 9 and 15 t weight classes (from left to right)

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Armoured transport Vehicles Status Report and Plans gerhard heiming and michael horst

Being equipped with armoured wheeled vehicles is an essential prerequisite for the deployment of ground

troops in current operations. After the high point of the intake of armoured command and multi-purpose

vehicles (GFF), the German Armed Forces began to purchase the first armoured transport vehicles (GtF).

this closes a capability gap and improves the protection of staff.


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and reduces the replenishment of spare parts. Furthermore, the Trakker is also a carrier vehicle for armoured special vehi-cles, such as the TEP 90 or road tankers. The vehicle’s core is the stable, rigid lead frame which is also good at absorbing torsional strain.The armoured cabin made of armour steel is supplied by Krauss-Maffei Wegmann (KMW) and provides protection against ballistic threats and mines in accordance with the requirements of STANAG 4569, and offers protection against blasts and fragments from IEDs (Improvised Explo-sive Devices). This is identical for all Trak-kers and can be quickly replaced with an unarmoured cabin (or vice versa) while in the field. The cabin is furnished and placed on the chassis at the Iveco factory. The cabin includes all the reinforcements and adjustments necessary to securely transfer the considerable additional weight of the armour from the mounting brackets onto the frame. The interior equipment is largely the same, in that the instrument panel is in fact completely identical to that of the unarmoured cabin. This means that there is no need for an extra training, at least as far as the operation while driving is concerned.As an introduction to ZLK 15 t, the Ger-man Armed Forces ordered 13 Trakkers with platform bodies and armoured crew compartments in mid-2012. The intake for 2013 has been agreed, with the first vehi-cles arriving in July of this year.

Mercedes-Benz

UnimogThe Unimog carries its universal applicability in its name. Small in size and unbeatably nimble on the ground in its class, the Uni-mog is indispensible for safe transportation both on and off road. In the U5000 class, the flexible lead frame can carry (military) payloads of up to two tonnes thanks to its forged linkages. Encapsulated assem-blies and drive shafts ensure the necessary operational security in snow, sand, gravel and mud, making the Unimog a safe trans-port vehicle for people and supplies and – with its standard compartments – an ideal equipment carrier.

global logistics support, and, on the oth-er hand, in logistical integration for mili-tary users, which simplifies the training of operators and maintenance personnel,

configurations using modules from the mass production series. This results on the one hand in a high degree of similar-ity with civilian vehicles, which facilitates

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Iveco Trakker AT 410 – 8x8 – ZLK 15 t – subject to service introduction with the Bundeswehr in 2013

Overview of technical specifications – Trakker

Model AT 190 T 4x4 AT 380 T 6x6 AT 410 T 8x8 AT 380 T 6x6

Permissible total weight (acc. to StVZO / technically feasible)

18.0/20.0 t 26.0/38.0 t 32.0/41.0 t 26.0/30.0 t

Width / height approx. 2.55 m / 3.20 m approx. 2.55 m / 3.25 m approx. 2.55 m / 3.30 m approx. 2.55 m / 3.25 m

Wheelbase 4.20 m or 4.50 m 4.20 / 1.40 m 1.875 / 3.325 / 1.40 m 3.50 / 1.40 m

Engine power 265 kW or 301 kW 332 kW or 368 kW 332 kW or 368 kW 332 kW or 368 kW

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quickly and safely control the Zetros. The vehicles in the series have a uniform cab-in which meets all applicable safety and ergonomic requirements. In addition to three full individual seats, the cabin also has plenty of storage space for equipment, such as wireless devices, specific navigation systems and personal equipment.The armoured cabin is constructed by the company Indikar in accordance with Mer-cedes requirements. The interior construc-

tion and end assembly are carried out by Mercedes. The appearance of the Zetros is only slightly altered by the armoured cabin. The instrument panel is identical to that of the unarmoured version. The armoured Zetros is offered in 4x4 and 6x6 configu-ration for ZLK 5 t and ZLK 9 t and is also available in different levels of protection

Benz Zetros was created to fulfil the re-quirements for operation both on and off road.

ZetrosThe Zetros continues the tradition of the legendary Mercedes-Benz forward control heavy goods vehicles and is the only cab-over in the GTF competition. The concept-specific low height of a cab-over enables it to be transported by train or plane.

The favourable seating position behind the front axle results, on the one hand, in easy and relaxed off-road driving and, on the other, in the Zetros having car-like steering behaviour, which makes it easier for the driver – working together with the control elements and operational units brought over from the mass production series – to

As a classic, high-performing all-terrain military vehicle, the Unimog is now, 60 years after its market launch, available with new semi-modular armour. Moreo-ver, in order to achieve more freedom of movement, the width and height of the series cabin were each extended by 120mm, and the cabin was modified with a steel tank bottom and various rein-forcements and fastening elements. Pro-tection against IEDs and ballistic threat is

replaced accordingly by the installation of armoured shutters, doors and windows. An NBC protective ventilation system can be integrated. The armoured Unimog and the KMW Dingo in a pick-up version are the only candidates in ZLK 2 t. Based on the technology of the Mercedes-Benz mass production series, the Mercedes-

Overview of technical specifications – Mercedes-Benz

Vehicle load capacity class 2 t 5 t 9 t 15 t

Model Unimog U5000 4x4 GLF Zetros 1833A 4x4 GLF Zetros 2733A 6x6 GLF Actros 3841A 8x8 GLF

Permissible total weight 13.0 t 19.5 t 27.0 t 38.0 t

Width / height 2.35 m / 3.00 m 2.55 m / 3.20 m 2.35 m / 3.00 m 2.55 m / 3.46 m

Turning circle 18 m 20.6 m 21.7 m 20.6 m

Engine power 160 kW 240 kW 240 kW 300 kW

Torque 810 Nm 1,300 Nm 1,300 Nm 2,000 Nm

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The Actros with armoured cabin is available for ZLK 15 t.The Actros 8x8 is also the basis of the Bi-son heavy-duty armoured mountain vehi-cle, twelve of which were delivered to the German Armed Forces in December 2011.

Rheinmetall MAN Military Vehicles (RMMV)

RMMV also offers vehicles from the HX and SX series, and the Wisent as a GTF.

The HX SeriesThe HX series – also known as vehicles with high mobility – is considered the most ver-satile of MAN’s four-wheel vehicles. Based on the civilian range of the TG series, this vehicle has the reliability of tried and tested

mass series components, complemented by innovative and modern technology for military vehicles. The low-torsion lead frame of the HX series is based on the well-tried series production from the civilian TGA range. With riveted and bolted cross members and a steel bumper, the low-torsion frame keeps lateral acceleration for

The Actros 8x8 Mercedes-Benz offers a complete range of armoured driver’s cab-ins in different lengths – short, medium, and long – and with different levels of protection against ballistic threats, mines and IEDs. All versions offer a range of en-gine and transmission variants and special equipment.

which go beyond the requirements of the GTF project.A cabin exchange system was devel-oped for the Zetros. If the basic vehicle is equipped with customised suspension and reinforced mounting for the cabin, mainte-nance personnel are able to exchange the armoured cabin for an unarmoured cabin within a short period of time.In May 2012, the German Armed Forces ordered a first batch of 110 Zetros GTFs in ZLK 5 t, 25 of which have already been delivered to troops. The next 85 Zetros will be delivered by 2014.

ActrosThe four-axle (8x8) high-performance all-terrain Mercedes-Benz “Armoured Actros“is based on the successful mass series produc-tion Actros, of which over 500,000 units have been distributed worldwide, including in heavy-duty construction operations. A highly-armoured driver’s cabin was devel-oped for the Actros series. With a 4/4b level of protection in accordance with STANAG 4569, the “Armoured Actros“ currently of-fers the greatest occupant protection avail-able in a chassis from the mass series.

Overview of technical specifications – RMMV

Vehicle load capacity class

5 t 5 t 9 t 9 t 15 t 15 t 25 t 25 t

Model HX 18.330 4x4 (HX60)

Wisent 6x6 HX 25.440 6x6 (HX58)

Wisent 8x8 HX 32.440 8x8 (HX77)

Wisent 10x10 SaZgM 25t (HX 58)

Wisent 8x8

Permissible total weight 19 t <24 t 30 t <32 t 38 t <40 t 29 t <32 t

Width / height 2.55/3.38 m 2.55/3.65 m 2.55/3.48 m 2.55/3.65 m 2.55/3.48 m 2.55/3.65 m 2.55 x 3.48 m 2.55/2.80 m

Turning circle 8.43 m <24 m 9.49 m <24 m 11.72 m <25 m 9.49 m <24 m

Engine power 240 kW 324 kW 324 kW 324 kW 324 kW 324 kW 324 kW 324 kW

Torque 1,250 Nm 2,100 Nm 2,100 Nm 2,100 Nm 2,100 Nm 2,100 Nm 2,100 Nm 2,100 Nm

The Mercedes-Benz Zetros 1833A 4x4 GLF – ZLK 5 t – has been in Bundeswehr service since 2012

Mercedes-Benz Actros 3841A 8x8 GLF – ZLK 15 t


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tubular cross members was developed for the SX series. The progressive coil spring suspension, if required also hydraulic sus-pension, for very long spring travel comple-ments the mobility and low level of torsion. This maintains the protection of structures even on difficult terrain and at high speeds.Similar to the HX, the crew of the SX is also protected by an integrated armoured cabin. Vehicles from the SX series are avail-able as 3 or 4 axle vehicles in ZLK 9 t and ZLK 15 t for use on difficult terrain.

Wisent SeriesThe Wisent series – known as vehicles with extreme comfort mobility – combines the all-terrain capabilities of an SX with the com-fort of an SUV. As a classic tactical vehicle, the Wisent has been delivered to the Federal Office of Defense Technology and Procure-ment for testing as part of the selection competition in the GFF class 4. The devel-opment of a special frame combined with independent suspension and coil springs provides the best ride comfort in extremely tough terrain. In addition, components from the vehicles in the HX and SX series are used in the engine, transmission, cooling system and brakes. As a derivative of the armoured command and multi-purpose vehicles, the GTF version of the Wisent is of interest to nations wishing to put together a fleet of vehicles from a vehicle range. Exchanging the cargo bed for the armoured construc-tion of the tactical variant is kept as simple as possible by using the same interfaces with the chassis. What is more, the entire vehicle range has identical drive and chassis com-ponents and the same cabin. The Wisent GTF’s protection system is identical to that of the GFF, i.e. fully integrated into the body-work and its structures. The GTF versions of the Wisent between 6x6 and 10x10 in load capacity classes ZLK 5 t to ZLK 25 t are intended for use as transport vehicles for sensitive and high-value goods.

Requirements for Operations

The previously planned requirements for completely equipping the Armed Forces (approximately 9,000 vehicles) for opera-tions and training are currently being ad-justed to the new German Armed Forces structure using a new equipment concept. The new concept guarantees that troops on operation and in pre-deployment train-ing will be fully equipped. The remaining troops will be provided with as much ma-terial as is necessary to achieve the objec-tives of troop training. In this way, a total of approximately 30 percent of the range of equipment will be saved. L

armoured cabins, jointly developed by Rheinmetall among others, have proven their protective functions in corresponding tests. Active protection is also available as an option, as has been demonstrated by the sample installation of the Active De-fense System (ADS). In order to allow the crew adequate response to attacks, this armoured cabin can also be equipped with an operable armoured weapon station. HX vehicles are available for ZLK 5 t to ZLK 25 t.

SX SeriesSX series vehicles are characterised by extreme mobility. This mobility is evident in their particularly high off-road perfor-mance, which is sometimes on a par with tracked vehicles. Many of its components come from tried and tested series produc-tion. The critical components are designed for maximum durability and reliability. An extremely torsion-resistant box frame with hollow profile long members and welded

the construction low. The well-tried leaf suspension, which was also brought over from the tried and tested series production, contributes to more stable handling and has been optimised for the HX series.The HX series offers protection via either a modular armoured cabin (MAC) or, for higher protection requirements, via an in-tegrated armoured cabin (IAC). The standard MAC kit consists of modules, which are screwed adaptively to the cabin. Ar-moured glass and special seals complement the package, resulting in an average, low-cost level of protection in accordance with STANAG 4569. Additional technical meas-ures bring the protection of German Armed Forces vehicles up to the required level.The integrated armoured cabin in an all-steel construction provides a reliable high level of protection in accordance with STANAG 4569 against bombardment and fragmentation, as well as against AT blast mines, IEDs and road-side bombs. These

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?: The German Air Force Association (IDLw e.V.) which is based in Berlin was founded on 25th October 2010. What prompted this? Which role does the association have?Gräber: Ensuring security and freedom re-quires a capable and combat-ready air force as part of the Federal Armed Forces. The IDLw was founded to provide all who are committed to our Air Force, both now and in future, with a forum for the exchange of information. It offers all interested parties, from politics and society, economy and industry, research and education, the op-portunity to join forces for the benefit of our country and our Air Force.

?: How important is the Air Force for Ger-many’s internal and external security?Gräber: The new threats do not stop at national borders. Power shifts between states and the rise and fall of new regional powers, international terrorism and

organised crime place the security of Eu-rope at risk. The scenarios to be expected are hardly predictable. Therefore, armed forces should not be optimised exclusively for the operational requirements which are known today. They must be able to cover the entire spectrum of possible op-erations, from assistance to combat oper-ations. This means that our Air Force must keep force modules ready, which are rap-idly available and with the help of which we can react in a politically appropriate and militarily successful way. Contributing to national and alliance defence, operat-ing within the framework of international conflict prevention and crisis manage-ment, salvaging, evacuating, and rescuing hostages overseas within the framework of national crisis prevention are all just as much part of the range of services, same as surveillance and security within German air and sea space.

?: What are the association’s focal issues?Gräber: The association provides all inter-ested parties with a forum and platform focussed on five topics:We want to dedicate ourselves to our Air Force’s military-historical and tradition building period since its establishment in 1956. For this purpose, we will conduct military-historical seminars every two years. The results will be documented in a book series called “The Air Force in Modernity”.The significance of an air force with a high-performance aviation industry for the fulfil-ment of national tasks is to be demonstrat-ed through presentations and discussions.The European and transatlantic collabo-ration for crisis prevention and conflict management is another focus of the community. As a result the German Air Force Association has become a mem-ber of the “European Partnership of Air Force Associations” (EPAA), an umbrel-la organisation with similar objectives. We will accompany classes from all school types when they visit Berlin, in order to mo-

tivate young people to serve in the Federal Armed Forces.Bundling the multifaceted opinions about our Air Force – particularly among non-au-thorities – is a further objective. Press confer-ences with the trade press, publications in different organs and dialogue and interview partners for both national and international media are challenges we are facing.

?: Which new developments should be supported more strongly? What does the association advocate?Gräber: The Air Force preserves the clas-sic core capabilities for highly intense aerial warfare operations, such as aerial defence and air attack. However, so-called support-ing air operations, such as airlift, intelligence and close air support have also become considerably more significant. In addition, outer space will gain in importance in our Air Force’s future. The IDLw wants to active-ly enhance this redirection with the support of information events, such as conventions, symposia and series of lectures at national and international levels.

A Forum for Germany’s Air Force

IDLw e.V.

Contact:

IDLw e.V.Luftwaffenkaserne WAHNP.O. Box 906110/52951147 KölnGermany

Tel.: +49 (0) 2203 988 9163Fax: +49 (0) 2203 908 2059E-mail: [email protected]

the deployment of unmanned aircraft, arms cooperation in europe, the role of outer space for national

security – the German Air Force is about to face great challenges. the German Air Force Associations’ (in-

teressengemeinschaft deutsche luftwaffe e.V. – idlw) objective is to assist the Air Force in meeting these

challenges. in this interview, the German version of which was first published in “diplomatisches Magazin”,

the president of the association, Winfried Gräber, addresses focal issues and objectives.(P

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European Security and Defence · March 2013

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With R&S SDTR, the company brings its new generation of Software Defined Radios in

conjunction with networked waveforms to the market. The module enables high-data rate, interference-resistant communi-cations in the context of network-centric operations. The new R&S SDTR and the R&S HDR waveform family are now avail-able from the company.

The Technology

The tactical radio for vehicles and semi-mo-bile platforms has an output power of 50 W without external amplifiers and covers a frequency range from 30 MHz to 512 MHz. Its shock resistance, height, weight and ventilation have been optimised for spe-cial military requirements, and it requires no additional mechanical shock absorber. Thanks to the integrated high efficiency fil-ter, antenna spacings of just one metre can be implemented without the spark lines in-terfering with each other. The radio is ful-ly IP-compatible thanks to the waveform family R&S HDR and can therefore be easily and seamlessly integrated into existing IP networks.

Open Platform

Based on standardised Software Commu-nications Architecture (SCA), the R&S SDTR has been implemented as an open and

flexible platform. This allows both SCA-based waveforms and waveforms from other manufacturers to port to the radio. The platform allows the potential customer to adapt their communication system to forthcoming tasks, and not vice versa. This also opens the door to interoperability with allied forces. In addition, the R&S SDTR is powerful enough for future international standardised waveforms with data rates of up to several MBit/s and offers investment protection for the future.SDTR thus resembles the German “Net-work Capable Radio Equipment for Com-bined Armed Forces“ project (SVFuA), for which Rohde & Schwarz also develop a Software Defined Radio solution. Since the United States put their own military SDR project on hold, Germany is now at the forefront of research and development.

Operation-Optimised Waveforms

In order to cater to the variety of differ-ent application requirements, Rohde & Schwarz has developed a family of net-work-enabled, high data-rate waveforms. The R&S HDR family transmits up to two voice channels and data in parallel with a high-speed and various priorities. The user is able to select the optimal waveform for each communication scenario according to the required range, data-rate and resistance to interference. The R&S HDR

waveform family enables mobile, IP-based communications over tactical radio and is optimised for future networked operations. In vehicle-based scenarios, network node accessibility or bandwidth availability can change quickly. The MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Network) capability of R&S HDR wave-forms automatically supports the restruc-turing of radio networks. This technology makes it possible to establish the optimal network structure flexibly and complete-ly automatically within rapidly changing network structures, whilst each individual radio device connects to the others equally. In this way, a command post can establish secure communications with other participants without line of sight, such as over patrol vehicles.

The Security Concept

An optimised approach to security allows any user to rely on secure and reliable com-munications. Open and encrypted data are strictly separated by appropriate measures and the best possible resistance to inter-ference is ensured through extremely fast frequency hopping. The use of high-secu-rity encryption techniques along with the combination of these methods provides protection against interference and against any attempts at reconnaissance or eaves-dropping.

The Company

The electronics Group Rohde & Schwarz is a leading supplier of solutions in the fields of measurement, broadcasting, ra-dio monitoring and radio location technologies and secure communications, with headquarters in Munich. Founded almost 80 years ago, the independent company, its services and its dedicated service net-work have a presence in over 70 countries around the world. Around 8,700 employ-ees generated a turnover of € 1.8 billion in the financial year 2011/2012. In order to maintain its high standards of quality, the Group keeps virtually all added value within the company. Central development is located at the company headquarters. Outside of Germany, the company main-tains development centres in the US, Sin-gapore, Korea, China, Denmark, France and the UK. In these locations, applica-tions to be implemented are tailored to the needs of local customers. LSoftware Defined Tactical Radio (SDTR)

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Software defined tactical Radio latest Generation michael horst

Rohde & Schwarz presented the latest generation of Software defined

tactical Radio (SdtR) to an international audience of specialists at an

information event on the 12 december 2012 at the company head-

quarters in Munich.


i Nd uS tRy & MARKe tS

In spring 2012, the BDSV commissioned the Economic Research Institute WifOR with the preparation of the study. At

the end of November 2012, the study re-sults were passed on to the BDSV, which then released them to the public at a press conference in early December 2012.The objective of this research was to measure the economic importance of the German Security and Defence In-dustry. The economic indicators identi-fied for this purpose reflect the indus-try's total production, value added and employment effects that result from the industry's activities. Alongside the direct economic effects of the SVI, the study also took into consideration the indirect or induced economic actions that radiate into the economic sectors upstream and downstream of the SVI. This also enables the economic ties in which the industry's economic activity is involved to be visualised. The calcula-tions carried out by WifOR for this pur-pose are based on an OECD-wide recog-nised methodology which is also widely accepted as a method in policy-making decisions.

As a starting point, the study shows that the SVI has a core area which is broadly comparable to the traditional armaments industry, which produces weapons, weap-on systems and ammunition, and which includes a rapidly growing extended area of goods for prevention and operations management.

Effects on Employment and Labour Productivity

In 2011, approximately 98,000 people were directly employed in the German SVI. The SVI's cumulative activities also ensure over 218,000 further jobs, which are taken into account thanks to spill-over effects in-to intermediate industries and downstream economic sectors. The SVI's economic ac-tivity therefore ensures around 316,000 jobs in total. Average annual employment growth in the SVI amounted to 4.1 per-cent over the period 2005 to 2011. In the same period, employment in the German economy grew by only 0.9 percent. This means that growth in the SVI was more than four times stronger than that of the overall economy.

In comparison to other industries, the German SVI has an above-average labour productivity of around € 82,000: The av-erage labour productivity in Germany is € 53,500. The reason for this high produc-tivity is the high skill-level of the industry's professionals. This level of skill is also re-flected in the average per capita income of just under € 61,000 for SVI employees. This income is an average of 36 percent above the average of other manufacturing industries and 79 percent above that of the overall economy.

Core Area and Extended Area

The manufacture of weapons, mobile and stationary weapon systems and ammuni-tion can be considered the core area of the SVI. These products serve to fulfil official security functions in the military and civilian sectors. In 2011, these products supplied the smaller part of the SVI's production value with approximately € 3.9 billion.The extended area of the SVI includes goods for prevention and operations man-agement, such as solutions for surveillance

capacity for innovation the economic importance of the Security and defence industrygerhard heiming and lothar schulz

the study entitled “Quantification of the economic importance of the Security and defence industry for the

German economy“ from the darmstadt institute of economic Research WifoR is the Federal Association

of the German Security and defence industry's (BdSV) contribution to the objectification of the discussion

about the role of the German Security and defence industry (SVi) as part of the German economy.

Dingo 2 with container: Innovative further development of civilian components for military use

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I nd us try & Marke ts


the need to reinforce the European de-fence industry.The Council called for the creation of a more integrated, sustainable, innovative and competitive European technological and industrial defence base. The ways and means to achieve this are the creation of more synergies between civilian and mili-tary research and development, and the promotion of a well-functioning defence market which is open to small and medi-um-sized enterprises (SMEs) and benefits from their contributions. The latter can be achieved through effective implementa-tion of the directives on public procure-ment and via intra-EU transfers of defence goods.

Arms Exports in Focus

The at times very emotional discussion about German arms exports in recent months has raised different issues.Furthermore, the BDSV, while also taking into account the results of this study, em-phasised: "It is very clear to the German SVI that, in the issue of approved exports, nothing can take precedence over politics." In addition, there is no alternative to the cri-teria laid out in the “Policy Principles of the Federal Government for the Export of War Weapons and other Military Equipment“.The confidential advice in the Federal Securi-ty Council (BSR) on the so-called preliminary inquiries serves to protect the countries that have made this application. The German SVI leaves no doubt about the fact that the as-sessment and evaluation of human rights will be weighed just as carefully in the BSR's decision as the issue of the foreign and se-curity policy assessment in the country or re-gion making the application. The economic interest of a possible German contractor is not among the criteria for consideration in the BSR or part of the preliminary decision-making processes. L

• The share of innovative products in sales is above average in the German SVI. In an industry comparison, the SVI lies in third place behind the automobile and electronics industries. The innovative capacity of the Security and Defence Industry also radiates in intermediate industries. Participation in research partnerships is essential to the company gaining competence.

• In terms of gross value added, the SVI has an internal research and develop-ment (R&D) rate of about 19 percent. Thus, the SVI is the industry with the fifth largest R&D momentum in Germa-ny; behind the automotive, pharmaceu-tical, chemical and telecommunications products industries, but ahead of the aviation services, medical, measure-ment and control engineering, and me-chanical engineering industries.

• Due to the strong involvement of in-termediate goods and the associated effects, such as in the value chain, the German SVI is an important and vital part of the German economy. Adding to this is the greater than average potential for innovation and high R&D rate.

Competitive Defence Industry

Independent of this study initiated by the BDSV – but certainly in the context of it – the European Council recalled in its 'con-clusions' to the European summit meet-ing in Brussels on 13th and 14th December 2012 its objective to make its Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), which is the Union's concrete contribution to in-ternational crisis management, more ef-fective. In order to provide future-oriented skills in both the civilian sector and in the field of defence, the Council referred to intensifying the development of defence capabilities, amongst other things, and to

and reconnaissance, solutions for the pro-tection of critical infrastructure or IT, and solutions for operations communication and harm reduction. In 2011, these goods had a production value of nearly € 19 bil-lion.For both SVI areas – core and extended – the contracting authority is the largest single consumer. It therefore plays a major role as a driver of innovation in the SVI, which can be supported through suitable procurement processes and measures in the fields of research and technology. In-novations are the key to maintaining and expanding the German SVI's international competitiveness.

The SVI's High Degree of Interdependence

In 2011, intermediate goods purchased from the Security and Defence Industry reached a value of € 14.3 billion. This is due to the fact that the Security and Defence Industry consumes high-quality and highly innovative intermediate goods. There are clear value added, employment and innovation effects associated with the value of the purchased goods in the many medium-sized intermediate indus-tries. Without integrating Security and Defence Industry goods into the supply chain, the operating substance of a mul-titude of medium-sized companies would be endangered.

Consequences

• The importance of military and securi-ty-related products is increasing, as is the production of weapons, weapon systems and ammunition. Goods used for prevention and operations manage-ment, in particular, show growth. The greatest potential for growth in terms of jobs is also found in this area.

A large proportion of used civilian automobile parts and components are used as 'intermediate goods' in military transport vehicles – here: the Zet-ros from Mercedes-Benz

The construction of the A400M ensures high-tech jobs at the manufacturer and in the supplier industry

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ESD: The MEADS Design and Develop-ment phase will end in March 2014. What contribution can MEADS technologies make to the modernisation of air and mis-sile defence?Homberg: With a view to current deploy-ment scenarios, capabilities such as en-gagement against multiple targets, open architecture with plug-and-fight capability, 360 degree protection, transportability and high mobility are becoming increasingly im-portant. The core elements and advanced technologies that the MEADS develop-ment produces provide an excellent basis for these gaps requirements.In the future it will be possible to integrate other sensors and effectors depending on threat development. This applies to both lower and upper tier systems. Finally, ‘one’ system could cover different tasks in the fu-ture – national and alliance defence and the protection of deployed troops. A significant contribution to the NATO Missile Defence Initiative becomes possible. ESD: On the 29 November 2012, the MEADS air defence system passed its first flight test against a target drone success-fully. What does this success mean in the context of future air and missile defence in Germany and Europe?Homberg: Germany and Italy as Eu-ropean nations and participants in the MEADS programme intend to use the technology for their future air and mis-sile defence following the completion of the Proof of Concept and Demonstration of Capability phase in 2014. This success-ful test demonstrated that all of the core elements – the radar, the battle manager and the launcher with PAC-3 MSE missile – work efficiently as an integrated sys-tem. With this, we have reached a critical milestone for the successful completion of the MEADS development programme in 2014. At the same time, we have laid the foundation for the construction of a threat-oriented German and European air defence system. In this respect, this suc-cess was enormously important.

ESD: Germany will have invested a remark-able budget in the MEADS development – is this a good deal for the country?Homberg: Germany is financing 25% of the development. In return, we get 100% access to the technology. This also applies to our partner nations, the US and Italy. We are talking about comprehensive and cutting-edge technologies in the fields of air and missile defence.

ESD: In Turkey, German Patriot systems are used which have been upgraded in the context of the Kampfwertanpassung 2 (KWA 2) programme. MBDA Deutschland was the prime contractor involved in the KWA 2 for German Patriot systems. How do you assess the capabilities of these sys-tems?Homberg: The German Air Force is – to-day – well positioned with the current Patriot systems. The Patriot air defence system has been upgraded and improved in several areas. The KWA 2 upgrade of the German Patriot systems made it pos-sible to use the improved PAC-3 CRI mis-sile. However, we know that even with further upgrades, the air defence systems currently used by the German Air Force are neither operationally nor economically capable of providing a long-term alterna-tive to MEADS technologies.

ESD: The New Generation guided missile (LFK NG) was intended as an effector for short-range protection as part of the now-defunct air defence system (SysFla) project. Is there a future for this missile?

Homberg: The German Army’s SysFla pro-ject was terminated and with it the concept of an integrated air defence system with the LFK NG and MANTIS effectors. There are currently considerations of the German Air Force to individually integrate the ef-fectors in a future air defence system via a mission based computing, communication and combat system.The need for a missile with a broad combat spectrum – from fighter aircraft and UAVs to cruise missiles and large calibre rockets – still exists. The LFK NG, in particular in its mobile configuration, can be used as an escort for troops in motion. Its light weight and small size enable it to be used on ships, vehicles, helicopters and mobile platforms. In the medium term, this means that it can replace the Stinger, which is in service in Germany and will be operational until around 2018.

ESD: Eight months ago, you took over re-sponsibility as CEO of MBDA Deutschland. What opportunities and challenges do you see for your business in the future?Homberg: Today, we are a supplier to the Air Force, the Army and the Navy. We have the capability to design, develop and produce guided missile systems as well as their key components such as seekers, warhead systems and propulsion systems. Our competence also covers the integration of missiles with the system en-vironment. In addition, we handle system support, maintenance and modifications throughout the life cycle of our products. We want to continue to do this in the fu-ture and want to offer a comprehensive range of products and capabilities.However, we are generally faced with tense national defence budgets. Nev-ertheless, we have to secure our order intake. To this end, we further develop our operation-oriented, sustainable product range – at times using a sub-stantial amount of our own resources. For example, our work on laser weapon systems ignited national and internation-al interest. This also applies to our new

“A significant contribution to the NAto Missile defence initiative is possible.”

interview with thomas homberg, ceo of mBda deutschland gmbh



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ESD: In Germany, it has been discussed from an industrial policy point of view whether technological capabilities in the field of missiles can and should be brought

together in a national system house.

Given the fact that a broad, namely Euro-pean-based system house already exists in MBDA, is this discussion obsolete?Homberg: The European guided missile systems industry has undergone a pro-found change. In 2001, Britain, France and Italy consolidated their missile indus-tries at a European level. The integration of LFK GmbH (editor’s note: now MBDA Deutschland) in 2006 has made MBDA a European global player in the field of guided missile systems. MBDA is the leader in its European home markets – Britain, France,

KFK project – a small missile for infan-try operations – and BatCat – a missile concept for precise fire support in the context of Joint Fire Support. In addition to the important focus on the German Armed Forces, we will also have to adapt our view more strongly to exports in the future than we have previously.

ESD: In September 2012, the first successful test launch with the new KFK missile of MBDA Deutschland took place. Can you tell us more about the missiles?Homberg: The KFK project has high op-erational relevance. The project allows shoulder-fired weapon systems for the infantry to be practically complemented with a small, lightweight, and precise mis-sile. It is intended for infantry operations at group and platoon level and for Special Forces operations, and its precise effect significantly increases the combat power of infantrymen, even at long ranges of engagement. At the same time, it can be transported and operated by an individual soldier. The range of targets includes un-protected or lightly protected stationary and moving objects.The KFK concept was created taking into account the operational experience that the German Armed Forces and other armed forces in Europe have gained from current operations.

Germany, Italy and Spain – and globally, it is on a par with American competitors, some of which are also our partners.In my opinion, the preservation of German core capabilities and competitiveness can be achieved best, in the long term, in Euro-pean structures, however with robust foot-prints in our home countries. I believe that our co-operation at a European level, our connection to MBDA and our many years of experience with MBDA Deutschland’s international partners – and in particular in transatlantic cooperation – provides a significant advantage for the preservation of sovereign capabilities.

ESD: In October, MBDA Deutschland car-ried out testing of a 40kW high-energy la-ser at the site of the WTD 52 (Bundeswehr Technical Center for Protective and Spe-cial Technologies). What are MBDA Deutschland’s objectives with this devel-opment and what are the next steps for the project’s implementation?Homberg: I am proud of what we have achieved as a result of our excellent team of developers, our own investments and the support from our German clients in recent years. We were the first company in Europe to successfully demonstrate the full engagement process to counter rocket, artillery and mortar – from target detection to successful combat – using 40kW of laser power on the target. This has brought us one step closer to our goal to develop an operational laser weapon system.

There are many possible applications for future laser weapon systems, e.g. in the fields of camp and airport protection as de-fence against rockets, artillery and mortars. The naval field also deals with short range air defence, as well as counter-piracy op-erations. We will now continue to gradually optimise our system and increase its per-formance, while making it more compact, and demonstrate its various operational and system applications.

ESD: What are the benefits of an opera-tional laser weapon system compared to conventional weapon systems?Homberg: The benefits of laser technology are obvious. The highest level of ac-curacy and continuous scalability increase combat effectiveness and help to prevent accidental damage.

On 29th November 2012 MEADS passed its first test launch against a target drone with flying colours

The KFK project allows shoulder-fired weapon systems for the infantry to be practically comple-mented with a small, lightweight, and precise missile


rage speed and increased manoeuvrability in comparison to currently deployed mis-siles. TDW develops and manufactures the warhead.

ESD: Listening to you, it seems that MBDA Deutschland faces a bright future? Homberg: We have ramped-up impres-sive missile system competencies in Ger-many, not only in my company. However, in today’s budget environment it becomes more and more difficult to launch new mis-sile system development programmes. This brings the before mentioned German in-dustrial competencies at risk. If we want to sustain today’s capabilities and further de-velop them, we need a strategic dialogue between the political level, the armed forces and the industrial actors. The questions were asked by Peter Bossdorf

Homberg: Our subsidiaries Bayern-Che-mie and TDW have made significant con-tributions to Meteor’s capabilities. Bayern-Chemie is responsible for the solid fuel, variable flow ducted, Ramjet rocket motor which is currently unique in the world. This advanced technology allows the missile to reach a much longer range, a higher ave-

The system’s low life cycle costs and low operational costs are more attractive fea-tures. The lack of ammunition means that the high costs of ammunition, its storage and its transport no longer apply.ESD: What contribution does MBDA Deutschland make in the context of the Meteor programme?

With Meteor the German Air Force will introduce one of the most powerful air-to-air missile system in the world

defence Procurement in germanythe traditional focus issue

As part of the Bundeswehr’s new alignment the Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technol-ogy and In-Service Support (BAAINBw) was inaugurated on 01 October 2012. The tasks of the office comprise those of the former Federal Office of Defense Technol-ogy and Procurement (BWB) and the Federal Office of Information Management and Information Technology of the Bundeswehr (IT-Amt Bw). Besides, the BAAINBw has been charged with operational tasks which were previously taken care of by other civilian and military organisational branches. The office’s work is focussed on the development, testing, procurement and life cycle management of defence materiel.

this issue introduces the new BaainBw with its structure and current programmes.

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P o l i c y · A r m e d F o r c e s · P r o c u r e m e n t · T e c h n o l o g y

European Security & Defence

Defence Procurement in Germany

featuring in June 2013:

MITTLER REPORT VERLAG GMBH Hochkreuzallee 1 · 53175 Bonn · GermanyPhone: +49 228 / 30 78 90 · Fax: +49 228 / 30 78 915E-Mail: [email protected] · www.mittler-report.de

BrochuresGerman Army Armament 2012Contents:

GLADIUS-Dismounted Soldier System

Contents:•

• •

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Published in co-operation with the Association of the German Army (Förderkreis Deutsches Heer e.V.)

€ 14,80

24

Concept and Equipment

Over the past few years the strategic security environment of the Federal Republic of Germany has

continued to change. The once clearly defined symmetric threat of the Cold War has been replaced

by a large number of incalculable asymmetric threats.

New Technologies to Support the Army’s Capabilities on Operations

In the Defence Policy Guidelines, pub-lished in May 2011, the Federal Min-

ister of Defence defined these threats as follows:

“A direct territorial threat to Ger-many involving conventional military means remains an unlikely event. Glo-balisation has led to power shifts be-tween states and groups of states as well as to the rise of new regional pow-ers. Today, risks and threats are emerg-ing above all from failing and failed states, acts of international terrorism, terrorist regimes and dictatorships, tur-moil when these break up, criminal net-works, climatic and natural disasters, from migration developments, from the scarcity of or shortages in the sup-ply of natural resources and raw mate-rials, from epidemics and pandemics, as well as from possible threats to critical infrastructure such as information tech-nology. Security is not defined in geo-graphical terms only. Developments in regions at the periphery of Europe and outside the European zone of security and stability can have an immediate im-pact on the security of Germany. Crises and conflicts can occur at any time, at short notice and without prior warning and may require a rapid response even over large distances.”

In the light of this ongoing strategic uncertainty, the Bundeswehr must con-

tinue to keep a broad and flexible spec-trum of military capabilities available.

These capabilities for probable op-erations in the future require regular modifications and upgrades of equip-ment in terms of quality and quan-tity. This continuous process is called “Transformation”.

Transformation includes:

• permanent adaptation of capabilities to security threats,

• response to new military requirements,• consistent use of technological inno-

vations,• integration and interconnection of

concepts, training, materiel and tech-nologies.

To achieve these goals, the tasks, ca-pabilities and equipment of the Bun-deswehr will be synchronized with the financial resources available in a joint approach.

In this context three areas of the Bundeswehr transformation process are of particular importance: the focus on the most probable missions, a joint and multinational approach and net-work enabled capabilities.

Operational realities in former and current theaters of operations such as Somalia, Congo, the Balkans and Af-ghanistan often threaten to interfere with long-term structural and procure-ment decisions.

In detail, the reality of operations is as follows:

Bernward Gellermann

Author:Colonel (GS) Bernward Gellermann is head of the Armaments Division of the German Army Office.

Multi Role Armoured Vehicle Boxer at Camp Marmal

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Capabilities and Technologies · Effectiveness

The Armament of the Dismounted Soldier – Enhanced System (IdZ-ES)

The infantry attains its effectiveness in operations primarily by its small arms. But in times of network enabled operations the dismounted soldier (in-fantryman) with its enhanced system (DS-ES) doesn’t use his small arms as

pure effectors only. Rather, they form an interface to efficient sensors and also offer the possibility to operate radio sets and attachments with the weapon be-ing in firing position. For that purpose, the small arms possess integrated push-to-talk (PTT) buttons as well as control elements for laser range finder or aim-ing devices.The Heckler & Koch Company based at Oberndorf upon the Neckar River does not only act here as the manufacturer of most of the weapons,

but in addition also as system leader for armaments, optics, and optronics. Optical and optronic devices of the DS-ES equipment are also produced by the following companies: AIM Infra-red Module (thermal imaging aiming device – RangIR); Aimpoint (angular optics Concealed Engagement Unit (CEU)); Carl Zeiss Optronics (telescopic sight 3x4º, Reflex Sight for Small Arms/RSA-S, night vision attachments); FN Herstal (fire control equipment); Jenoptik (thermal imaging observation

Jan-Phillipp Weisswange

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Those who fire quicker and hit better will win the firefight. To that end, the German infantry squad

of the future resorts to a broad weapon and equipment mix. And further trends loom on the horizon

already.

Author:Lieutenant Colonel (Res) Dr. Jan-Phillipp Weisswange is part of the Editorial Staff Mittler Report Verlag.

50

Intelligence and Reconnaissance

Operated by the Air Force, a long endurance (up to 36 hours) high-alti-tude UAS will meet reconnaissance re-quirements of operational contingents on land and at sea and will be em-ployed to assume monitoring tasks. For reconnaissance even with a low cloud cover and at night, the Navy needs, as a second component, a complemen-tary system that may be employed by seagoing units. This requirement is only met by VTOL (Vertical Take-Off and Landing) UAS. In the Army, there is a requirement for a system which is able to overfly the object/target several times and at low altitudes or to hover above the object/target to recognise changes or support operations on the ground for a longer

KZO are currently deployed mainly for situation reconnaissance. In addition, the Heron 1 system is operated under the overall control of the German Air Force. SAATEG – Deep Theater Reconnais-sance and Mapping System Operational experience gained so far is positive in every respect. With op-erations being generally conducted on a joint basis, however, joint solutions

.elbissop revenehw thguos eb dluohsOperating beyond the range of KZO and LUNA, the SAATEG Deep Theater Reconnaissance and Mapping System will be the first joint UAS. To fulfill its situation, target and post-strike recon-naissance tasks, this system will be made up of two components:

For years, unmanned airborne sys-tems have proved their worth and become effective reconnaissance assets as well as, for some nations, weapon platforms. Ground-based systems are still in the early stages of development. Their increasing importance, though, is highlighted for example by the quantity structure in the U.S. armed forces: From the beginning of the opera-tions in Afghanistan and especially in Iraq until 2009, more than 6,000 sys-tems were procured and employed. The Bundeswehr, too, has recognized the importance of unmanned systems. In this context, unmanned robotic systems include systems moving on the ground (Unmanned Ground Vehicles = UGV) as well as unmanned aerial vehicles (Un-manned Aircraft Systems = UAS). Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)

The first Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) CL 89 was fielded in 1972. To ensure compliance with the Dayton Agreement, a CL 289 Drone Battery of the German Army was deployed to Bosnia and Her-zegovina in February 1997 for wide area monitoring. In Afghanistan, the Army UAS MIKADO, ALADIN, LUNA and

Unmanned Ground-Based and Airborne Systems Wolf-Joachim Clauß The use of unmanned systems by the military is not new. For a long time, however, efforts consisted

of a few isolated projects without sustainable effects. This situation has fundamentally changed

since the 1990s as a result of military, financial and technological developments. Today, unmanned

systems are believed to be resource-optimizing assets with the potential to provide operational

options across all military capability categories, thus enabling the deployed forces to effectively

and efficiently accomplish their missions.

Author:Major General Wolf-Joachim Clauß Commander German Army Office.

LUNA is part of the core of reconnaissance on behalf of the ground forces

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Threats and Protection

“Overmatch” includes attacks with

large quantities of explosives that ex-

ceed any protection capability, and

therefore do not have to be discussed

in detail. Unfortunately, shaped-charge

warheads also fall in this category, be-

cause light-to-middle weight class ve-

hicles cannot be protected sufficiently

against them. Add-on solutions such

as reactive armour, slat-, bar- or wire-

based pre-armour do not cover all areas

of a vehicle. The principal deficiency of

these “auxiliary solutions” is their focus

on defeating the RPG-7 with mono-

shaped-charge warhead with an elec-

trical ignition system, leaving other

threats unaddressed.

Limit value considerations

Limit value considerations for vehicle

protection are used to determine how noitcetorp fo ngised larutcurts eht

measures can contribute to the overall

Authors:

Colonel (ret) Hans Joachim Wagner

former editor within Mittler Report

Verlag has been branch leader

in the Armament Division of the

German MoD, responsible for pro-

tected vehicles.

Dieter Haug has been protection

expert in the German MoD.

Tensile strain to a plate by blast effects

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Tensile strain and notch effects by fragments

Protection Concepts for

Land Vehicles – Chances and

Limitations

Hans Joachim Wagner, Dieter Haug

During recent asymmetrical operations, experience has shown that the effects of attacks on land

vehicles have often exceeded existing protection levels, even though the vehicles had been tested

against expected threats. In spite of this “overmatch,” crews can be afforded maximum protection

through employment of various technical solutions.

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verify the result of the risk reduction phase. The tight programme of the 9-month operational test conducted in 5 climatic zones is the basis for as-sessing whether the system which has

been under development since 2004 is suitable for infantry, mechanised in-fantry, naval protection forces and Air Force ground combat support forces.

Conducting the tactical part of the operational test is the responsibility of the Director of Infantry, while the Director of Army Logistic Forces is in charge of the techno-logistic sections. The Director of Armour was directed to cooperate, i.e. he supports the Di-rector of Infantry in the conduct of the operational test.

At night a soldier, let us call him Private Miller, is in the prone po-

sition with his IdZ-MG4 machine gun, observing the area in front of him. He spots a group of four obviously armed individuals. Private Miller consults his control and display unit (abbrevi-ated BAG in German) and finds out that there are no friendly forces in the observed area, because they would show up on the digital situation map using Blue Force Tracking (position data of friendly forces). Private Miller continues observing and notices that the group is setting up an improvised rocket launcher. With his weapon still at the ready, Private Miller determines the range to the attackers, using the thermal imaging device (WBZG) with the integrated laser rangefinder adapt-ed to his weapon. Together with his own position and the direction of the target, the range data are transmitted via Bluetooth to an electronic vest car-ried on the “electronic back” (ER) of Miller’s load-carrying equipment. Us-ing these data, the core computer in the “electronic back” works out the position of the attackers and with the push of a button Private Miller trans-mits the coordinates to the squad lead -

er. Simultaneously, he communicates his observations to his squad leader via UHF radio. Since the radio controls are attached to the weapon’s hand guard, he need not lay down his gun and can keep his eyes on the attackers. The squad leader recognises that his sol-diers are not adequately equipped to engage the attackers and forwards the coordinates via data link to his platoon commander together with a request for fire support. This excludes that coordinates are erroneously altered. Shorty after Private Miller has recon-noitred the group, mortar grenades explode, repelling the attack on the friendly camp.

Progress of the IdZ-ES armaments project

Those who have been following up the progress of the “Infanterist der Zukun-ft– Enhanced System” (IdZ-ES) project in recent years will have learned that the project is on track for realisation. By the end of June 2011, when the so-called preproduction demonstrator (explanation to follow) was delivered to the Bundeswehr, the IdZ-ES project had taken a significant step ahead be-cause it is the first time that the new combat equipment for forces em-ployed in an infantry role is available for an entire squad. This allows future users, i.e. Army, Air Force and Navy assets employed in an infantry role to

Focused on FieldingStefan Ley

Author:Lieutenant Colonel Stefan Ley is Senior Staff Officer Armament of the German Army Office.

The control unit (BAG) displays the situation data to the soldier

(Pho

tos:

Ger

man

Arm

y O

ffic

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In essence, and this applies to these exa m-ples, too, it is about recognizing the enor-mous strategic developments and about gearing the political decisions in response to them. This is not new at all.With the realignment of the Bundeswehr, Germany responds to the security chal-lenges of today and tomorrow. Responsibly granting security in view of the tremendous

variety of chances and risks of the begin-ning 21st century and the parallelism and interdependence of global developments demands many and diverse instruments and capabilities. To that end, a government needs to have various options of action. This includes modern and combat-ready armed forces.

Responsibility for Peace, Security, and FreedomIn the past year, the Bundeswehr again ac-complished a lot. It proved well in the mis-sions, it ensured peace and stability – includ-ing combat action and also at the risk of life

and limb of the soldiers. And by initiating the realignment it has taken an important step to the future at the same time. The Defence Policy Guidelines (DPG – in Ger-man: “Verteidigungspolitische Richtlinien/VPR”) set the essential course, the decisions on capabilities, strengths, structures, and processes, the introduction of the voluntary military service, the concept of the reserve, and the accompanying reform programme. In 2012 it is important to collectively contin-ue to pursue this course in the Bundeswehr.As a great export nation in the centre of Europe we are to a considerable degree dependent on the stability of the interna-tional system. It is in our very own interest

Assuming Responsibility for Peace and Security Jointly Shaping the Realignment of the BundeswehrBy Thomas de Maizière

Au t h o rDr. Thomas de Maizière, Federal Minister of Defence

Federal Minister of Defence Thomas de Maizière

visiting German soldiers in Kunduz, Afghanistan

)enöhcS/rhewsednuB :otohP(

Euro crisis and “Arab Spring“, two challenges limited to regions in name only, kept Germany and the world in suspense in 2011. The dynamics, complexity, and strategic imponderability of today’s security environ-ment just as the high-speed changes associated with that have become apparent in impressive clarity.

SECU R IT Y P O L I C Y

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17


Reason for this was the fact that the

Luftwaffe had to cope with addi-

tional reform pressure aside from the

government’s budgetary situation and the

resultant drastic reform of the Bundeswehr. stcejorp tnemerucorp mret-gnol ot euD

there was no action scope for being able

to adequately react to experiences gained

in past and current missions. The situation

was additionally aggravated by continuing

problems with armament projects which

trigtsoc ffo dereg-intensive re-planning

with personnel and materiel caused by

performance variances, cost hikes, and de-

livery delays.

In addition to basic deliberations on the

Luftwaffe of the Future it was essentia l

to develop measures with long-lasting ef-

fect in the field between the poles of a

sustainable contribution to the mission ac-

complishment of the Bundeswehr and an

effective share in the budget consolidation.

Here, the central theme were the questions

as to which capabilities can exclusively be

taken over by the Luftwaffe; and which ca -

pabilities can, with a respective allowance

of personnel and materiel, also be taken

over by the Luftwaffe; and which capabili-

ties can, without any deficits, be taken over

by other organizations of the Bundeswehr.

The result was a reference-Luftwaffe which

was possible to be flexibly adapted to the

now given considerations of the structure

commission by, among other things, their

modularity and pooling of forces.

Key Points

The following conceptual and structura l

parameters were preset for the reorienta-

tion of the Luftwaffe:

• Determining guidelines for the Luft-

waffe are orientation to the mission,

future viability, sustainability, and effi-

ciency

• Based on the own experiences gained

from the missions and on the experi-

ences gathered by allied armed forces,

the priority in the capability profile was

shifted from combating enemy air war-

fare potentials to supporting air opera-

tions like air transport, reconnaissance,

and close air support

• The capability to plan and conduct air

operations of high intensity as well as

the air defence and air attack capability

are being maintained

• The command organization follows the

principle of the unity of task, compe-

tence, and responsibility by combining

special expertise and administrative re-

sponsibility in capability commands.

Personnel

The personnel strength of the Luftwa ffe

will be reduced from about 36,000 soldi ers

to 22,550 men and women. Included in

this number are 500 personnel voluntar-

ily doing military service who can be aug-

mented by up to 450 volunteers. Addition-

ally planned for the Luftwaffe is a total of

3,980 civilian staff.

Materiel

Just as in the other services, the inventory

of introduced major equipment or that in

the planning and procurement process wil l

decrease considerably. Espec ially in respect

to the current Eurofighter, A400M, and

NH90 procurement programs there are

difficult negotiations with the industry on

the horizon as regards the compensation

of the reduced number of units. And the

transition of personnel and material as well

as the infrastructure of the CH-53 units to

the Luftwaffe won’t be simpler either. The

Reorientation of the Luftwaffe

“Thinking from an Operational Aspect“

By Ulrich Rapreger

(Pho

to: P

IZLw

)

Au t h o rCol. (ret.) Ulrich Rapreger,

Editorial Staff Mittler Report Verlag,

Correspondent for Air Force Topics

Already two years ago did the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) deal with its future contribution to covering the

capability spectrum of the Bundeswehr (Federal Armed Forces) by making an extensive approach and de-

veloping respective action options.

ARMED FO RCE S


22.03.12 12:53

29


ARMAM ENT & PROCUREM ENT

T he protection of the own armed forc-es, which includes the “prot ected tac-tical mobility“ as an essential aspect, is an important capability field of the Bun-deswehr in order to be able to counter the many and diverse threats in missions and operations. The protection with armoured vehicles has been and still is a matter of course. With the continuance of the mis-sions and operations of the Bund eswehr since the beginning of the 1990s, especially the operation “International Security Assis -tance Force” (ISAF) in Afghanistan, and the occurrence of novel, often hardly calculable asymmetric-type attacks in the entire area of operations, the protection of wheeled vehicles has become increasingly pressing

for all troops involved. I n first measures vehicles like the Dingo 1 and Dingo 2 all-round protected transport vehicles (ATV), the Mungo Special Forces combat vehicles (SFCV) or the Wiesel 2 were, in part, pro-vided to troops active in missions and op -erations through the “Immediate Mission Requirement” (IMR) procurement proce-dure and have definitely proven well.In 2004 a basic conceptual approach was chosen with the introduction of suitable “protected wheeled vehicles“ to increase the protection of own forces in missions and operations. Alas, the available budgetary means allowed an only stepwise im-provement with affordable target numbers in the respective annual slices. Although the number of protected wheeled vehicles has increased continuously over the years, it is necessary that the project be continued in the years to come. There is a considerable demand for them, especially with the “Pro -tected Transport Vehicles” (PTV) as well as with the “Protected Special Vehicles” (PSV).

The number of “Protected Command and Multi-Function Vehicles” (PCMV) was pos-sible to be greatly improved in the past years -particularly with ISAF.

Protected Command and Multi-Function VehiclesThe PCMV are to replace in four size cat -egories vehicles that are not or onl y insuf-ficiently protected. These classes are dif -ferentiated by defined criteria like payload and useful volume, the ballistic, mine and IED protection or the air transportability of the vehicles. Additional performance requirements apply to all classes; they include e.g. the cross-country mobility, self-defence under protection or the NBC protection. The level of ambition was to make quick procurements possible for all PCMV, beginning as of 2008, by acquiring commercially available, off-the -shelf vehi-cles. This was worked out for the PCMV classes 2 and 3.

German troops on mission with protected vehicles

(Pho

to:

Bund

esw

ehr/

Kaz

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Au t h o rCol. (ret.) Dietmar Klos, Special Correspondent for Army Topics

Protected Wheeled Vehicles of the Bundeswehr By Dietmar Klos

Several articles have already been published on the subject of “Protected Wheeled Vehicles“. It is not only

an interesting topic, but because of the prolonged implementation it is also an abiding theme. The current

state of affairs is described hereinafter.


22.03.12 12:53

“European Security and

Defence” stay abreast

with what really matters

at decisive levels!

30.05.12 14:21

60

Interoperability for NATO and

European Infantrymen

There is international agreement that

the mobility and direct on-site vari-

ability of infantry make it the player best

suited to engage in this highly complex

combat. High performance equipment

and the associated thorough, mission-

oriented training are of decisive impor-

tance. This includes, among other things,

vehicles with state-of-the-art protection

technology, networked command and

control systems, and mission-optimised

personal equipment for the soldiers di-

rectly engaged in combat operations.

A total of 42 countries are currently

working to improve the equipment of

soldiers with infantry roles. This article

presents NATO’s intentions regarding

standardisation.

NATO standardisation

The NATO-wide basis for the improve-

ment of infantry equipment is the Sol-

dier Modernization Programme (SMP).

The two main objectives are to reduce

equipment weight and to integrate new

technologies in a way that can consider-

ably enhance operational value.

Due the lack of standards, a Work-

ing Group Topical Group 1 has been

established within the NATO Army Ar-

mament Group (NAAG). This working

group is dealing with questions of in-

teroperability for the standardisation of

major components, functions and pro-

cedures. The permanent Land Capabil-

ity Group 1, which was created in 2006

through restructuring processes within

the NAAG, now covers the entire area

of Dismounted Soldier Interoperability.

This committee is also a platform for the

continuous exchange of SMP informa-

tion. Regular meetings, different work-

ing groups and demonstrations of the

technologies along with joint studies of

the concepts of the individual nations

are the basis for the definition of joint

interoperability. These processes also

include the involvement of the national

industries. Their targeted participation

in selected meetings and campaigns

helps establish future-oriented stand-

ards within a reasonable time frame.

European approach

In recent years, individual nations have

undertaken ambitious programmes to

improve the equipment of dismounted

combat soldiers. Such developments are

being pursued not only at the NATO and

national levels. In 2006, the European

Defence Agency (EDA) also established

a project group which, with the participa-

tion of nine European countries, will de-

velop the joint basis for a soldier system of

the 21st century and close existing gaps

in capability. The functional specifica-

tions have already been documented in

a Common Staff Requirement. This will

serve as the basis for the development of

joint modules which will be compatible

with one another. The project will pro-

duce exploitable results by 2015.

It remains to be seen whether the

interoperability requirements in the na-

tional programmes can be met and how

standardisation can be combined with

the use of the latest technologies. There

is general consensus on the urgent ne-

cessity of an optimally equipped infan-

try empowered with the latest technical

capabilities. Only practical experience

can show the degree to which the vari-

ous approaches will succeed.

Michael Horst, Karl-Heinz Rippert

Combat capability is one of the focal points of any army. Indications today already clearly point

to the fact that future engagements will be hybrid conflicts involving state and non-state actors.

Symmetric and asymmetric resources will be used in equal measure and they will be applied

primarily in urban environments.

Co-Author:

Dr. Karl-Heinz Rippert, Federal

Office of Defense Technology and

Procurement (FODTP).

(Pho

to: R

hein

met

all D

efen

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Gladius (IdZ-ES) – a total system approach

Future Trends

Anzg_ESD-GAA+IdZ_12-2012_A4.indd 1 07.12.12 12:05

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