The Romantic Age, 1815-1848: The Revolutions of 1848 “The Springtime of the Peoples”
European Revolutions (1815-1848)
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Transcript of European Revolutions (1815-1848)
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European Revolutions (1815-1848)THE
AGE
OF
REVOLUTIONS
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Congress of Vienna – The “Quadruple Alliance”
Austria – Prince Metternich Very conservative, resists liberals and reformers
England – Robert Steward, Lord Castlereagh Wanted to surround France with bigger and stronger countries
Prussia – Karl von Hardenberg Wanted to recover Prussian territory and take control of the rebel
kingdom of Saxony
Russia – Tsar Alexander I Back and forth on liberal and reactionary views, wanted a “free”
and “independent” Poland of which he would be king
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Goals of the Congress of Vienna
Legitimacy restoring the power to ruling families disposed by the revolutionary warfare
Compensation territorial rewards to states that had made sacrifices to defeat Napoleon
Balance of Power Arraigning the map of Europe that that no one state could upset the international order
Congress System Meetings held periodically by the great powers to defend the status quo
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Industrial Revolution - Review
Where did it begin? Roots of the Industrial Revolution? (4) Changes in:
Class Structure Social Construct Capitalism Class Disparity
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Impact of the “isms”
Romanticism Conservatism Liberalism Nationalism Socialism
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Conservative Backlash
Conservative leaders had “contained” the liberal ideals Growing disconnect between the traditional ruling class and
the middle class which embodied many of these “new” ideals
Postwar Repression (1815-1820) England enacted a number of acts France “Restoration” period of Louis XVIII, constitutional
monarchy Austria & Germany Ruled by Prince Metternich Russia ruled in traditional authoritarian style
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Europe in Crisis (Revolutions I: 1815-1833)
Nationalism, liberalism, socialism all factors in the outbreaks of revolutions
Outside of Europe Monroe Doctrine (1823), Latin American revolution
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Europe in Crisis (Revolutions I: 1815-1833)
Spain (1820-1823) FAILED Liberals rose up against King Ferdinand VII crushed by a
French army
Italy (1820-1821) FAILED Secret liberal-nationals rose up against Ferdinand I
crushed by an Austrian army
Greek Revolt (1821-1830) SUCCESS! Nationalist uprising against the Ottoman Empire England, France and Russia all assisted the Greeks
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Europe in Crisis (Revolutions I: 1815-1833)
Russia, Decembrist Uprising (1825) FAILED Alexander I died unexpectedly, crisis over succession Nicholas was to take the throne highly conservative Liberals rose up (Decembrists were noble opponents) Russia became a police state
Shuts down Polish Revolution, Hungarian nationalism, wants to expand into the Ottoman Empire (Crimean War)
England Chooses Reform Repealed some acts, updated outdated laws,
accommodated for new rising merchant & middle class
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Europe in Crisis (Revolutions II: 1830-1833)
France July Revolution (1830) SUCCESS Charles X tried to restore the Old Regime Replaced Charles X with Louis-Philippe the “bourgeois
king” France controlled by the bourgeois and
bankers/businessmen
“When Frances sneezes, the rest of Europe catches a cold”
This revolution was a spark for other countries!
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Europe in Crisis (Revolutions II: 1830-1833)
Belgium (1830-1831) SUCCESS Merged with Holland in 1815 Revolt against the Dutch Dutch army was defeated A national congress wrote a liberal constitution and
named Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (1831-1865) as king
Poland (1830-1831) FAILED Challenged Russian domination of Poland, crushed by the
Russian army Poland became “a land of graves and crosses”
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Europe in Crisis (Revolutions II: 1830-1833)
Italy (1831-1832) FAILED Wanted to unify Italy (Italian nationalists) Crushed by the Austrians again
Germany (1830-1833) FAILED Freedoms were restricted German students and professors led the liberal/national
charge liberal constitutions Crushed by the Germany Confederation
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Revolutions of 1848
Similar conditions existed across Europe
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Revolutions of 1848: Republicanism
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Revolutions of 1848: Nationalism Resisted
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Revolutions of 1848: Liberalism Halted
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Revolutions of 1848: Victorian Compromise
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Why the Revolutions Failed
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Moving Forward