European Renaissance, the Reformation & the Scientific ... · Renaissance Spreads to Northern...
Transcript of European Renaissance, the Reformation & the Scientific ... · Renaissance Spreads to Northern...
European Renaissance, the Reformation & the Scientific Revolution
Part I: The Renaissance
Begins in Italyc. 1350
A Shift in Ideas● Middle Ages was trying for people in W. Europe
○ Constant warfare○ Bubonic Plague
● Sought a revival in spirit and culture to celebrate human life
The Renaissance● “Rebirth”
○ Revival of culture and learning○ Esp. Classical (Greek & Roman) culture
● Started in Italy○ Cities○ Large merchant class
Humanism● Movement that focuses on human potential &
achievement● Focus on enjoying life● Society became more secular
Patrons● People who financed artists
○ Kings, popes, the upper class● Huge amounts of $ spent on creating portraits & other
paintings
The Renaissance Man● Educated men were expected to create art● Many study different fields of interest
○ Universal Man○ Renaissance Man
● Women expected to inspire, not create, art
Artistic Trends● Realistic depiction of the human body● Natural life-like poses
Part II: The Renaissance Spreads to
Northern Europec. 1497
The Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)● Queen Elizabeth of England supported development of
the arts & literature
Christian Humanism● In N. Europe, people altered humanism to include
religion○ Criticized the church’s inability to inspire people to
live a Christian life○ Goal: to reform society through education
Spread of Education● (1440) Johann Gutenberg reformed the printing press
Effects of the Printing Press● More books produced
○ More goods creates lower prices○ Several social classes could afford to buy books○ Hundreds of copies of a single work
● Education spreads● Again, book written in the vernacular made them more
accessible● Est. a more educated society
Types of Books● Mostly religious● Eventually travel guides and manuals
○ Supports ideas of curiosity and learning
Legacy of the RenaissanceChanges in the Arts:
● Revival of Classical styles● Realistic lifelike art● Secular themes● Use of the vernacular● Focus on human achievement &
potential
Changes in Society:
● Printing made info. available & inexpensive
● Rise in literacy● Higher demand for education● New discoveries● Published laws● People began to question
political and religious structures
Part III: The Reformation
1517–1648
Review!What was the primary religion in Northern and Western Europe during the Renaissance?
The Reformation● A movement for religious reform
Causes of the Reformation● Members of the church neglected their duties
○ Too involved in worldly affairs● Monarchs challenged the Pope
○ Viewed as a foreign leader● Sale of indulgences
Indulgences● A pardon● Excused sinners● People were buying their way into Heaven
Martin Luther● Wanted to challenge the church● Wrote the 95 Theses
○ Statements attacking the church● Began the Reformation
Main Ideas of the 95 Theses● Believers could be saved by faith alone
○ Not good works● Church teachings should be based on the Bible● No need for priests to interpret the Bible
Effect of the 95 Theses● Led to the formation of several Christian churches, which
did not accept the Pope’s authority
Response to Luther● Luther’s ideas spread quickly● Pope excommunicated● Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, declared him an outlaw
and heretic○ Heretic-a person who differs in opinion from established
religious dogma● While in hiding, Luther translated the New Testament into
German● By 1522, Luther and followers had become known as Lutherans
New Sects of Christianity● Lutherans● Protestants● Calvinists● Anglicans
Further Challenge to the Pope’s Authority● King Henry VIII of England needed a male heir● Wife was too old to have any more children● Wanted a divorce
○ Prohibited by the church
King Henry VIII cont’d● Separated from the church● Dubbed himself the head of the church of England
○ Taking the title away from the pope
Legacy of the Reformation● Protestant churches flourished● Religion no longer united Europe● As Church’s power went down, individual monarchs and
states gained power● Way was paved for modern nation-states● Reformation helped set the stage for the modern world
Part IV: The Scientific
Revolution1453-1688
Background InformationThe Renaissance inspired a spirit of curiosity in many fields. Scholars began to question ideas that had been accepted for hundreds of years. During the Reformation, religious leaders challenged accepted ways of thinking about God and salvation. While the Reformation was taking place, another revolution in European thought was also occurring. It challenged how people viewed their place in the universe.
Medieval View of the EarthGeocentric Theory- earth centered view of the universe
A New Way of Thinking● Scientific Revolution- a new way of thinking about the
natural world○ Combination of discoveries and circumstances led to
the revolution○ Age of European exploration pushed scientific
research further
A New View of the World● Heliocentric Theory-sun is at the center of the universe
○ Developed by Copernicus
Conflict With the Church● Galileo Galilei created his own telescope & began to study
the stars○ Findings frightened church leaders○ Afraid it would lead to further questioning○ Church forced Galileo to take back his support of
Copernicus
Other Concepts & Inventions● Scientific method● Gravity● Microscope● Thermometer● Vaccines