European Reference Laboratory - FV on MRM methods... · European Reference Laboratory - FV Adding...

European Reference Laboratory - FV


Adding of new compounds to the routine methods from the

working document SANCO/12745/2013 of

21st – 22nd November 2017 rev. 9(1) 48 compounds by LC and GC, fully validated at 0.005 and 0.050 mg/kg in tomato, orange and avocado

Ametoctradin (LC) Novaluron (LC)

Anthraquinone (GC) Penflufen (LC)

BAC10 (LC) Penthiopyrad (LC)

BAC12 (LC) Phenthoate (GC)

BAC8 (LC) Picolinafen (GC)

Benalaxyl (GC) Propaquizafop (LC)

Chlorfluazuron (GC) Proquinazid (LC)

Clomazone (LC) Prothioconazole (LC)

Cyazofamid (LC) Prothioconazole-desthio (LC)

Cyflufenamid (GC) Prothiofos (GC)Etoxazole (LC) Pyridalil (LC)

Fenpyrazamine (LC) Pyridate (LC)

Flufenacet (LC) Pyriofenone (GC)

Fluopicolide (GC) Quinoclamine (LC)

Fluxapyrosad (LC) Quintozene (GC)

Heptachlor (GC) Rotenone (LC)

Heptachlor endo-epoxide (GC) Spinetoram (LC)

Heptachlor exo-epoxide (GC) Spirotetramat (LC)

Ioxynil (LC) Sulfoxaflor (LC)

Isopyrazam (GC) Tetramethrin (GC)

Isoxaflutole (LC) Triallate(GC)

Lufenuron (LC) Tricyclazole (LC)

Metconazole (LC) Triticonazole (LC)

Metrafenone (LC) Tritosulfuron (LC)

Molinate (GC)


Molecular Components Map of representative matrices of commodity groups (48 matrices)


Exact Mass database for LC-HRMS

(with 188 compounds)

Enlarge of the scope of the Accurate Mass Database by GC-HRMS (150

compounds)


Validation of the MRM methods at low concentration levels

(0.002 mg/kg in GC-MS/MS and at

0.005 mg/kg in LC-MS/MS)

203 compounds by GC-MS/MS

195 compounds by LC

All of them, fully validated in tomato, orange, apple, avocado and tea


SELECTIVITY SENSITIVITY


Sensitivity


Liquid-like density

Gas-like viscosity

Low critical point

High diffusivity

Widely available, safe to use

Capability to mix with a wide range of liquid solvents

Tc = 304.1 K

Pc = 73.8 bar

scCO2 AS MOBILE PHASE


SFC-MS/MS Systems

Co-solventpump

Auxiliary

pump

ColumnBP

R

CO2

pump

MeOH

MeOH

Ammonium formate (5

mM)

Formic acid (0,1%)

Column flow1.5 mL/min

Post-column flow80 - 150 µL/min

MS

analyzer

ESI source


BP

R

SUPERCRITICAL

CO2

(UNTIL CROSS THE

BPR DEVICE)

MS

ESI

SMALL AMOUNT OF ORGANIC SOLVENT REACHING THE SOURCE


Absence of water

• Lower surface tension

• Lower polarity

CO2 evaporation

• Lower flow in the MS detector

• Reduced microdroplet size

Microdroplet in LC (containing

water)

Microdroplet in SFC (onlyMeOH)

IONIZATION EFFICIENCY

More analyte reaching the gas

phase and the mass analyzer.

Increase of sensitivity


0

1

2

3

4

5

LC SFC

1 mg sample

0.4 mg sample

Lower injection volumes(matrix concentration 0.2 mg/uL)

Lower amount of sample

with no loss of sensitivity

Injection volume (µL)

INCREASE OF SENSITIVITY

Reduced matrixeffect


164 pesticides (log KOW -0.8 to

6.9)Tomato High water content

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

Orange Acidic matrix

Leek Interferingcompounds

Application of SFC-MS/MS

for the detection of

pesticides

in fruits and vegetables


150µL/min

125µL/min

100µL/min

90µL/min

80µL/min

MAKE-UP FLOW

7,7

x1

08

8,5

x1

08

8,9

x1

08

9,4

x1

08

9,7

x1

08

I.D: 127µm I.D: 64 µm

PEEK DIAMETER

TOTAL AREA OF COMPOUNDS


50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

5 ppb 10 ppb 20 ppb

98% 98%94%

SENSITIVITY - IDENTIFIED COMPOUNDS


-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

log

Po

w

RT(%)Increasedpolarity LC SFC

ELUTION ORDER

End of chromatograp

hic run


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Irrelevant matrixeffect

(<20% suppression)

Low matrix effect (20-50%

suppression)

Significant matrix effect

(>50% suppression)

99% 87% 62%

12%

35%

1% 3%

MATRIX EFFECTEvaluation

Comparison between calibration curves built in matrix and solvent (considered as no suppression)


Carbaryl

Tomato Orange Leek

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

0 100 200 300 400 500

Profenofos

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

8000000

9000000

0 100 200 300 400 500

Matrix effect is more

intense in samples with a

high number of

interfering compounds.

Similar calibration curves

for these three different

matrices illustrate the low

matrix effect.

“

”

MATRIX EFFECT


The use of high flow rates promotes the

coelution of matrix compounds and

analytes, which leads to modification of

ion ratios (>30%).

Tomato

Isoprocarb

Fenhexamid

Orange

Isoprocarb

Lufenuron

Epoxiconazole

Penthion-sulfone

Fenoxycarb

Flutriafol

Imazalil

Fenarimol

Phoxim

Trichlorfon

Leek

331>268 331>189331>110

Ion Ratio

53,2Ion Ratio

51,5

Ion Ratio

240,1Ion Ratio

54,1

ISOBARIC INTERFERENCES


Reproducibility

5 replicates of each matrixextract

Linearity

Matrix-matched standards in the

range of 1-100 µg/L

(5-500 µg/kg in samples)

0,0E+0

1,0E+6

2,0E+6

3,0E+6

4,0E+6

5,0E+6

6,0E+6

7,0E+6

8,0E+6

0 100 200 300 400 500

Calibration curve (Profenofos –leek)

METHOD VALIDATION

7,00

6,00

5,00

4,00

3,00

2,00

1,00

x106

R2 = 0,99969

83

161

81

181

80

191

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

RSD of compounds (5ppb)

<10 % 10-20 % >20 %


SPICES

Application of SFC-MS/MS for the

detection of pesticides in spices

162 pesticides (log KOW -0.9 to 6.9)

Cayenne

Interferring matrixcomponents

Strong matrix effect

Black pepper


MATRIX EFFECT

Low flow rate in the source

Reduced microdroplet size

Absence in water in the mobile

phase

Lower polarity and surface tension

Smaller amount of sample injected

Fewer interferences81 56

13

27

6

17

0

20

40

60

80

100

Cayenne Black pepper

Perc

enta

ge o

f com

pounds (

%)

Weak Medium Strong


METHOD VALIDATION

Calibration curve (Isoprocarb in cayenne)

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Sig

nal

Concentration

R2 = 0.99995

0

20

40

60

80

100

RSD < 20% RSD < 10%

Perc

enta

ge o

f com

pou

nds

Cayenne Black Pepper

ReproducibilityLinearity

Matrix-matched standards in the range of 5-

500 µg/L

(50-5000 µg/kg in samples)


REAL SAMPLES

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Carb

en

dazi

m

Imid

acl

op

rid

Ace

tam

ipri

d

Azo

xyst

rob

in

Meta

laxy

l

Teb

uco

nazo

le

Ch

lorp

yrif

os

Pro

fen

ofo

s

Ch

lora

ntr

an

ilip

role

Flu

op

yram

Myc

lob

uta

nil

Tri

azo

ph

os

Eth

ion

2,4

-D

Deet

Dif

en

oco

nazo

le

Kre

soxi

m-m

eth

yl

Lin

uro

n

Pro

pic

on

azo

le

Meth

am

ido

ph

os

Flo

nic

am

id

Flu

azi

fop

Hexa

con

azo

le

Pyr

acl

ost

rob

in

Th

iacl

op

rid

Th

iam

eth

oxa

m

Bo

scalid

Man

dip

rop

am

id

Fen

pyro

xim

ate

Flu

sila

zole

Ind

oxa

carb

Tri

flo

xyst

rob

in

Eto

fen

pro

x

Meth

om

yl

Pir

imip

ho

s-m

eth

yl

Pro

parg

ite

Pro

piz

am

ide

Bro

mu

con

azo

le

Bu

pro

fezi

n

Dic

roto

ph

os

Eth

op

rop

ho

s

Fen

pro

path

rin

Imaza

lil

Pyr

idab

en

Pyr

ipro

xyfe

n

Teb

ufe

no

zid

e

Nu

mb

er

of

dete

ctio

ns

Above the MRLBelow the MRL

Total number of samples: 47


FAPAS (2017)

Pesticide Residues in pear purée

JRC-GEEL (2017)

Fipronil in eggs

1,2

0,9

1,2

1,6

0,6

-2

-1,5

-1

-0,5

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

Z-S

co

re

0,2 0,2 0,3

-2

-1,5

-1

-0,5

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

Z-s

co

re

PROFICIENCY TESTS


CONCLUSIONS

SFC provides a high sensitivity of the analysis

even with small amounts of sample injected:

- Absence of water.

- Evaporation of CO2 in the mobile phase.

The use of SFC-MS/MS allowed the

identification of the majority of 164 pesticides

in tomato (98%), orange (98%) and leek (94%)

at 5 µg/kg. Good recoveries (70-120%) were

obtained in cayenne (89%) and black pepper

(93%) at 50 µg/kg.Some polar and acidic compounds underwent

an increase of their signals. Their peak shapes

could also be improved.

Very low matrix effect was observed for most

compounds in all matrices studied.


LC/MSGC/MS


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 5 10 15 20

T °C

Time (min)

Oven temperature program with

different runtime methods

9,412,4 19,3Ramp 1

30ºC/min

Ramp 2

20ºC/min

Ramp 3

10ºC/min


2,4'-DDE

2-Phenylphenol

4,4'-DDD

4,4'-DDE

4,4'-DDT

Acrinathrin

Alachlor

Aldrin

Ametryn

Atrazine

Azoxystrobin

Benalaxyl

Bifenox

Bifenthrin

Biphenyl

Bixafen

Boscalid

Bromopropylate

Bupirimate

Buprofezin

Butralin

Butylate

Cadusafos

Carbofuran

Carbophenothio

n

Chinomethionat

e

Chlorbromuron

Chlordane

Chlorfenapyr

Chlorfenvinphos

Chlorobenzilate

Chlorothalonil

Chlorpropham

Chlorpyrifos

Chlorpyrifos-methyl

Chlorthal-dimethyl

Chlozolinate

Coumaphos

Cyfluthrin

Cypermethrin

Cyproconazole

Cyprodinil

Deltamethrin

Desmethyl-pirimicarb

Diazinon

Dichlofluanid

Dichloran

Dichlorobenzopheno

ne

Dichlorvos

Diclobutrazol

Dicofol

Dieldrin

Diethofencarb

Dimethenamid

Dimethipin

Diphenylamine

Disulfoton

Disulfoton-sulfoxide

Dodemorph

Endosulfan sulfate

Endosulfan-alpha

Endosulfan-beta

Endrin

EPN

Epoxiconazole

Ethion

Ethofenprox

Ethofumesate

Ethoprophos

Ethoxyquin

Etrimfos

Fenamidone

Fenarimol

Fenazaquin

Fenbuconazole

Fenchlorphos

Fenhexamid

Fenitrothion

Fenpropathrin

Fenpropidin

Fenpropimorph

Fenthion

Fenvalerate

Fipronil

Fipronil sulfone

Fipronil-desulfinil

Flamprop-

isopropyl

Flamprop-methyl

Fluacrypyrim

Fluazifop-p-butyl

Flucythrinate

Fludioxonil

Fluopicolide

Fluopyram

Fluquinconazole

Flusilazole

Flutolanil

Flutriafol

Fluvalinate-tau

Fonofos

Formothion

Fosthiazate

HCB

HCH-alpha

HCH-beta

Heptachlor

Heptachlor endo-

epoxide

Heptachlor exo-epoxide

Heptenophos

Hexaconazole

Indoxacarb

Iprodione

Iprovalicarb

Isazofos

Isocarbophos

Isofenphos

Isofenphos-methyl

Isoprothiolane

Isopyrazam

Kresoxim-methyl

-Cyhalothrin

Lindane

Malaoxon

Malathion

Mecarbam

Mepanipyrim

Merphos

Metalaxyl

Metazachlor

Metconazole

Methidathion

Methiocarb

Methoxychlor

Metolachlor

Mevinphos

Molinate

Myclobutanil

Napropamide

Nuarimol

Ofurace

Oxadixyl

Paclobutrazol

Paraoxon-methyl

Parathion

Parathion-methyl

Penconazole

Pendimethalin

Pentachloroanili

ne

Permethrin

Phenothrin

Phenthoate

Phorate

Phorate sulfone

Phosmet

Phthalimide

Picolinafen

Picoxystrobin

Pirimicarb

Pirimiphos-

methyl

Procymidone

Profenofos

Prometon

Prometryn

Propaphos

Propazine

Propiconazole

Propyzamide

Prosulfocarb

Prothiofos

Pyraclostrobin

Pyrazophos

Pyridaben

Pyrifenox

Pyrimethanil

Pyriproxyfen

Quinalphos

Quinoxyfen

Quintozene

Secbumeton

Spirodiclofen

Spiromesifen

Sulfotep

Sulprofos

Tebuconazole

Tebufenpyrad

Tecnazene

Tefluthrin

Terbufos

Terbumeton

Terbutryn

Tetrachlorvinphos

Tetraconazole

Tetradifon

THPI

Tetramethrin

Thiobencarb

Tolclofos-methyl

Tolylfluanid

Triadimefon

Triazophos

Trifloxystrobin

Trifluralin

Vinclozolin

203 GC compounds


Azoxystrobin (data points per peak with the 5 runtime methods)

16 data points per peak

38

38

42

4219.3 min

17.6 min

15.3 min

12.4 min

9.4 min


12.4 min9.4 min

Cyproconaz

ole

Chlorobenzilate

139>11

1

Overlapping peaks

100>72

9.3 min 12.4 min

Thiobencarb

Interference

Interference

+changement in

peaks order


Extraction MethodCitrate buffered QuEChERS

Centrifuge 5 minutes at 3700 rpm

10 g of Sample + 10 ml of AcN

Acidify with 10 uL formic acid 5 %

per mL of extract

4 g MgSO4 + 1 g NaCl +

1 g NaCit·2H2O +0.5 g NaCit·1.5H2O


Shake 4 min

Take 5 mL + 750 mg MgSO4

+ 125 mg PSA

Shake 4 min

Analysis

1 g Sample/mL

Solvent exchange (EtAc)


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2 µg.kg-1 10 µg.kg-1 50 µg.kg-1

Tomato

Apple

Orange

LOQ


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Weak Moderate Strong

75%

25%

0%

86%

13%

0%

Apple/Tomato

Orange/Tomato

Matrix effect %

-20 to 20 % -20 to -50

%

and

20 to 50 %

<-50 and >50

%


Samples with no pesticide residues

Samples with detections > 2 µg.kg-1

Samples with detections > 10 µg.kg-1

12%

88 %


Extraction MethodModified Citrate buffered QuEChERS

Mix and centrifuge for 5 minutes at 3700 rpm

2 g of Sample + 7 ml H20 (30 min soaking time)

Transfer 5 mL of the supernatant into Polish tubes (0.4 g NaCl+ 1.6 g MgSO4)

Add 4 g MgSO4 + 1 g NaCl +

1 g NaCit·2H2O +0.5 g NaCit·1.5H2O

Shake 7 min


Shake 7 min

Activate EMR-Lipid by adding 5 mL of water

Transfer 5 mL of the supernatant into EMR-Lipid tubes

Analysis of

0,04 g Sample/mL

Add 10 mL ACN 5 times dilution

Mix and centrifuge for 5 minutes at 3700 rpm

Solvent Exchange (EtAc) 5 times dilution


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

50 µg.kg-1 200 µg.kg-1 >200 µg.kg-1

2 µg.kg-1 8 µg.kg-1 >8 µg.kg-1

Black Pepper

Cayenne Pepper

LOQM/LOQI


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Weak Moderate Strong

97%

12%5%

55%

89%

4%

Black pepper/tomato

Cayenne/tomato

Matrix effect


0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

No detectedpesticides

1 detectedpesticide

2 detectedpesticides



> 5 detectedpesticides

5% 5…

23%

27%

18%

14%

Total of 50 samples

Percentage of samples


Injection

volume

5 mg

1 mg

LC: 5 µL

GC: 1 µL

2.5 mg

0.5 mg

0.5 mg

0.1 mg

1 mg

0.2 mg

0.25 mg

0.05 mg

Matrix injected in column

Dilx01 g/mL

Dilx20.5 g/mL

Dilx50.2 g/mL

Dilx100.1 g/mL

Dilx200.05 g/mL

Green

Tea


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

No Dilution Dil x 5 Dil x 10 Dil x 20

% P

es

tic

ide

s S

up

pre

ss

ion

>50

%

Leek

Orange

Broccoli

Tomato

Pepper

Grape

Cucumber

5 mg 1 mg 0.5 mg 0.25 mg

LC-TOF-MS

EFFECT OF DILUTION IN “EASY-MEDIUM” COMPLEX MATRICES


RESOLUTION


50% of hight

Resolution at FWHM - full-width half maximum(Full Width of the peak at Half its Maximum height)

200

0.04= 5000

200.

0.004= 50000

For example:

m

Δm

R =m

∆m

200

0.4= 500


Effects of increased resolution

5 00010 00020 00050 000

100 000

199.90 199.92 199.94 199.96 199.98 200.00 200.02 200.04 200.06 200.08 200.10

m/z

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

Rela

tive

Ab

un

da

nce


Resolution: 20 000

200.0000 200.0100 200.0000 200.0040

Resolution: 50 000

Effects of increased resolution

200.0000 200.0200 200.0000 200.0080


RESOLUTION

(30,-50,000)

+MASS ACCURACY

(5ppm)

Nominal Mass----Exact Mass


INSTRUMENTATION:• Time of flight• Orbitrap• Fourier transform ion cyclotron• (electric/magnetic) sector instrument


Full Scan or Full

Scan?

That is the NO

question

GC-EI-HRMS


Thiobencarb0.01 mg/kgin Tomato

GC-Intuvo MS/MS (100>72)

9.3 minInterference +shifts in peaks order

Thiobencarb

Interference

GC-Orbitrap MS

m/z 100.0757m/z 125.0153


Diethofencarb

0.010 mg/kg in Tomato

GC-Intuvo-MS/MS

SRM1: 151>122SRM2: 207>151

GC-Orbitrap MS

m/z 124.0393m/z 158.0291


Fluquinconazole

0.005 mg/kg in Tomato

7250 GC-QToF-MS GC-Orbitrap-MS

m/z 340.0396m/z 313.0287


Full scan MS60k

GC-EI-QExative

Real Samples: Fluopyram

Orbitrap GC-EI-MS System

50 µg/kg Std in Tomato Real Sample: Pear

C = 26 µg/kg

Ratio Ion 2/1: 50%

Ratio Ion 3/1: 30%

Ratio Ion 4/1: 35%

Ratio Ion 2/1: 52%

Ratio Ion 3/1: 29%

Ratio Ion 4/1: 34%

The ion ratios are within ± 4% with

respect to the standard and mass

accuracy below 0.2 mDaIon 2 (145.0260): 0.14 mDa

Ion 3 (195.0057): -0.08 mDa

Ion 4 (223.0244): 0.02 mDa

Ion 1 (173.0209): 0.01 mDa


SENSITIVITY

(10 ug/kg)

LINEARITY (2

orders) +

REPRODUCIILITY

(< 20%)


MS MS2

targeted SIMNarrow quadrupole window

with or without triggering

non-targeted Full Scan Wide quadrupole window(s)

All Ion

Fragmentation or

NOT AIF?

That is the question

LC-HR-ESI-MS/MS


Carbendazim in Carrot

0.01 mg/kg 0.1 mg/kg

Mass accuracy precursor: -1.0 ppm

Mass accuracy fragment: -4.9 ppm

Ion ratio: 0.14

Mass accuracy precursor: -0.1 ppm

Mass accuracy fragment: -4.4 ppm

Ion ratio: 0.17

Precursor Ion: 192.0768

Fragment Ion: 160.0495

MRM-LC-HR-MS/MS, Isolation Mass Window: 0.7 Da

Ratio Difference: -18%


SENSITIVITY

(10 ug/kg)

LINEARITY (2

orders) +

REPRODUCIILITY

(< 20%)


INSTRUMENTAL ISSUES ASSOCIATED

WITH LC-HRMS

WORKING IN ALL ION FRAGMENTATION


Aubergine

Flufenoxuron – AIF 1 window

Broccoli Lemon

Ratio difference within ± 65 %

0.010 mg/kg

0.050 mg/kg

[M+H]+

F1

[M+H]+

F1

[M+H]+

F1

[M+H]+

F1

[M+H]+

F1

[M+H]+

F1


Mass Peticides - tomato matrix compounds

2408 Matrix

compounds

1Da

1 min


Mass

Pesticides - orange matrix compounds

8017 Matrix

compounds

1Da

1 min


Mass


8017 Matrix

compounds

1 min


Mass


8017 Matrix

compounds

80Da

1 min


Aubergine

Flufenoxuron – AIF 10 windows

Broccoli Lemon

Ratio difference within ± 18 %

0.010 mg/kg

0.050 mg/kg

[M+H]+

F1

[M+H]+

F1

[M+H]+

F1

[M+H]+

F1

[M+H]+

F1

[M+H]+

F1


BUT……….


Cycle Time

LC-QTOF-MS X500R (AIF -20 Windows)

LC-TQ-MS

LC-QOrbitrap-MS (AIF)

70k 70k

0.27 s 0.6 s

0.2 s 1.2 s

32k32

k

32

k

32

k

32

k

32

k

32

k

32

k

32

k

32

k

32

k

32

k

0.05 s x 20 Windows = 1 s

MS1

MS2

0.38 s

LC-QTOF-MS X500R (AIF -10 Windows)

0.2 s 0.7 s

32k32

k

32

k

32

k

32

k

32

k

32

k0.05 s x 10 Windows = 0.5 s

32

k

32

k


“Old” or very rare detected

compounds

OR

“Very expensive” analytical

standards

Compounds “produced” during

the analysis

Retrospective Analysis combined

with the use of databases and

libraries.?


SELECTIVITY SENSITIVITY


Green Tea

Acquisition Time (min)10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5

Co

un

ts 2x10

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

318.0 -> 132.1 , 318.0 -> 261.0

Ratio = 50.9

Azinphos- methyl at 0.010 mg kg-1

Injected amount:0.2 mg sample

LC-QqQ-MS/MS LC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS/MS

RT: 5.77 - 11.73

6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5

Time (min)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

Re

lative

Ab

un

da

nce

NL: 1.24E4

Base Peak m/z=

318.0115-318.0147 F:

FTMS + p ESI Full ms

[138.0000-910.0000] MS

Te_verde_10pbb_dil25_5mi

cro

EIC 318.0131 ± 5ppm


CONCLUSIONS

GC and LC-HRMS provide very accurate

results improving the identification

confidence ( 10 ug/kg). In cases of

limitation in achieving analytical

standards prediction of presence/ no

presence can be provided.

In special GC-EI-HRMS can be easily

implemented in the laboratories very

effectively.

However, an increase of the sensitivity

around 5-10 times should be necessary

to be applied with the same workflows

than triple quadrupoles


www.eurl-pesticides.eu

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