European Nationalism NotesEuropean Nationalism Notes

Main Idea: The rise of nationalism caused the Main Idea: The rise of nationalism caused the formation of two new nations and a new political formation of two new nations and a new political

order in Europe.order in Europe.

Warm-UpWarm-Up What is your favorite sports team?What is your favorite sports team? What would you do to support your favorite sports team?What would you do to support your favorite sports team? Would you put on a t-shirt with the team mascot to show support?Would you put on a t-shirt with the team mascot to show support? Would you go to a game with your t-shirt on and your face totally painted to Would you go to a game with your t-shirt on and your face totally painted to

show how much you love your team and how dedicated you are to show how much you love your team and how dedicated you are to supporting your team?supporting your team?

If your team had lost most of their games for the season and only won two If your team had lost most of their games for the season and only won two would your still show your loyalty and dedication for your team?would your still show your loyalty and dedication for your team?

If someone from another team talked trash about your team and bragged If someone from another team talked trash about your team and bragged about how much better their team is than yours, how far would you go to about how much better their team is than yours, how far would you go to stand up for your team?stand up for your team?

Would you be willing to die for your team?Would you be willing to die for your team?

What does this cartoon mean to you? Explain.What does this cartoon mean to you? Explain.

Nationalism: A Force for Good or Evil?Nationalism: A Force for Good or Evil?

Two Perspectives of NationalismTwo Perspectives of Nationalism Nationalists use their common bonds to build Nationalists use their common bonds to build

nation-statesnation-states Rulers use nationalism to unify their subjectsRulers use nationalism to unify their subjects

Three types of nationalist movements:Three types of nationalist movements: Unification - merges culturally similar landsUnification - merges culturally similar lands Separation - splits off culturally distinct groupsSeparation - splits off culturally distinct groups State-building - binds separate cultures into oneState-building - binds separate cultures into one

Nationalism Shakes Aging EmpiresNationalism Shakes Aging Empires 2 major empires of Eastern and Central Europe 2 major empires of Eastern and Central Europe

were Austrians and Ottoman Turks were Austrians and Ottoman Turks Included diverse ethnic groups Included diverse ethnic groups Nationalist feelings amongst these groups Nationalist feelings amongst these groups

contributed to tension across Europecontributed to tension across Europe

Nationalism Shakes Aging EmpiresNationalism Shakes Aging Empires

Breakup of Austrian Breakup of Austrian EmpireEmpire Austria included people Austria included people

from many ethnic groupsfrom many ethnic groups 1866 defeat in Austro-1866 defeat in Austro-

Prussian War (Seven Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) and Weeks War) and Hungarian nationalism Hungarian nationalism forced emperor to divide forced emperor to divide empire into Austria and empire into Austria and HungaryHungary

• Still ruled by emperorStill ruled by emperor

Austria-Hungary flag represents two kingdoms ruled by one emperor. This was a concession to Hungarian nationalism.

Nationalism Shakes Aging EmpiresNationalism Shakes Aging Empires

Nationalism Shakes Aging EmpiresNationalism Shakes Aging Empires

Nationalism Shakes Aging EmpiresNationalism Shakes Aging Empires

The Russian Empire CrumblesThe Russian Empire Crumbles After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing control After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing control

over their empireover their empire RussificationRussification—forcing other peoples to adopt —forcing other peoples to adopt

Russian cultureRussian culture• Policy further weakens Russia, and strengthens ethnic Policy further weakens Russia, and strengthens ethnic

nationalismnationalism

Nationalism Shakes Aging EmpiresNationalism Shakes Aging Empires The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire

WeakensWeakens Internal tensions Internal tensions

among ethnic groups among ethnic groups weakens the empireweakens the empire

Rulers grant Rulers grant citizenship to all citizenship to all groups, outraging groups, outraging TurksTurks

Nationalism Shakes Aging EmpiresNationalism Shakes Aging Empires

Case Study: Italy’s UnificationCase Study: Italy’s Unification Cavour Unites ItalyCavour Unites Italy

Italy forms territory from crumbling empiresItaly forms territory from crumbling empires Had not experienced political unity since Roman timesHad not experienced political unity since Roman times 1815-1848 Italian patriots push for independence from 1815-1848 Italian patriots push for independence from

foreign rulersforeign rulers Between 1820 and 1848 nationalist revolts exploded across Between 1820 and 1848 nationalist revolts exploded across

the regionthe regionEach time Austria sent troops to crush the rebelsEach time Austria sent troops to crush the rebels

Case Study: Italy’s UnificationCase Study: Italy’s Unification

Cavour Leads Italian Cavour Leads Italian UnificationUnification Camillo di CavourCamillo di Cavour—Prime —Prime

Minister of the Kingdom of Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1852Sardinia in 1852

Gets French help to win Gets French help to win control of Austrian-control of Austrian-controlled Italian landcontrolled Italian land

Case Study: ItalyCase Study: Italy Garibaldi Brings UnityGaribaldi Brings Unity

Giuseppe GaribaldiGiuseppe Garibaldi—leads —leads nationalists who conquer southern nationalists who conquer southern ItalyItaly

Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy with Sardiniasouthern Italy with Sardinia

Garibaldi steps aside, allowing the Garibaldi steps aside, allowing the King of Sardinia to ruleKing of Sardinia to rule

Control of Venetia and Rome finally Control of Venetia and Rome finally unites Italyunites Italy

Case Study: Germany’s UnificationCase Study: Germany’s Unification

In early 1800s , German-In early 1800s , German-speaking people, Austrians, speaking people, Austrians, and Prussians lived in small and Prussians lived in small and medium-sized statesand medium-sized states

Under Napoleon’s control the Under Napoleon’s control the people of the area united to people of the area united to overthrow himoverthrow him

After Napoleon, the After Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna created Congress of Vienna created the German Confederationthe German Confederation

Ruled by AustriaRuled by Austria

Case Study: Germany’s UnificationCase Study: Germany’s UnificationBeginning in 1815, thirty-nine German states Beginning in 1815, thirty-nine German states

formed the German Confederationformed the German Confederation Prussia leads German unificationPrussia leads German unification

Prussia has advantages that help it to unify Prussia has advantages that help it to unify GermanyGermany• mainly German populationmainly German population• powerful armypowerful army• creation of liberal constitutioncreation of liberal constitution

Case Study: GermanyCase Study: Germany Bismarck Takes ControlBismarck Takes Control

JunkersJunkersconservative wealthy landownersconservative wealthy landownerssupported Prussian King Wilhelm Isupported Prussian King Wilhelm I

RealpolitikRealpolitikPolitical belief that decisions Political belief that decisions

should be made based on reality should be made based on reality of situationof situation

Junker realpolitik master Junker realpolitik master Otto Otto von Bismarckvon Bismarck becomes Prime becomes Prime MinisterMinister

Bismarck defies Prussian Bismarck defies Prussian ParliamentParliament

Case Study: GermanyCase Study: Germany

Prussia ExpandsPrussia Expands Prussia and Austria fight Prussia and Austria fight

Denmark, gain two Denmark, gain two provincesprovinces

Quick victory makes other Quick victory makes other German nations respect German nations respect PrussiaPrussia

Bismarck leads all Bismarck leads all victoriesvictories

Seven Weeks WarSeven Weeks War Bismarck creates a border Bismarck creates a border

dispute with Austria to dispute with Austria to provoke a warprovoke a war

Prussia seizes Austrian Prussia seizes Austrian territory & northern territory & northern GermanyGermany

Eastern and western parts Eastern and western parts of Prussian kingdom are of Prussian kingdom are joined for the first timejoined for the first time

Case Study: GermanyCase Study: Germany The Franco-Prussian The Franco-Prussian

WarWar Bismarck provokes war Bismarck provokes war

with France to unite all with France to unite all GermansGermans

Wilhelm is crowned Wilhelm is crowned KaiserKaiser—emperor of a united —emperor of a united Germany—at VersaillesGermany—at Versailles

Bismarck creates a Bismarck creates a Germany united by Germany united by Prussian dominancePrussian dominance

•Positive perspective•He was the greatest and noblest of Germany’s leaders•Almost singlehandedly unified the nation

•Negative Perspective•He abused his powers and led Germany to dictatorship

•Speeches, letters, memoirs show him to be both crafty and deeply religious

•“It is the destiny of the weak to be devoured by the strong.”•“We Germans shall never wage aggressive war, ambitious war, a war of conquest.”

Bismarck

A Shift in PowerA Shift in Power Balance Is LostBalance Is Lost

In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five powers in In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe:Europe:

• AustriaAustria• PrussiaPrussia• BritainBritain• FranceFrance• RussiaRussia

By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) dominate the By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) dominate the continentcontinent

Austria and Russia are weaker militarily and economicallyAustria and Russia are weaker militarily and economically