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Strategies of Mono-, Bi- and Multiculturalism in Textbooks of Russian as a Foreign Language Svetlana Eremina* Institute of philology, cultural studies and cross-cultural communication Ural State Pedagogical University Ekaterinburg, Russia [email protected] ORCID ID 0000-0002-1422-5740 Еlena Dzyuba Institute of philology, cultural studies and cross-cultural communication Ural State Pedagogical University Ekaterinburg, Russia [email protected] ORCID ID 0000-0002-3833-516X Abstract. The article deals with presentation strategies for the target language country image, with foreign textbooks of Russian as material for analysis. Methods used in cognitive linguistics and cultural linguistics (concept and context analysis) have been used to reveal mono-, bi- and multiculturalism strategies used in foreign textbooks of Russian for the Russian reality treatment. The authors highlight the importance of the multiculturalism strategy for creating a system of knowledge and an image of Russia for students learning Russian outside the Russian Federation. The article emphasizes the best productivity of the multiculturalism strategy for developing cross-cultural competences in students. The authors define ways and means of the target language country image presentation: on the levels of text (verbal and polymodal) and nomination, point out most important demands to modern textbooks of Russian for foreign students, make methodological recommendations to authors of textbooks of Russian as a foreign language, and, using materials from some textbooks, indicate frequent mistakes made by authors of textbooks. Keywords Russian as a foreign language, textbook of Russian as a foreign language, Russian image presentation strategies, monoculturalism, biculturalism, multiculturalism 1 . I. INTRODUCTION Rationale behind the topic of this article is that students learning Russian as a foreign language need to master phonetics, lexis and grammar, and linguistic-cultural information on different levels as well. Students should understand cultural scope (this includes both facts from the target culture and peculiarities of language and linguistic worldview), axiological scope of the culture (here, culture is understood as a system of values), and social scope of the culture (in this aspect, culture is a complex of norms of verbal behavior recognized in a linguistic community). Textbooks aimed at building linguistic and linguistic- cultural competences facilitate mastering these aspects. It is especially important to discuss this issue in the context of the international education discourse, since, in this case, system of knowledge about the target language country is formed well beyond the borders of the country, which can often lead to a distorted image. This, in particular, calls for a study of foreign textbooks of Russian as a foreign language. 1 Svetlana Eremina ([email protected]) is a corresponding author. Thus, textbooks should use such a strategy for presenting material that would correspond to the background knowledge of our fellow countrymen and contemporaries. The aim of this research is define strategies chosen by authors of textbooks for effective teaching of Russian as a foreign language. This research can be useful for teachers of national languages to international students, including Russian as a foreign language. II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Issues of teaching Russian as a foreign language and choice of effective methods of teaching have been studied by numerous Russian and international researchers. E. Vereshchagin and V. Kostomarov [19] discussed the problem of selecting cultural material for language studies; G. Elizarova [8] proved that cultural component had to be taken into consideration while developing new methods of teaching a foreign language; S. Miloslavskaya [17] carried out a detailed study of linguistic-cultural materials in textbooks of Russian as a foreign language published from XVI to early XX cc. with a focus on creation of the external image of Russia. E. Ardatova [1] discusses possibilities of modern textbooks of Russian as a foreign language for creating a positive image of Russia. Many Russian teaching methodology experts E. Dzyuba, A. Massalova [7], L. Kryuchkova [16], N. Fedotova [9], S. Khavronina [15], O. Kharitonova [14], L. Vesnina, I. Kirilova [20] et al. suggest taking into consideration cross-cultural communication and culture-through-language-studies while teaching Russian as a foreign language. Analysis of linguistic-cultural materials of textbooks shows that the choice of the strategy to present training and information materials that facilitate building linguistic- cultural competence in international classroom is among the most important factors for developing textbooks of Russian as a foreign language. Authors of textbooks choose one of three strategies to present linguistic-cultural information: mono-, bi- or multiculturalism strategy. Monoculturalism presupposes prevalence of one culture, i. e. describing cultural phenomena through the prism of one's own national culture and projecting its system of values onto cultural practices of other nations, in which case one's own culture is treated positively, whereas other cultures are often approached with skepticism. Biculturalism strategy is based on comparison of two cultures and languages (L1 and L2); it presupposes both absence of critical judgements of one or another culture European Multilingualism: Shaping Sustainable Educational and Social Environment (EMSSESE 2019) Copyright © 2019, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 360 82

Transcript of European Multilingualism: Shaping Sustainable Educational ...

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Strategies of Mono-, Bi- and Multiculturalism in

Textbooks of Russian as a Foreign Language Svetlana Eremina*

Institute of philology, cultural studies

and cross-cultural communication

Ural State Pedagogical University

Ekaterinburg, Russia

[email protected]

ORCID ID 0000-0002-1422-5740

Еlena Dzyuba

Institute of philology, cultural studies

and cross-cultural communication

Ural State Pedagogical University

Ekaterinburg, Russia

[email protected]

ORCID ID 0000-0002-3833-516X

Abstract. The article deals with presentation strategies

for the target language country image, with foreign

textbooks of Russian as material for analysis. Methods

used in cognitive linguistics and cultural linguistics

(concept and context analysis) have been used to reveal

mono-, bi- and multiculturalism strategies used in foreign

textbooks of Russian for the Russian reality treatment. The

authors highlight the importance of the multiculturalism

strategy for creating a system of knowledge and an image

of Russia for students learning Russian outside the

Russian Federation. The article emphasizes the best

productivity of the multiculturalism strategy for developing

cross-cultural competences in students. The authors define

ways and means of the target language country image

presentation: on the levels of text (verbal and polymodal)

and nomination, point out most important demands to

modern textbooks of Russian for foreign students, make

methodological recommendations to authors of textbooks

of Russian as a foreign language, and, using materials

from some textbooks, indicate frequent mistakes made by

authors of textbooks.

Keywords – Russian as a foreign language, textbook of

Russian as a foreign language, Russian image presentation

strategies, monoculturalism, biculturalism, multiculturalism1.

I. INTRODUCTION

Rationale behind the topic of this article is that students

learning Russian as a foreign language need to master

phonetics, lexis and grammar, and linguistic-cultural

information on different levels as well. Students should

understand cultural scope (this includes both facts from the

target culture and peculiarities of language and linguistic

worldview), axiological scope of the culture (here, culture is

understood as a system of values), and social scope of the

culture (in this aspect, culture is a complex of norms of

verbal behavior recognized in a linguistic community).

Textbooks aimed at building linguistic and linguistic-

cultural competences facilitate mastering these aspects.

It is especially important to discuss this issue in the

context of the international education discourse, since, in

this case, system of knowledge about the target language

country is formed well beyond the borders of the country,

which can often lead to a distorted image. This, in particular,

calls for a study of foreign textbooks of Russian as a foreign

language.

1 Svetlana Eremina ([email protected]) is a corresponding

author.

Thus, textbooks should use such a strategy for presenting

material that would correspond to the background

knowledge of our fellow countrymen and contemporaries.

The aim of this research is define strategies chosen by

authors of textbooks for effective teaching of Russian as a

foreign language. This research can be useful for teachers of

national languages to international students, including

Russian as a foreign language.

II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Issues of teaching Russian as a foreign language and

choice of effective methods of teaching have been studied

by numerous Russian and international researchers. E.

Vereshchagin and V. Kostomarov [19] discussed the

problem of selecting cultural material for language studies;

G. Elizarova [8] proved that cultural component had to be

taken into consideration while developing new methods of

teaching a foreign language; S. Miloslavskaya [17] carried

out a detailed study of linguistic-cultural materials in

textbooks of Russian as a foreign language published from

XVI to early XX cc. with a focus on creation of the external

image of Russia. E. Ardatova [1] discusses possibilities of

modern textbooks of Russian as a foreign language for

creating a positive image of Russia. Many Russian teaching

methodology experts – E. Dzyuba, A. Massalova [7], L.

Kryuchkova [16], N. Fedotova [9], S. Khavronina [15], O.

Kharitonova [14], L. Vesnina, I. Kirilova [20] et al. –

suggest taking into consideration cross-cultural

communication and culture-through-language-studies while

teaching Russian as a foreign language.

Analysis of linguistic-cultural materials of textbooks

shows that the choice of the strategy to present training and

information materials that facilitate building linguistic-

cultural competence in international classroom is among the

most important factors for developing textbooks of Russian

as a foreign language.

Authors of textbooks choose one of three strategies to

present linguistic-cultural information: mono-, bi- or

multiculturalism strategy.

Monoculturalism presupposes prevalence of one

culture, i. e. describing cultural phenomena through the

prism of one's own national culture and projecting its system

of values onto cultural practices of other nations, in which

case one's own culture is treated positively, whereas other

cultures are often approached with skepticism.

Biculturalism strategy is based on comparison of two

cultures and languages (L1 and L2); it presupposes both

absence of critical judgements of one or another culture

European Multilingualism: Shaping Sustainable Educational and Social Environment (EMSSESE 2019)

Copyright © 2019, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 360

82

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under comparison and evaluation of one of the cultures with

a focus on ethnocentrism. Multiculturalism strategy is

based on cultural relativism; it reflects harmonic, free from

conflicts, co-existence of different cultural practices, ethnic

groups, religions, and opinions within one language sphere.

III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

In our research we studied Russian textbooks for

English and French learners. The textbooks include

linguistic and cultural information about a target-language

country [2-6, 10-12, 18, 21].

In the investigation we used general scientific

methods (observation and description, analysis and

generalization, explanation and generalization, induction

and comparison); theoretical methods of research (selective

and structural-functional method); and special linguistic

methods (conceptual analysis and content analysis).

We collected language material applying continuous

sampling method and content analysis. The language

material included verbal signs of culture, represented by

proper names and common nouns; thematic and conceptual-

axiological components of the textbooks content. All the

above-mentioned language material constitute the concept

of RUSSIA and its figurative representation. Content

analysis is an effective research technique. It made it

possible to find out the frequency of the phenomena which

form the students’ image of Russia. The most frequent

content-thematic components of the educational materials in

the textbooks are drinking alcoholic beverages, divorce and

court cases, etc. At the same time content analysis helped

emphasize the axiological (positive and negative)

component of the information about Russia. The method

also showed that the textbooks focus upon particular (often

stereotypical) language and culture specific elements (the

capitals of the countries of the studied languages: Moscow,

St. Petersburg, Paris, London) and forms of interpersonal

communication (rules of French, British or American

etiquette). The next phase of the study was based on the

comparative method. We determined a range of values

particular to different cultures. We also described the

textbook writers’ successful/unsuccessful attempts to go

beyond their own cultural world outlook for the benefit of

the linguistic culture under study. With the help of general

scientific methods of comparison, generalization and

induction we concluded that the linguistic and cultural

information about Russia in the foreign textbooks is

represented in strategically different ways.

IV. RESULTS

Analysis of materials shows that authors of textbooks

choose one of three strategies to present linguistic-cultural

information: mono-, bi- or multiculturalism.

Monoculturalism presupposes prevalence of one culture, i.

e. describing cultural phenomena through the prism of one's

own national culture and projecting its system of values onto

cultural practices of other nations, in which case one's own

culture is treated positively, whereas other cultures are often

approached with skepticism. Biculturalism strategy is based

on comparison of two cultures and languages (L1 and L2); it

presupposes both absence of critical judgements of one or

another culture under comparison and evaluation of one of

the cultures under comparison with a focus on

ethnocentrism. Multiculturalism strategy is based on cultural

relativism; it reflects harmonic, free from conflicts, co-

existence of different cultural practices, ethnic groups,

religions, and opinions within one language sphere.

Analysis of West-European textbooks shows that

training materials published before the 1990s reflect cultural

and linguistic information like it was common in the

European methodology, i. e. in compliance with the linguo-

didactic universality conception which stipulates that logic

and reality of speakers of different languages are universal

throughout the world and language is a code to one another

[13]. As a result of this universality, textbooks of foreign

languages were similar in structure (materials were divided

into topics), with monoculturalism as their strategy. The

following textbooks can be given as examples: Alphonse

Chérel, Jean-Pierre Benoist. Le Russe sans peine. – Paris,

1973 [5]; Bécourt M., Borzic J. Méthode 90 - Le russe en 90

Leçons et en 90 jours. – Livre de Poche, 1990 [4];

Chicouène Michel. 40 leçons pour parler russe – Pocket,

1993 [6].

Textbooks written by French linguistic methodology

experts show that their authors do not know the Russian

culture well. On the nomination level, Russian and French

proper names are used, and Russian idioms with their

French equivalents are introduced on the text level,

however, on the level of communication, dialogs describe

situations characteristic of the French culture, which can

also mean that the authors do not know some nuances of the

Russian culture. In particular, bread is not sold in kilos,

neither in Soviet nor in Russian stores, vodka is not drunk in

hot weather as a beverage, and butcher is not a popular job.

Cf. proper names: Boris, Nina, Ivan Ivanovich, Nikolaj

Ivanovich, Kolya, Misha, Lida, Sasha, Nina Petrovna,

tovarishch Ivanov, Al'fred Dyuran, gospodin Dyuval', Olya,

Deniz, ZHan-P'er, Tamara, Semyonov (Борис, Нина, Иван

Иванович, Николай Иванович, Коля, Миша, Лида, Саша,

Нина Петровна, товарищ Иванов, Альфред Дюран,

господин Дюваль, Оля, Дениз, Жан-Пьер, Тамара,

Семѐнов).

Cf. Russian idioms and their French equivalents: Delo v

shlyape (Дело в шляпе) – L’affaire est dans le sac (m. à m.:

dans le chapeau); Na vore shapka gorit (На воре шапка

горит) – Qui se sent morveux se mouche (m. à m.: sur le

voleur le chapeau brûle); U kogo chto bolit, tot o tom i

govorit (У кого что болит, тот о том и говорит) – La

lange va où la dent fait mal (m. à m.: celui qui a mal parle

se cela); Posle dozhdichka v chetverg (После дождичка в

четверг) – Dans la semaine des quatre jeudis (m. à m.:

jeudi après la petite pluie); Golodnoj kume hleb na ume

(Голодной куме хлеб на уме) – Commère affamée pense à

manger (m. à m.: à commère affamée,le pain est dans

l’esprit); CHuzhimi rukami zhar zagrebat' (Чужими

руками жар загребать) – Tirer lrs marrons du feu (m. à

m.: ramasser la braise avec les mains d’autrui).

A. Chérel, J.-P. Benoist. Le Russe sans peine

Cf. communication situation "In the store": «Ona kupila

dva kilogramma hleba»; «Zdes' prodayutsya fruktovye soki.

Ne hotite? – Net spasibo. YA luchshe vyp'yu stakan vina»

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(«Она купила два килограмма хлеба»; «Здесь продаются

фруктовые соки. Не хотите? – Нет спасибо. Я лучше

выпью стакан вина»).

Communication situation "food". Dialog: Time for lunch

- Vy ne dumaete, chto pora obedat'? Mne ochen'

hochetsya est'.

- Chto kasaetsya menya, ya sovsem ne goloden, no

segodnya zharkaya pogoda, i mne vse vremya hochetsya

pit'.

- Chto vy p'ete? Vot limonad, vot kvas; esli hotite, est'

dazhe vodka i zakuski.

(- Вы не думаете, что пора обедать? Мне очень

хочется есть.

- Что касается меня, я совсем не голоден, но сегодня

жаркая погода, и мне все время хочется пить.

- Что вы пьете? Вот лимонад, вот квас; если

хотите, есть даже водка и закуски.)

Bécourt M., Borzic J. Méthode 90 - Le russe en 90

Leçons et en 90 jours. - Livre de Poche

Conversation about food: – Ty esh' zakuski i p'esh' vodku

segodnya? – Da, ya em payusnuyu ikru i p'yu vodku. A vy

chto edite i p'yote? – My edim pirozhki i p'yom pivo. V

Rossii chasto edyat shchi i p'yut ochen' goryachij chaj. Zdes'

edyat hleb i p'yut pivo. U nego net ni hleba ni vina. (– Ты

ешь закуски и пьешь водку сегодня? – Да, я ем паюсную

икру и пью водку. А вы что едите и пьѐте? – Мы едим

пирожки и пьѐм пиво. В России часто едят щи и пьют

очень горячий чай. Здесь едят хлеб и пьют пиво. У него

нет ни хлеба ни вина.)

Conversation about jobs: Sasha ne myasnik?- Net, Sasha

myasnik. (Саша не мясник?- Нет, Саша мясник.)

Chicouène M. 40 leçons pour parler russe

Communication situation "City. On the street". Dialog:

- Prostite, grazhdanin, gde Verhovnyj Sovet RSFSR?

- Izvinite, ya ne moskvich. Vot milicioner. Sprosite ego.

On vam skazhet.

- Zdravstvujte, tovarishch milicioner!

- Zdravstvujte!

- YA ishchu CK KPSS.

- Idite pryamo, a potom nalevo.

- Bol'shoe spasibo!

- Ne za chto.

(- Простите, гражданин, где Верховный Совет

РСФСР?

- Извините, я не москвич. Вот милиционер.

Спросите его. Он вам скажет.

- Здравствуйте, товарищ милиционер!

- Здравствуйте!

- Я ищу ЦК КПСС.

- Идите прямо, а потом налево.

- Большое спасибо!

- Не за что.)

A modern foreign textbook that applies the strategy of

monoculturalism is the textbook by N. Volkova, A and

Phillips, D. Uluchshim nash russkii! Grammatika dlya

anglogovoryashchikh studentov prodvinutogo etapa. Chast'

1. [Improve our Russian! Grammar for advanced English

speaking students. Part 1.] [21]. The textbook is for

international students at intermediate and advance levels. It

is a workbook with tasks dealing with six most difficult

sections of the Russian grammar. The book contains texts,

jokes, poems, puzzles, proverbs and sayings, whose aim is

to make the process of learning more interesting. However,

they raise a lot of questions and cause doubts, since they

reflect the Russian culture and way of life to the minimum.

Among the texts are multiple jokes about adultery and

divorce proceedings, jokes about winning or losing in the

casino, and endless toasts. It should be mentioned that such

topics and genres, as a rule, are not traditionally used in

training materials in Russian textbooks. The holidays

(Halloween) and the games described in the book do not

reflect the Russian national traditions; War and Peace is,

surprisingly for Russians, called a good shooter. Thus, the

book represents one culture (uses the monoculturalism

strategy) but actualizes the way of life and mentality of the

people who this book of Russian as a foreign language is

aimed at rather than the Russian national culture.

The biculturalism strategy is used in the books by

Goninaz, M., Grabovsky, O. Le mot et l'idée - révision

vivante du vocabulaire russe. - Éditions Ophrys, 1993 [10],

Barda, A., Ivanova, I. Manuel de Russe. – Langues et

Mondes - L'asiathèque: 2002 [3] and Moskaleva, L.,

Shakhmatova T., Am, A. Voyazh po-russki: Intensivnyi kurs

russkogo yazyka v vide priklyuchencheskogo romana

[Voyage in Russian: an Intensive course of Russian

language in the form of an adventure novel]. Sankt-

Peterbburg, Zlatoust, 2016 [18].

The book by Goninaz M., Grabovsky O. Le mot et

l'idée - révision vivante du vocabulaire russe is

traditionally based on topics. Each topic includes active

vocabulary and tests to activate the vocabulary, with French

and Russian realia often compared. Cf. Topic XXXII.

ВОЙНА – МИР: LA GUERRE – LA PAIX:

V Rossii i vo Francii voennaya sluzhba obyazatel'na dlya

vsekh grazhdan. Soldaty zhivut v kazarmah ili lageryah.

Tam prohodyat ucheniya.

Prizyv na voennuyu sluzhbu proiskhodit ezhegodno.

Novobrancu dayut formu (gimnastyorku, shinel', pilotku i

t.d.). Emu takzhe nuzhny ranec i kaska. (В России и во

Франции военная служба обязательна для всех

граждан. Солдаты живут в казармах или лагерях. Там

проходят учения.

Призыв на военную службу происходит ежегодно.

Новобранцу дают форму (гимнастѐрку, шинель,

пилотку и т.д.). Ему также нужны ранец и каска.)

Different phenomena and facts are compared through the

prism of the French values. In particular, religion is

represented against the background of Catholicism. Cf.

Topic XXXIII. РЕЛИГИЯ: LA RELIGION. Hristiane

ispoveduyut raznye religii; sredi nih est' pravoslavnye

(glavnym obrazom greki, russkie i nekotorye slavyanskie

narodnosti), a takzhe katoliki i protestanty. Pravoslavnye ne

podchinyayutsya rimskomu Pape. V semnadcatom veke

chast' pravoslavnyh otkololas' ot oficial'noj cerkvi; ih

nazyvali raskol'nikami. Evrei i musul'mane tozhe veryat v

edinogo Boga. (Христиане исповедуют разные религии;

среди них есть православные (главным образом греки,

русские и некоторые славянские народности), а также

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католики и протестанты. Православные не

подчиняются римскому Папе. В семнадцатом веке

часть православных откололась от официальной

церкви; их называли раскольниками. Евреи и мусульмане

тоже верят в единого Бога.)

The book by Barda, A., Ivanova, I. Manuel de Russe

is completely based on comparison of two cultures: Russian

and French. Illustrated materials are represented by French

and Russian artifacts – photos of architecture in Paris, Lille,

Saint-Petersburg and Moscow. Such parallelism is found in

the tasks as well.

Cf. : P'er: Parizh – krasivyj gorod. Eto – reka Sena. Vot

ploshchad' SHatle. A eto – teatr SHatle. A eto – Site. A vot

sobor Notr-Dam. Vot Luvr. Eto bol'shoj muzej. Eto dvorec.

Vot teatr Opera. A eto cerkov' Madlen. A eto restoran

«Maksim». Eto bul'var Monparnas. A eto staroe kafe

«Kupol». A ryadom vokzal Monparnas. Eto Monparnas. A

tam – teatr «Atel'e». Eto horoshij malen'kij teatr. Eto –

Severnyj vokzal. Eto ulica de Lil'. A vot Inal'ko. Eto bul'var

Sen-Mishel'. A ryadom – Sorbona. Eto bol'shoj staryj

universitet. (Пьер: Париж – красивый город. Это – река

Сена. Вот площадь Шатле. А это – театр Шатле. А

это – Ситэ. А вот собор Нотр-Дам. Вот Лувр. Это

большой музей. Это дворец. Вот театр Опера. А это

церковь Мадлен. А это ресторан «Максим». Это

бульвар Монпарнас. А это старое кафе «Купол». А

рядом вокзал Монпарнас. Это Монпарнас. А там –

театр «Ателье». Это хороший маленький театр. Это

– Северный вокзал. Это улица де Лиль. А вот Иналько.

Это бульвар Сен-Мишель. А рядом – Сорбона. Это

большой старый университет).

Exercice 4. L'étudiante Katia pose des questions à

Pierre. Répondez à ses questions.

Modèle: K : - Luvr, chto eto takoe?

P. : - Luvr – eto muzej.

K. : - Sena, chto eto takoe?

P. : - …

K. : - Opera, chto eto takoe?

P. : - …

K. : - SHatle, chto eto takoe?

P. : - …

(Modèle: K : - Лувр, что это такое?

П. : - Лувр – это музей.

К. : - Сена, что это такое?

П. : - …

К. : - Опера, что это такое?

П. : - …

К. : - Шатле, что это такое?

П. : - …)

Exercice 3. Jouez la scène: Excursion à travers St-

Pétersbourg

Situation A. Le guide montre des vues de St-Pétersbourg

et dit cc que c'est.

Modèle: Posmotrite, eto reka Neva.

Nevskij prospekt, Russkij muzej, magazin «Passazh»,

otel' «Evropa», Kazanskij sobor, Dvorcovaya ploshchad',

Zimnij dvorec, Ermitazh, Dvorcovyj most, Vasil'evskij

ostrov, pamyatnik «Mednyj vsadnik», universitet,

Moskovskij vokzal, Smol'nyj sobor, reka Neva, Letnij sad,

Admiraltejstvo, Isaakievskij sobor.

(Modèle: Посмотрите, это река Нева.

Невский проспект, Русский музей, магазин

«Пассаж», отель «Европа», Казанский собор,

Дворцовая площадь, Зимний дворец, Эрмитаж,

Дворцовый мост, Васильевский остров, памятник

«Медный всадник», университет, Московский вокзал,

Смольный собор, река Нева, Летний сад,

Адмиралтейство, Исаакиевский собор.)

Situation B. Les étudiants montrent au guide des vues de

St-Pétersbourg et demandent:

Modèle: a) CHto eto takoe?

b) Ermitazh – chto eto?

c) Eto reka Neva?

(Modèle: а) Что это такое?

b) Эрмитаж – что это?

c) Это река Нева?)

The biculturalism strategy is also used on the

communication level. Interlocutors – citizens of two

different countries – meet in Saint-Petersburg. The task is a

good example of a dialog between students learning the

language and, at the same time, the Russian geography.

Cf.: Exercice 5. Lisez le dialogue, en partageant les rôles;

attention aux nouvelles expressions.

François vient étudier à St-Pétersbourg. Il arrive au foyer

des étudiants,

cherche sa chambre et rencontre dans le couloir un étudiant

russe, Igor.

V obshchezhitii

Igor': - Dobryj den'!

Fransua: - Zdravstvujte! YA ishchu komnatu nomer 20. Vy

ne skazhete, gde ona?

Igor': - Komnata nomer 20? Vot ona, sprava!

Fransua: - Spasibo.

Igor': - A vy kto?

Fransua: - YA francuzskij student. Menya zovut Fransua.

Igor': - Ochen' priyatno. A ya russkij. Menya zovut Igor'.

Fransua: - YA budu uchit'sya celyj god. A vy? Vy tozhe

uchites' v universitete?

Igor': - Da, no ya uchus' v universitete v Irkutske.

Fransua: - Eto gde?

Igor': - Eto daleko, v Sibiri. Znaete, gde eto?

Fransua: - Net.

Igor': - Znaete ozero Bajkal?

Fransua: - Ozero Bajkal znayu. Eto ochen' bol'shoe ozero.

Igor': - Da. Tam est' staryj gorod Irkutsk, a v gorode

bol'shoj universitet. YA tam zhivu i uchus' na fakul'tete

ekonomiki.

Fransua: - A chto vy delaete zdes'?

Igor': - A zdes' ya na stazhirovke. Tozhe na fakul'tete

ekonomiki.

Fransua: - Eto horosho. A vy uzhe byli v Peterburge?

Igor': - Da. YA zdes' uzhe byl odin raz celyj mesyac.

Fransua: - I vy horosho znaete Peterburg?

Igor': - Da, a vy? Vy uzhe byli v Rossii?

Fransua; - Net eshchyo.

Igor': - Nichego, ya horosho znayu Peterburg, i my budem

gulyat' vmeste. Izvinite, ya speshu. Do vstrechi!

Fransua: - Do vstrechi!

(В общежитии

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Игорь: - Добрый день!

Франсуа: - Здравствуйте! Я ищу комнату номер 20. Вы

не скажете, где она?

Игорь: - Комната номер 20? Вот она, справа!

Франсуа: - Спасибо.

Игорь: - А вы кто?

Франсуа: - Я французский студент. Меня зовут

Франсуа.

Игорь: - Очень приятно. А я русский. Меня зовут Игорь.

Франсуа: - Я буду учиться целый год. А вы? Вы тоже

учитесь в университете?

Игорь: - Да, но я учусь в университете в Иркутске.

Франсуа: - Это где?

Игорь: - Это далеко, в Сибири. Знаете, где это?

Франсуа: - Нет.

Игорь: - Знаете озеро Байкал?

Франсуа: - Озеро Байкал знаю. Это очень большое

озеро.

Игорь: - Да. Там есть старый город Иркутск, а в

городе большой университет. Я там живу и учусь на

факультете экономики.

Франсуа: - А что вы делаете здесь?

Игорь: - А здесь я на стажировке. Тоже на факультете

экономики.

Франсуа: - Это хорошо. А вы уже были в Петербурге?

Игорь: - Да. Я здесь уже был один раз целый месяц.

Франсуа: - И вы хорошо знаете Петербург?

Игорь: - Да, а вы? Вы уже были в России?

Франсуа; - Нет ещѐ.

Игорь: - Ничего, я хорошо знаю Петербург, и мы будем

гулять вместе. Извините, я спешу. До встречи!

Франсуа: - До встречи! )

The book by Moskaleva, L., Shakhmatova T., Am, A.

Voyazh po-russki: Intensivnyi kurs russkogo yazyka v vide

priklyuchencheskogo romana [Voyage in Russian: an

Intensive course of Russian language in the form of an

adventure novel] is for French readers who would like to

learn the basics of the Russian grammar and vocabulary in a

funny and easy way and get acquainted with the Russian

culture. The book is a self-teaching guide in the form of an

adventure novel (game approach is used together with

traditional methods of teaching Russian as a foreign

language). Communication situations are modelled with the

Russian cultural traditions and realia in mind: the characters

of the adventure novel find themselves in situations which

can happen to people in a foreign country, in a community

speaking a different language (examples are common

linguistic mistakes and their outcomes, mishaps as a result

of getting the language game, Russian traditions or customs

wrong, funny and tragic mistakes). However, this boo, too,

presents some facts of the Russian reality incorrectly: for

example, the Russian cuisine is described using standard

dishes, which can be interesting for foreigners (the so called

Russian exoticism: borshch, pelmeni, hot cereal, caviar,

pickled cucumbers and mushrooms; drinks – mead, sbiten),

but traditional dairy products (curds, kefir, ryazhenka) are

not mentioned. Russia is described using stereotypes: all

Russians always wear trapper hats, fur coats and valenki; in

summer, they wear pinafore dresses and lapti (the text about

the Buranovo Grannies is given as an example: Eto

buranovskie babushki. Oni zhivut v Rossii, v Udmurtii. Oni

nosyat sarafany i lapti). (Это бурановские бабушки. Они

живут в России, в Удмуртии. Они носят сарафаны и

лапти). A great number of facts about Russia described in

the book are extremely outdated, cf., for example, the text:

Tradicionno v Rossii hleb berut tol'ko rukami. Kuricu tozhe

edyat rukami. Rybu nikogda ne rezhut nozhom. Est' sup

derevyannoj lozhkoj – eto tak po-russki. (Традиционно в

России хлеб берут только руками. Курицу тоже едят

руками. Рыбу никогда не режут ножом. Есть суп

деревянной ложкой – это так по-русски.) Thus, the book

presents the Russian culture but through the prism of its

image overseas, which allows us to talk about the

biculturalism strategy.

The multiculturalism strategy in represented in the

following books: Jouan-Lafont, V., Kovalenko, F.

Reportage. Russe livre 1. – Nouvelle édition. — Paris:

Belin, 2005 [11]; Jouan-Lafont, V., Kovalenko, F.

Reportage. Russe livre 2. – Nouvelle édition. — Paris:

Belin, 2006 [12]; Azimov, E. G., Vyatyutnev, M. N.,

Farisenkova, L. V., Luzaia Mamingi, R. Nachal'nyi kurs

russkogo yazyka [Basic course of Russian language].

Moskva: Izdatel'stvo IKAR, 2002 [2].

The book by Jouan-Lafont V., Kovalenko F.

Reportage. Russe livre 1 uses the multiculturalism strategy

sporadically. The last page of every lesson is an information

sheet dedicated to one aspect of the Russian reality.

Linguistic-cultural information is accompanied by

quotations by French writers and travelers. Cf.: Jules

Legras. Au pays russe 1913 «Après le dîner me suis oublié

la contemplation du merveillleux horizon qui, devant moi,

s’étendait à perte de vue. L’éperon rocheux du Kremlin, où

j’étais, surplombe à pic le port de Nijni Novgorod, et la vue,

que rien n’arrête, distingue à la fois le mouvement affairé

des rives et l’impassible horizon de la plaine. L’Oka et la

Volga, larges chacune de près d’un kilomètre, se fondent en

une énorme masse d’eau jaunâtre qui s’en va par de lents

méandres vers le lointain. Ce coup d’œil est un des plus

beaux qui soient en Europe».( ZHyul' Legr. V russkoj strane

1913 «Posle uzhina ya zabyl o sozercanii chudesnogo

gorizonta, kotoryj peredo mnoj prostiralsya, naskol'ko mog

videt' glaz. Skalistaya shpora Kremlya, gde ya byl,

vozvyshaetsya nad portom Nizhnego Novgoroda, i vid,

kotoryj nikogda ne zamiraet, razgranichivaet kak

ozhivlennoe dvizhenie beregov, tak i besstrastnyj gorizont

ravniny. Oka i Volga, shirinoj pochti v kilometr drug ot

druga, slivayutsya v ogromnuyu zheltovatuyu massu vody,

uhodyashchuyu medlennymi izvilistymi putyami v dalekuyu

dal'. Etot vid - odin iz samyh krasivyh v Evrope».) (Жюль

Легр. В русской стране 1913 «После ужина я забыл о

созерцании чудесного горизонта, который передо мной

простирался, насколько мог видеть глаз. Скалистая

шпора Кремля, где я был, возвышается над портом

Нижнего Новгорода, и вид, который никогда не

замирает, разграничивает как оживленное движение

берегов, так и бесстрастный горизонт равнины. Ока и

Волга, шириной почти в километр друг от друга,

сливаются в огромную желтоватую массу воды,

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уходящую медленными извилистыми путями в далекую

даль. Этот вид - один из самых красивых в Европе».)

Tasks to develop skills include pictures with symbols of

different cultures (А. Pushkin, Louis Armstrong, Liberty

Leading the People by Delacroix, Honoré de Balzac, Saint

Basil's Cathedral, DDT front man, map of Russia). Task:

Smotrite i otvechajte. CHto oni lyubyat? Obrazec: 1.

Kartinka, gde izobrazhen A.S. Pushkin. Otvet: 1. Anya

lyubit russkuyu poeziyu. (Смотрите и отвечайте. Что

они любят? Образец: 1. Картинка, где изображен А.С.

Пушкин. Ответ: 1. Аня любит русскую поэзию.)

Texts for analysis and speaking exercises include

information that helps students get acquainted with other

countries cultures and everyday life. Cf.:

Shkola № 12. Nasha programma

Sentyabr': Ekskursiya v Sochi.

Oktyabr': Vecher francuzskoj poezii.

Noyabr': Lyzhnaya progulka.

Dekabr': Festival' amerikanskogo kino.

Yanvar': Sportivnaya gimnastika Suzdal' – Kostroma.

Nashi ucheniki v Parizhe.

Fevral': Futbol'nyj match Suzdal' – Vladimir.

Mart: Ekskursiya v Moskvu.

Aprel': Koncert klassicheskoj muzyki v shkole.

Maj: Konkurs «Kostroma v literature».

Iyun': Ekzameny.

Iyul' – avgust: Kanikuly.

(Школа № 12. Наша программа

Сентябрь: Экскурсия в Сочи.

Октябрь: Вечер французской поэзии.

Ноябрь: Лыжная прогулка.

Декабрь: Фестиваль американского кино.

Январь: Спортивная гимнастика Суздаль –

Кострома. Наши ученики в Париже.

Февраль: Футбольный матч Суздаль – Владимир.

Март: Экскурсия в Москву.

Апрель: Концерт классической музыки в школе.

Май: Конкурс «Кострома в литературе».

Июнь: Экзамены.

Июль – август: Каникулы.)

The book by Jouan-Lafont, V., Kovalenko, F.

Reportage. Russe livre 2 is for elementary level learners of

Russian. The book includes texts about the history of the

country, lives of people after the 1917 Revolution, fates of

emigrants, communal apartments, and noble and peasant

families. Multiculturalism is evident in the texts dedicated to

the genealogic trees of the last tsar, nobility (the

Sheremetyevs) and ordinary people. The following exercises

are used for drilling: Prodolzhajte po obrazcu: a) U nego

bel'gijskie korni. – b) Ego predki zhili v Bel'gii. 1. U neyo

russkie korni. 2. U nego ital'yanskie korni. 3. U nih

francuzskie korni. 4. U neyo ispanskie korni. 5. U nego

nemeckie korni. 6. U neyo bolgarskie korni. (Продолжайте

по образцу: а) У него бельгийские корни. – б) Его предки

жили в Бельгии. 1. У неѐ русские корни. 2. У него

итальянские корни. 3. У них французские корни. 4. У неѐ

испанские корни. 5. У него немецкие корни. 6. У неѐ

болгарские корни.)

An example of a dialog in the speaking task section:

- Rasskazhi mne o svoej prababushke.

- Eyo zvali Zinaida. Ona rodilas' v Rossii v 1901 godu.

- Znachit u tebya russkie korni?

- Da, no v detstve ya s nej po-russki ne govorila. YA

nachala uchit' russkij v shkole.

- A kogda ona emigrirovala vo Franciyu?

- V 1922 godu. Ona priekhala tuda s odnim

chemodanchikom. Vnachale bylo tyazhelo, konechno, no

ona byla s muzhem. Potom rodilis' deti…

- Ona davno umerla?

- Desyat' let nazad.

(- Расскажи мне о своей прабабушке.

- Еѐ звали Зинаида. Она родилась в России в 1901

году.

- Значит у тебя русские корни?

- Да, но в детстве я с ней по-русски не говорила. Я

начала учить русский в школе.

- А когда она эмигрировала во Францию?

- В 1922 году. Она приехала туда с одним

чемоданчиком. Вначале было тяжело, конечно, но она

была с мужем. Потом родились дети…

- Она давно умерла?

- Десять лет назад.)

After reading the dialog, students are asked to tell about

some person they know or heard about.

The text about an overseas trip of Peter the Great is

especially interesting in terms of the multiculturalism

strategy. Cf. a part of a lesson:

Pyotr I Velikij (1672 - 1725)

… Kogda ego brat'ya umerli, Pyotr stal caryom vsego

Moskovskogo carstva. I pervoe, chto on sdelal – v 1697

godu poekhal za granicu. Pravda, po staroj pravoslavnoj

tradicii cari ne mogli ezdit' v zapadnye strany. No Pyotr ne

lyubil tradicii. On hotel posmotret', kak zhivut v Evrope,

priglasit' v Rossiyu zapadnyh specialistov i inzhenerov.

Poetomu on organizoval bol'shuyu russkuyu delegaciyu i

poekhal pod imenem Petra Mihajlova. Nikto ne znal, chto

eto sam car' Pyotr Alekseevich.

Zadaniya: Byli li vy za granicej? V kakoj strane?

Kogda? Gde vy tam byli?

Puteshestviya Petra

Snachala eto byl Amsterdam – udivitel'nyj gorod na

vode. … V Amsterdame Pyotr poshyol rabotat' kak prostoj

rabochij na verf', gde stroili korabli. A po vecheram v

tavernah on pil pivo, kuril gollandskij tabak i razgovarival s

moryakami i kupcami so vsej Evropy. V Londone on

interesovalsya voennym delom v Arsenale, finansami na

Monetnom dvore i astronomiej v Grinviche. V Vene on

uvidel, kak tancuyut na balah krasivye molodye zhenshchiny

i muzhchiny, kak oni slushayut prekrasnuyu muzyku i p'yut

aromatnyj kofe. A v Kremle zhenshchiny dazhe zhili v

special'nom dome – zhenskom tereme i ih nikogda ne videli

na carskih prazdnikah. Vsyo, chto videl Pyotr v Evrope, emu

ochen' nravilos'. «A my, pochemu my zhivyom ne tak?

Pochemu u nas net takih shkol i korablej, takih artistov i

inzhenerov, takih manufaktur i gorodov!?» I Pyotr reshil

nachat' stroit' novuyu Rossiyu. I gorod, kotoryj budet novoj

stolicej, «oknom v Evropu». Konchaetsya staryj vek,

nachinaetsya novyj vosemnadcatyj, i Rossiya

vosemnadcatogo veka budet evropejskoj stranoj.

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Zadaniya k tekstu: 1. V kakie strany ezdil Pyotr? CHto

emu ponravilos' v Amsterdame? V Londone? V Vene?

CHem on uvlekalsya?

(Пѐтр I Великий (1672 - 1725)

… Когда его братья умерли, Пѐтр стал царѐм всего

Московского царства. И первое, что он сделал – в 1697

году поехал за границу. Правда, по старой православной

традиции цари не могли ездить в западные страны. Но

Пѐтр не любил традиции. Он хотел посмотреть, как

живут в Европе, пригласить в Россию западных

специалистов и инженеров. Поэтому он организовал

большую русскую делегацию и поехал под именем Петра

Михайлова. Никто не знал, что это сам царь Пѐтр

Алексеевич.

Задания: Были ли вы за границей? В какой стране?

Когда? Где вы там были?

Путешествия Петра

Сначала это был Амстердам – удивительный город

на воде. … В Амстердаме Пѐтр пошѐл работать как

простой рабочий на верфь, где строили корабли. А по

вечерам в тавернах он пил пиво, курил голландский

табак и разговаривал с моряками и купцами со всей

Европы. В Лондоне он интересовался военным делом в

Арсенале, финансами на Монетном дворе и

астрономией в Гринвиче. В Вене он увидел, как

танцуют на балах красивые молодые женщины и

мужчины, как они слушают прекрасную музыку и пьют

ароматный кофе. А в Кремле женщины даже жили в

специальном доме – женском тереме и их никогда не

видели на царских праздниках. Всѐ, что видел Пѐтр в

Европе, ему очень нравилось. «А мы, почему мы живѐм

не так? Почему у нас нет таких школ и кораблей,

таких артистов и инженеров, таких мануфактур и

городов!?» И Пѐтр решил начать строить новую

Россию. И город, который будет новой столицей,

«окном в Европу». Кончается старый век, начинается

новый восемнадцатый, и Россия восемнадцатого века

будет европейской страной.

Задания к тексту: 1. В какие страны ездил Пѐтр?

Что ему понравилось в Амстердаме? В Лондоне? В

Вене? Чем он увлекался?)

The multiculturalism strategy is most consistent in

textbooks for children, with the book by Azimov, E. G.,

Vyatyutnev, M. N., Farisenkova, L. V., Luzaia Mamingi,

R. Nachal'nyi kurs russkogo yazyka [Basic course of

Russian language] [2] being an example. The strategy

manifests itself in the way cultural information is presented,

cf. a part of a lesson: Question: CHto eto? (students have to

name objects correctly). Two sample photographs are

given, with an answer: Eto Moskva. Eto Kreml'. A eto

Brazzavil'. Eto ploshchad' Svobody. (Это Москва. Это

Кремль. А это Браззавиль. Это площадь Свободы.)

The multiculturalism strategy is represented on the

nomination level with the use of different proper names.

Cf.: Gabriel' i Kristian. Otec i syn. Rozhe i Anna. Otec i

doch'. Mishel' uchitsya v medicinskom universitete. On

budet vrachom. Landu remontiruet mashinu. On mekhanik.

Dima risuet kartinu. On hudozhnik. (Габриэль и Кристиан.

Отец и сын. Роже и Анна. Отец и дочь. Мишель учится

в медицинском университете. Он будет врачом. Ланду

ремонтирует машину. Он механик. Дима рисует

картину. Он художник.)

Multiculturalism is also represented on the text level

with a story telling about multiple languages in Congo; the

task is to talk about native and foreign languages which

coexist in one community. Cf. a part of a lesson: V Kongo

odna nacional'nost' - kongolezcy. Oficial'nyj yazyk –

francuzskij. V Kongo my izuchaem inostrannye yazyki:

anglijskij, russkij, kitajskij, nemeckij. No u nas est' i rodnye

yazyki. Oni delyatsya na chetyre gruppy: sanga, bangala,

teke, kongo. Kogda moemu drugu trudno ponimat' moj

rodnoj yazyk, ya govoryu s nim na yazyke lingala ili na

yazyke munukutuba. Eti dva yazyka znayut vse kongolezcy…

Zadaniya k tekstu: Otvet'te na voprosy:

1. Kakie rodnye yazyki est' v vashej strane? 2. Kakoj

yazyk v vashej strane oficial'nyj? 3. Kakie yazyki znayut vse

v vashej strane? 4. Kakie inostrannye yazyki izuchayut v

vashej strane? 5. Pochemu nado izuchat' inostrannye

yazyki? (В Конго одна национальность - конголезцы.

Официальный язык – французский. В Конго мы изучаем

иностранные языки: английский, русский, китайский,

немецкий. Но у нас есть и родные языки. Они делятся

на четыре группы: санга, бангала, тэкэ, конго. Когда

моему другу трудно понимать мой родной язык, я

говорю с ним на языке лингала или на языке мунукутуба.

Эти два языка знают все конголезцы…

Задания к тексту: Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Какие родные языки есть в вашей стране?

2. Какой язык в вашей стране официальный? 3. Какие

языки знают все в вашей стране? 4. Какие

иностранные языки изучают в вашей стране?

5. Почему надо изучать иностранные языки?)

The multiculturalism strategy is represented on the

nomination level with the use of the names of great writers,

poets, composers, artists, etc. Cf., a part of a lesson:

speaking task.

Pourquoi apprenez-vous les langues étrangères?

Réponde à cette question en vous servant des expressions ci-

après:

Nado znat' inostrannye yazyki (russkij, anglijskij,

nemeckij, francuzskij, ispanskij), chtoby:1) ponimat' drug

druga,2) stat' horoshim specialistom,3) chitat' Pushkina,

SHekspira, Gyote, Flobera, Servantesa,4) puteshestvovat'.

(Надо знать иностранные языки (русский, английский,

немецкий, французский, испанский), чтобы:1) понимать

друг друга,2) стать хорошим специалистом,3) читать

Пушкина, Шекспира, Гѐте, Флобера, Сервантеса,4)

путешествовать.)

Pouchkine (1799-1837) - écrivain et poète russe;

Shakespeare (1564-1616) - poète et dramaturge anglais;

Goethe (1749-1832) - écrivain allemand; Flaubert (1821-

1880) - écrivain francais; Cervantes (1547-1616) - écrivain

espagnol.

V. CONCLUSION

Authors of international textbooks of Russian as a foreign language choose one of three strategies to present linguistic-cultural materials: mono-, bi- or multiculturalism. However, it is multiculturalism that facilitates effective learning of a foreign language and culture. This strategy is aimed at developing personal skills that meet the demands of the

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modern world, democratic civil society, based on tolerance, dialog of cultures, and mutual respect. Comparing positive features of the Russian culture and other cultures creates the basis for cultural cooperation of countries and their citizens on equal footing. Story lines and communication situations that comply with the multiculturalism strategy play a positive role in developing a person's ability to represent their country and home town with dignity, understanding and respecting traditions, customs and worldviews of different people.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research was carried out with funding from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project no. 19-013-00895 ―Learning to understand Russia: cognitive strategies of organizing methodological materials for students of Russian as a foreign language‖.

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