EUROPEAN INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SCIENCE GOVERNANCE:MANAGEMENT, ACCOUNTABILITY AND ADVOCACY

Julia LaneAmerican Institutes for ResearchUniversity of StrasbourgObservatoire des Sciences et des TechniquesUniversity of Melbourne

Overview• Charge• Approach• Examples

Overview• Charge• Approach• Examples

Charge in Europe

• Expert Group• Develop a shared information infrastructure for relevant data to be

collected, maintained, analysed, and disseminated across the European Union.

• OECD 2010 Innovation Strategy• go beyond targets and aggregates in order to understand the

dynamics of innovation in firms

How much should a nation spend on science? What kind of science? How much from private versus public sectors? Does demand for funding by potential science performers imply a shortage of funding or a surfeit of performers?......A new “science of science policy” is emerging, and it may offer more compelling guidance for policy decisions and for more credible advocacy

Charge in the US

Another way of stating charge

Ideas: Understand their• Creation• Transmission• Adoption

Key Idea: Science of Science Policy

Need feasible, low cost and flexible approach, so use science to describe and to manage the scientific ecosystem: Management; accountability; advocacy.• Conceptual framework: Science is done by scientists (not

documents) so focus on scientists and networks of scientists

• Empirical framework: New ways of collecting data so use new cybertools to capture information automatically

• Pragmatic Approach: New ways of presenting information to visualize information so public can see results of research

Bo-Christer Björk, 2007

NODE: TITLE: NUMBER:Do research, communicate and apply the resultsA0

Disseminatedscientificknowledge

Publication

Funding for R&D

New scientific knowledgeExisting ScientificKnowledge

Scientificproblems

Better qualityof life

Fundingforresearch

Funding forresearchcommunication

Funding forindustrialdevelopment

Public sectorfunding

Private sectorfunding

Priorities for scientificproblems to be solved

Research funders

ScientistsCompanies Government

Publishersandinfomediaries

Readers

1

Fund R&D

2

Perform the research

3

Communicate the results

4

Apply the Knowledge

Overview• Charge• Approach: Use Science• Examples

Funding(what)

Outputs(what results)

People(who)

Organization(where)

SupportPay for

Train; coauthor

Produce; use

Employ; provide infrastructure

Scientific Ecosystem: Links Matter

Scientific Framework• Goal of project/firm:

• create and transmit scientific ideas• push for their adoption (by other scientists, policy-makers or

businesses) • Behavioral Framework;

• Principal Investigator has research agenda, funded by multiple sources

• Ideas are transmitted by workers (postdocs, grad students, staff scientists) in a variety of potentially measurable ways, including publications and patents, but also presentations, blogs, internal project workspaces, and emails (altmetrics)

• Behavioral Framework: • Social networks/collaboration are a major vehicle whereby ideas

are transmitted

Scientific Framework: Theory of the firm

• Repurposing the theory of the firm• (1) Yit

(1) = Yit(2)α + Xit

(1)λ + εit

• (2) Yit(2) = Zitβ +Xit

(2)μ + ηit

• where the subscripts i and t denote project teams and quarters • ε and η stand for unobserved factors and errors of measurement

and specification (and can possibly include individual unobserved project teams’ characteristics).

• The output variables are measured by Y(1) and research collaboration variables by Y(2).

• Both are determined by a set of control variables X(1) and X(2) that can overlap and be truly exogenous or predetermined variables of key interest Z.

Scientific Framework: Data

• Observational Science • Scientist gathers data by direct observation• Scientist analyzes data

• Analytical Science • Scientist builds analytical model• Makes predictions.

• Computational Science • Simulate analytical model• Validate model and makes predictions

• Data Exploration Science• Data-driven science

Data captured by instrumentsror from the web,or data generated by simulation

• Information extraction• Processed by software• Placed in a database / files• Scientist(s)/scholar(s) analyze(s) database / files• Access crucial

Jim Gray’s paradigm

Funding(what)

Outputs(what results)

People(who)

Organization(where)

SupportPay for

Train; coauthor

Produce; use

Employ; provide infrastructure

Scientific Ecosystem: Links Matter

Overview• Charge• Approach• Examples

Accountability: Show results to stakeholders…

To help find researchers and research by geography, organization, class and topic

Examples: White House R&D Dashboard; ASTRA

Advocacy: Show public/private partnershipsTo document collaborations in the invention process

Examples: HELIOS project in France

Management: Describe networks

NIH-supported milestone

discovery event

Management: STAR METRICS: Private university, Med

LIGO, Astrophysics, Dark Matter, Simulation, Quantum Information

Liquid Crystal

Ocean Science, Plate Tectonics, Seismology

Inorganic Chemistry

Plants, DNA

Molecular Dynamics, Numerical Methods, Turbulence, Seismology

Control Theory, Sensor Networks, Optimization, Seismology

Source: Jason Owen Smith, U Michigan

Management: Comparison of Social Networks

Private (no Med) Public (no Med) Public (Med)2000 people paid by 450 science agency grants

4000 people paid by 900 science agency grants

5000 people paid by 3500 science agency grants

26.8% Isolated 31.3% isolated 13.6% isolated53.8% Reachable 10.6% Reachable 28.4% ReachableDensity = .038, CC = .896, Constraint = .321

Density = .007, CC = .877, Constraint = .425

Density = .007, CC = .878, Constraint = .483

Research Staff (shared instrumentation?) & faculty are powerful bridges

Faculty are more often powerful bridges, but very little reachability and diversity

Faculty and Research staff bridge projects

Potential topic gaps in component

Topic gaps less clear Significant connections and overlaps between topics in component

Advocacy: Describe patent portfolios

To describe patent activities to inventors and the public

Example: NSF Portfolio Explorer

Another way of stating charge

Ideas: Understand their• Creation• Transmission• Adoption

Key Idea: Science of Science Policy

Need feasible, low cost and flexible approach, so use science to describe and to manage the scientific ecosystem.• Conceptual framework: Science is done by scientists (not

documents) so focus on scientists and networks of scientists

• Empirical framework: New ways of collecting data so use new cybertools to capture information automatically

• Pragmatic Approach: New ways of presenting information to visualize information so public can see results of research

Thank you• Julia Lane• jlane@air.org