European Industrial changes

European Industrial changesCh 24I. IntroductionPopulation ChangesPopulations continued to grow but at a more stable rateEconomic difficulties caused numerous Europeans to immigrate to the United StatesPredominantly those from rural regionsUsually from Ireland or Southern Europe (mostly Mediterranean regions)Second Industrial RevolutionLate 1800sBelgium, France and especially Germany caught up to Great BritainGermany eventually doubled steel production compared to Great BritainMajor innovatorsBessemer- better and more profitable steel productionDaimler- first combustion engine on carHenry Ford- assembly line vehicles

II. Changes to the Middle ClassAge of the Middle-ClassFocus of consumer goodsHelped boost economy through increased spendingPrice of food decreasedMore money for non-essentialsDepartment stores, mail-order catalogsUrbanization increased accessIncrease of uniform sizes (off the rack) rather than tailored.Middle Class vacationsNon-manual labor ProfessionsTeachers (increased primary education), shopkeepers and librariansWhite-Collar WorkersSecretaries, retail clerks, and lower level government officials/ bureaucrats

III. Urban ReformsRedevelopment of ParisNapoleon III ordered Paris to be redesignedPolitical mostly (Put down rebellions and prevent barricades)George Haussmann in charge from 1853-18701889 Eiffel TowerTemporary for international trade expoWas to show how important iron and steel had become to the modern FranceThe Development of SuburbsResult of railways/subways and improved roadwaysEasier to travelRemoval of slums raised property values in citiesSuburbs were more like townhomes in American citiesCreated separation from work and home

III. Urban ReformsSanitationCholeraOne of the few diseases that struck individuals of most classesBelieved to be caused by miasmas (pollution)Also originally blamed for chlamydia and the bubonic plague Bad smells were major sign of miasmasCaused by sewage running through cities and into drinking waterMajor cause for sanitation reforms

III. Urban ReformsSewers and SewageResult of the Cholera outbreaksPeople started to realize that the filth or sewage was the causeAllowed sewage to be drained underground rather than through the streetsUsually ran out into the riversIncluded water pipelines that brought fresh water inUsed concrete and graniteGreatly improved sanitationReduced mortality rates of citizens that lived in these cities

7III. Urban ReformsHousing ReformsWas a health and political effortPolitical- boosted morale of individualsHealth- whole families shared single room apartments which shared a bathroom with a whole hall.Private companies started to build low cost/ low profit housingOr low interest loans on regular housingPurpose was to make it easier for the poor to own a houseGovernment started to get involved through building of low cost housing and public housing projects

IV. Late 1800s WomenProblems for womenPropertyCould not own property in most casesGreat Britain- Married Womens Property Act- allowed ownership of propertyFamily LawMost cases, women were legal minors and subject to their husbands or fathersIn case of divorce, a man had an easier time obtaining a divorceMan would usually gain custody of the childrenEducationWomen were predominantly limited to a basic educationWomen were first admitted to major universities between 1860-1880Could not receive a degree until after WWIIV. Late 1800s WomenWork ForceWomen were permitted to enter new careers such as secretarial and clericalWomen tended to educated mostly young childrenWere expected to leave the workforce upon giving birth to her first childYounger women (late teens to mid twenties) who were on their own, tended to lean towards prostitutionMostly in port citiesBecame legalized and heavily regulated (for protection of clients)DomesticityMarried women became less involved in finances and business dealingChief goal was caring for house and children.IV. Late 1800s WomenFeminismSought equality between men and womenDivided on desired levels of equality and extremismSuffrageMajor goal of most feministBritish Suffragist leadersMillicent Fawcett (1847-1929)- more political movement, utilized her husbands political ties with Liberal PartyEmmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928) radical feminist, would march on parliament, get arrested and go on hunger strikes

V. Communism Karl MarxDeclared Paris Commune a true proletariat uprisingCriticized labor unions for selling outShort term benefit rather than long termDid influence a number of socialist movements in Great Britain, France and Germany

V. Communism RussiaWas behind in industryImprovements pushed by Alexander III and Nicholas IIMovements led by finance minister Sergei Witte (1892-under Nicholas II)Improve railways- Trans-Siberian RailroadProtective tariffsHigh taxesGold standardImprove heavy industryIndustries built up by non-Russian investorsCaused strife due to loss of profitsPeasants started to become unhappy due to high prices and long hoursProblems from abolition of serfdom still existed

V. CommunismVladimir LeninVladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (1870-1924)Criticized unions and spontaneous revolutionsFavored professional revolutionariesCaused a split in the Russian Socialist Democratic PartyOccurred at the 1903 London Congress of Russian Socialist Democratic PartyCalled themselves Bolsheviks (after his party gained majority) Political propaganda reasonsSought to unite proletariat and peasants

V. CommunismBloody SundayWorkers marched on Winter Palace of Nicholas IIPanicked and order his troops to open fire killing 100 Sparked the 1905 RevolutionAfter defeat of the Russo-Japanese warMassive revolts Workers formed soviets (workers councils)Resulted in a new constitution but brutal suppressed rebellionsPaved the way for the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 that created the Soviet UnionLenins failed health allowed Stalin to take over.

VI. ConclusionImprovement in industry allowed for massive buildup of arms that led to WWIRevolutions in Russia paved the way for the Soviet Union and the later Cold War

Brought about the involvement of theSpace Marines inWorld Events